Research on a TOPSIS energy efficiency evaluation system for crude oil gathering and transportation systems based on a GA-BP neural network

As the main link of ground engineering,crude oil gathering and transportation systems require huge energy consumption and complex structures.It is necessary to establish an energy efficiency evaluation system for crude oil gathering and transportation systems and identify the energy efficiency gaps.In this paper,the energy efficiency evaluation system of the crude oil gathering and transportation system in an oilfield in western China is established.Combined with the big data analysis method,the GA-BP neural network is used to establish the energy efficiency index prediction model for crude oil gathering and transportation systems.The comprehensive energy consumption,gas consumption,power consumption,energy utilization rate,heat utilization rate,and power utilization rate of crude oil gathering and transportation systems are predicted.Considering the efficiency and unit consumption index of the crude oil gathering and transportation system,the energy efficiency evaluation system of the crude oil gathering and transportation system is established based on a game theory combined weighting method and TOPSIS evaluation method,and the subjective weight is determined by the triangular fuzzy analytic hierarchy process.The entropy weight method determines the objective weight,and the combined weight of game theory combines subjectivity with objectivity to comprehensively evaluate the comprehensive energy efficiency of crude oil gathering and transportation systems and their subsystems.Finally,the weak links in energy utilization are identified,and energy conservation and consumption reduction are improved.The above research provides technical support for the green,efficient and intelligent development of crude oil gathering and transportation systems.

Effects of dietary oil sources and fat extraction methods on apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of fat and fatty acids in growing pigs

Background:There is a lack of data for the standardized ileal digestibility(SID) of fat and fatty acids in national feed databases.In addition,it is important to specify the procedures used for fat analyses.Therefore,an experiment was conducted to 1) determine the apparent ileal digestibility(AID) and SID of fat and fatty acids in ten different oil sources for growing pigs and to develop prediction equations for SID of fat based on fatty acid composition;and 2) compare the effect of the fat extraction methods on the calculated values for endogenous loss and digestibility of fat.Methods:Twenty-two barrows(initial body weight:32.1 ± 2.3 kg) were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum,and allotted to 1 of 11 experimental diets in a 4-period Youden Square design.A fat-free diet was formulated using cornstarch,soy protein isolate and sucrose.Ten oil-added diets were formulated by adding 6% of dietary oil sources to the fat-free diet at the expense of cornstarch.All diets contained 26% sugar beet pulp and 0.40% chromic oxide.Results:The endogenous loss of ether extract(EE) was lower than that of acid-hydrolyzed fat(AEE;P < 0.01).There were significant differences in the AID and SID of fat and saturated fatty acids across the dietary oil sources(P < 0.05).The SID of AEE for palm oil was lower than that of sunflower oil,corn oil,canola oil,rice oil and flaxseed oil(P < 0.01).The AID and SID of fat ranged from 79.65% to 86.97% and from 91.14% to 99.18%.Although the AID of EE was greater than that of AEE(P < 0.01),there was no significant difference in SID of EE and AEE except for palm oil.The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids(U/S) had a positive correlation with SID of fat(P < 0.05),whereas C16:0 and long chain saturated fatty acids(LSFA) were significant negatively correlated with SID of fat(P < 0.01).The best-fit equation to predict SID of fat was SID AEE = 102.75-0.15 × LSFA-0.74 × C18:0-0.03 × C18:1(Adjusted coefficient of determination = 0.88,P < 0.01).Conclusions:When calculating the SID of fat,the EE content of the samples can be analyzed using the direct extraction method,whereas the acid hydrolysis procedure should be used to determine the AID of fat.Fat digestibility of dietary oils was affected by their fatty acid composition,especially by the contents of C16:0,LSFA and U/S.

Chemo-type of essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L.from DR Congo and relative in vitro antioxidant potential to the polarity of crude extracts

Objective:To carry out a phyto-chemical characterization of essential oil from Ocimum basilicum L.(O.basilicum) harvested in DR Congo and to assess the antioxidant potential of crude extracts with respect to the polarity for comparison reason.Methods:The phyto-chemical characterization of essential oil produced by hydrodistillation was performed by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis and the antioxidant potential evaluation by in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity method.Results:A previously weighed amount of fresh leaves of O.basilicum produced 0.65%of essential oil that led to the identification of a set of 84.44%out of 99.98%as major compounds(> 1.5%).The chemo-type of this essential oil was linalool-methyl chavicol.Chemical components of oil were characterized by oxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons(46.00%) and oxygenated monoterpenes(26.75%).With respect to the amount of components,methyl chavicol also known as estragole(35.72%) constituted the very large quantity afterward linalool(21.25%) and then epi-α-cadinol(8.02%),α-bergamotene(6.56%),eugenol(4.60%),1,8-cineole(4.04%),germacrene D(2.06%),thymol(1.64%),and(E)-citral(1.55%),respectively.Essential oil exhibited antioxidant potential and IC_(50) =(1.180 ± 0.015) mg/mL.Non-polar crude extracts yields were low compared to the one of polar extracts.Only methanol and ethyl acetate had considerably manifested antioxidant potential with IC_(50) values equal to(0.025 ± 0.013) mg/mL and(0.085 ± 0.012) mg/mL,respectively.As concerns to IC50 values,essential oil was less active than methanol and ethyl acetate extracts.The methanol crude extract exhibited the highest activity.Non-polar extracts showed insignificant radical scavenging ability that did not allow assessing IC50 values.These results highlighted the occurrence of antioxidant potential compounds in polar media.Conclusions:Essential oil and crude extracts of O.basilicum growing in DR Congo can be advocated as natural sources of antioxidant potential compounds not only in food but also in pharmaceutical industries.The high antioxidant potential of polar crude extracts highlights antioxidant character of its composition particularly butyl stearate and rosmarinic acid we isolated and identified,respectively in the methanol crude extract.

Method of Predicting Water Content in Crude Oil Based on Measuring Range Automatic Switching

Water content in output crude oil is hard to measure precisely because of wide range of dielectric coefficient of crude oil caused by injected dehydrating and demulsifying agents.The method to reduce measurement error of water content in crude oil proposed in this paper is based on switching measuring ranges of on-line water content analyzer automatically.Measuring precision on data collected from oil field and analyzed by in-field operators can be impressively improved by using back propogation （BP） neural network to predict water content in output crude oil.Application results show that the difficulty in accurately measuring water-oil content ratio can be solved effectively through this combination of on-line measuring range automatic switching and real time prediction,as this method has been tested repeatedly on-site in oil fields with satisfactory prediction results.

Research on the Ultrasonic Extraction Technology of Cottonseed Oil

[ Objective ] To optimize the ultrasonic extraction technology of cottonseed oil by response surface methodology. [ Method ] Based on the single factor experiment, the response surface method with three factors at three levels was adopted according to the principle of central composite design, The optimum extraction conditions of extraction duration, liquid-solid ratio and temperature were determined by regression analysis. [ Re- salt] The best ultrasonic extraction conditions of cottonseed oil were 35 min of extraction duration, 38 ℃ of extraction temperature and 56：6 of liquid-solid ratio. Under these conditions, the extraction rate of cottonseed oil could reach up to 45.81%, with a relative error of 0.13% from the theoreti-cal value of 45.94%. [ Conclusion] The method optimized the extraction technology and laid foundation for the further research of cottonseed oil. Key words Cottonseed oil; Ultrasonic extraction; Response surface method; China

Formulating Highway Paving Asphalts from the Vacuum Residue of a Paraffinic Crude

Many specifications of paving asphalts are closely related to their colloidal stability, which is, however, determined by their exact chemical compositions. The Yumen vacuum residue (YVR), the bottoms of a paraffinic crude oil is unfit for the production of highway paving asphalts directly, Neither are the de-oiled asphalts of the YVR. In this research a blending method and an optimal process of solvent de-asphalts are adopted to investigate the feasibility of formulating highway-paving asphalts from YVR. Results show that highway paving asphalts are formulated by blending solvent de-oiled asphalts with one or more of the materials including YVR, decanted oil from FCC process, and furfural extracts from lubricating base stocks. Further investigations indicate that adding oil decanted from FCC process to the solvent de-asphalting process can increase the de-asphalted oil production, improve the de-oiled asphalts quality, and thus optimize the refinery processes. The methodology of this research can be extended even to refineries processing non-paraffinic crude oils.

Study of asphaltene deposition from Tahe crude oil

Borehole blockage caused by asphaltene deposition is a problem in crude oil production in the Tahe Oilfield, Xinjiang, China. This study has investigated the influences of crude oil compositions, temperature and pressure on asphaltene deposition. The asphaltene deposition trend of crude oil was studied by saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes （SARA） method, and the turbidity method was applied for the first time to determine the onset of asphaltene flocculation. The results showed that the asphaltene deposition trend of crude oil by the turbidity method was in accordance with that by the SARA method. The asphaltene solubility in crude oil decreased with decreasing temperature and the amount of asphaltene deposits of T739 crude oil （from well T739, Tahe Oilfield） had a maximum value at 60℃. From the PVT results, the bubble point pressure of TH 10403CX crude oil （from well TH10403CX, Tahe Oilfield） at different temperatures can be obtained and the depth at which the maximum asphaltene flocculation would occur in boreholes can be calculated. The crude oil PVT results showed that at 50,90 and 130 ℃, the bubble point pressure of TH 10403CX crude oil was 25.2, 26,4 and 27.0 MPa, respectively. The depth of injecting asphaltene deposition inhibitors for TH10403CX was determined to be 2,700 m.

Chemical composition of essential oils and in vitro antioxidant activity of fresh and dry leaves crude extracts of medicinal plant of Lactuca Sativa L.native to sultanate of Oman

Objective:To isolate and analyse the chemical composition in the essential oils and free radical scavenging activity of different crude extracts from the fresh and dry leaves of vegetable plants of Lactuca sativa L.(L.sativa).Methods:The essential oils and volatile chemical constituents were isolated from the fresh and dry leaves of L.sativa(lettuce)grown in Sultanate of Oman by hydro distillation method.The antioxidant activity of the crude extracts was carried out by well established free radical scavenging activity(DPPH)method.Results:About 20 chemical compounds of different concentration representing 83.07%and 79.88%respectively were isolated and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy in the essential oils isolated from the fresh and dry leaves asα-pinene(5.11%and 4.05%).γ-cymene(2.07%and 1.92%),thymol(11.55%and 10.73%),durenol(52.00%and 49.79%),α-terpinene(1.66%and 1.34%),thymol acetate(0.99%and 0.67%),caryophyllene(2.11%and 1.98%),spathulenol(3.09%and 2.98%).camphene(4.11%and3.65%),limonene(1.28%and 1.11%)representing these major chemical compounds.However,some other minor chemical constituents were also isolated and identified from the essential oil of lettuce including p-pinene,α-terpinolene,linalool,4-terpineol,α-terpineol,o-methylthymol,L-alloaromadendrene and viridiflorene.Conclusions:The chemical consliluents in the essential oils from the locally grown lettuce were identified in the following classes or groups of chemical compounds such as monoterpenes,sesquiterpenes volatile organic compounds and their oxygenated hydrocarbons.Therefore,the essential oils and the crude extracts from Omani vegetable species of lettuce are active candidates which would be used as antioxidant,antifungal or antimicrobial agents in new drugs preparation for therapy of infectious diseases.

Study of Oil/Water Interfacial Tension of Vacuum Residual Fractions from Iranian Light Crude Oil

The vacuum residual from Iranian Light crude oil are separated into a series of 16 narrow fractions according to the molecular weight by the supercritical fluid extraction and fractional (SFEF) technology. The chemical element and the UV spectrum of each fraction are analyzed. The effects of several factors on the interfacial tension are investigated, which are the fraction concentration in oil phase, the ratio of oil component, the salts dissolved in the water phase and the pH value. The interfacial tension decreases rapidly as the concentration of the residual fraction in the oil increases, showing a higher interfacial activity of the fraction. The interfacial tension changes, as the amount of absorption or the state of the fractions in the interface changes resulting from different ratios of oil, different kinds or concentrations of salts in water, and different pH values. It is concluded that the interfacial tension changes regularly, corresponding to the regular molecular parameters of the vacuum residual fractions.

Extraction and Antioxidant Activity Analysis of Crude Polysaccharides from Wild Lactarius volemus Fr. in Yunnan Province

[ Objective ] This study aimed to investigate the optimal extraction process of crude polysaccharides from wild Lactarius volemus Fr. in Yunnan Province and preliminarily analyzed its antioxidant activity in vitro. [ Method ] With water extraction and alcohol precipitation method, the optimal conditions for extracting crude polysaccharides from wild L. volemus Ft. were screened by single-factor and orthogonal experiments. The antioxidant activity of the extracted crude polysac- charides was determined with DPPH assay. [ Result ] The optimal conditions for pigment removal with activated carbon were： activated carbon amount of 20 g/L, water bath time of 40 min, water bath temperature of40 ℃ ; the optimal conditions for extracting crude polysaccharides from wild L. vo/emus Fr. with hot water ex- traction method were： hot water extraction time of 3 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1： 45, extraction frequency of twice. Under the optimized extraction conditions, the yield of crude polysaccharides was 21.33 mg/g. In addition, the antioxidant activity of 0. 665 mg/ml crude polysaccharides was 52.46% ; the amount of crude polysac- eharides was proportional to the antioxidant activity. [ Conclusion] Hot water extraction method can be used as a high-efficiency extraction technology of crude pol- ysaecharides from wild L. volemus Fr. with simple operation and low costs. Crude polysaccharides extracted from L. volemus Ft. exhibited certain antioxidant activi- ty in vitro.

Enzymatic Aqueous Extraction of Soybean Oil

The procedure of enzymatic aqueous extraction of soybean oil was assessed when two-step controlled enzymatic hydrolysis was applied. With aqueous extraction of soybean oil-containing protein, the highest yield of oil was 96.1% at the optimized conditions studied. Soybean oil-containing protein was hydrolyzed and resulted in releasing part of oil. The separated protein that contained 40% oil was enriched due to its adsorption capacity of released oil, the average oil extraction yeild reached 93.5%. Then the high oil content protein was hydrolyzed again to release oil by enzyme, the oil extraction yeild was 80.4%. As a result, high quality of soybean oil was obtained and the content of total oil yield was 74.4%.

Ecotoxicological Dynamics of the Coastal Soil Ecosystem of Oil Producing Regions of Ondo State, Nigeria

The industrial revolution marked the beginning of unprecedented anthropogenic growth and technological advancement that also inadvertently led to acute environmental degradation. This technological advancement was driven by the use fossil fuels such as crude oil. Crude oil extraction through drilling has resulted in widespread environmental pollution and deterioration of natural habitats. The Ondo State region in Nigeria presents one such expanse where large scale crude extraction operations have caused hazardous environmental pollution and toxic substance contamination. This study is a comprehensive and holistic study of the terrestrial soil ecosystem aimed towards elucidating the potential ecotoxicity that may have adversely affected the area. The results indicated that the terrestrial soil ecosystem was largely acidic (~pH6) and the organic matter content ranged from 6% to 12% indicating the soil was hydric. The results also indicated that the terrestrial soil environment was contaminated with toxic heavy metals including cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb) and arsenic (As). The toxic heavy metal concentration of the soil ecosystem was higher during the dry season. The Cr concentration in the soil samples was >3 ppm in most of the sampling sites, which exceeded WHO maximum permissible limit. Mean concentrations of the heavy metals in the soil samples in both seasons were of the order: Cr > Pb > Cd > As. The soil ecosystem was also characterized by a diverse and large population of microorganisms including bacteria like Enterobacter, Escherichia coli, and several species of fungi.

Single Beam Z-Scan Measurement of Nonlinear Refractive Index of Crude Oils

Nonlinear properties of two different crude oils from west-south Iran reservoirs have been investigated using the single beam Z-scan technique. The nonlinear refractive indices of the samples were measured by use of diode laser in the CW regime and at the wavelength 660 nm. The experiment results showed that the samples have large and negative refractive index nonlinear refraction coefficient. These results showed that the crude oil has significant nonlinear properties and it could be a candidate for photonic and nonlinear optical devices and also this information can be used in petroleum science and oceanology and etc.

GEANT4 simulation of water volume fraction measurement in dehydrated crude oil

Online measurement of water volume fraction (WVF) in dehydrated crude oil is a difficult task due to very little water in dehydrated crude oil and high precision requirements. We presents a method to measure water volume fraction in dehydrated crude oil with γ-ray densitometry. The Monte Carlo computer simulation packet GEANT4 was used to analyze the WVF measuring sensitivity of the γ-ray densitometry at different γ-ray energies, and effects of temperature, pressure, salinity and oil components on WVF measurement. The results show that the γ-ray densitometry has high sensitivity in γ-ray energy ranges of 16~25keV, and it can distinguish WVF changes of 0.0005. The calculated WVF decreases about 0.0002 with 1℃ of temperature increase and they have approximately linear relation with temperature when water volume fraction remains the same. Effects of pressure, salinity and oil components on water volume fraction can be neglected. Experiments were done to analyze sensitivity of the γ-ray densitometry. The results , as compared with simulations, demonstrate that simulation method is reliable and it is feasible to gauge low water volume fraction using low energy γ-rays.

Advance of Multiplex PCR in Rapid Detecting Transgenic Soybean Oil

Transgenic food safety is a high-profile public health issue in worldwide, especially transgenic soybean (Glycine max L.) oil. To rapidly and effectively detect transgenic components of soybean oil, in the present study, we isolated DNA from transgenic soybean oil by modified method, and employed the multiplex PCR method to identify targeted genes, including CaMV35S promoter, Nos terminator, NPTII, CP4-EPSPS and endogenous gene Lectin. The research aims to build a method which is accurate, rapid and reliable for detection of genetically modified soybeans oil. The targeted gene including DNA was successfully established by the improved method, and then amplified by PCR. Five genes are simultaneously specifically detected. Commercial soybean, genetically modified soy bean and oil were detected with the Multiplex PCR. The improved method of DNA extraction was rapid and accurate to extract high quality total DNA which was amplified by PCR. The method could eliminate the PCR inhibitor. A way of detecting the genetically modified soybean and Oil was set up in this study.

Analysis of Influence Factors for FCC Slurry Separation by Mixed Solvent Extraction

Daqing FCC slurry was treated using mixed solvent containing N,N-dimethylformamide(extraction solvent)and n-paraffin(stripping-agent).The influence of solvent formulation(ratio of DMF/stripping-agent),temperature,time and solvent-oil ratio on yield and aromatics content of the extract oil were analyzed by a four-factor and three-level orthogonal experimental design.The polynomial regression models between the extract oil yield and aromatics content with the four factors were established.Response surface analysis showed that solvent formulation,temperature and solvent-oil ratio have significant effects on extraction result and there is an interaction between temperature and solvent-oil ratio on aromatics content,when the FCC slurry is extracted by mixed solvent.However,the extraction time has no significant effect.The optimal conditions for FCC slurry extraction covered:a solvent mixed ratio of 2.3,a temperature of 62.8℃,a solvent-oil ratio of 3.2,and a time of 35 min.The result of verification experiment was in good agreement with the prediction of the model.

Cytotoxicity and effect of extraction methods on the chemical composition of essential oils of Moringa oleifera seeds

Renewed interest in natural materials as food flavors and preservatives has led to the search for suitable essential oils. Moringa oleifera seed essential oil was extracted by solvent-free microwave and hydrodistillation. This study assessed its chemical constituents. Cytotoxicity of the oils was investigated using hatchability and lethality tests on brine shrimps. A total of 16 and 26 compounds were isolated from the hydrodistillation extraction （HDE） and solvent-free microwave extraction （SME） oils, respectively, which accounted for 97.515% and 97.816% of total identifiable constituents, respectively. At 24 h when the most eggs had hatched, values of the SME （56.7%） and HDIE （60.0%） oils were significantly different （P〈0.05） from those of sea water （63.3%） and chloramphenicol （15.0%）. Larva lethality was different significantly （P〈0.05） between HDE and SME oils at different concentrations and incubation periods. The median lethal concentration （LC50） of the oils was 〉 1000 mg/ml recommended as an index for non-toxicity which gives the oil advantage over some antioxidant, antimicrobial, therapeutic, and preservative chemicals.

不同提取方法下温莪术油成分的GC-Q/TOF-MS分析

目的运用气相色谱-四极杆飞行时间串联质谱(GC-Q/TOF-MS)对温莪术油中化学成分进行研究,比较不同提取方法对其成分的影响。方法采用GC-Q/TOF-MS对超声辅助乙酸乙酯萃取、超临界CO2萃取和水蒸气蒸馏法提取温莪术油中成分进行分析,通过标准谱库检索,对照品比对和文献分析确定化合物,峰面积归一化法计算化合物相对百分含量。结果从温莪术油中共鉴定出75个化合物,共有成分69个,3种提取方法制得温莪术油的成分基本一致,桉叶油醇、β-榄香烯、大牻牛儿烯D、莪术烯、大牻牛儿烯B、莪术醇、吉马酮、莪术二酮、新莪术二酮、莪术烯醇、莪术双环烯酮、去氢莪术二酮为温莪术油的特征性成分。结论提取方法对温莪术油的成分影响不大,超临界CO2萃取更适合莪术油的工业化生产。

Isolation and characterization of potential antibiotic producing actinomycetes from water and sediments of Lake Tana,Ethiopia

Objective:To isolate,evaluate and characterize potential antibiotic producing actinomycetes from water and sediments of Lake Tana,Ethiopia.Methods:A total of 31 strains of actinomycetes were isolated and tested against Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains by primary screening.In the primary screening.11 promising isolates were identified and subjected to solid state and submerged state fermentation methods to produce crude extracts.The fermented biomass was extracted by organic solvent extraction method and tested against bacterial strains by disc and agar well diffusion methods.The isolates were characterized by using morphological,physiological and biochemical methods.Results:The result obtained from agar well diffusion method was belter than disc diffusion method.The crude extract showed higher inhibition zone against Gram positive bacteria than Cram negative bacteria.One-way analysis of variance confirmed most of the crude extracts were statistically significant at 95%confidence interval.The minimum inhibitor)concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of crude extracts were 1.65 mg/mL and 3.30 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus,and 1.84 mg/mL and 3.80 mg/mL against Escherichia coli respectively.The growth of aerial and substrate mycelium varied in different culture media used.Most of the isolates were able to hydrolysis starch and urea:able to survive at 5%concentration of sodium chloride:optimum temperature for their growth was 30°C.Conclusions:The results of the present study revealed that freshwater actinomycetes of Luke Tana appear to have immense potential as a source ol antibacterial compounds.

A modified isooctane-based DNA extraction method from crude oil

Microbes from oil reservoirs shape petroleum composition through processes such as biodegradation or souring.Such processes are considered economically detrimental and might pose health and safety hazards.It is therefore crucial to understand the composition of a reservoir's microbial community and its metabolic capabilities.However,such analyses are hindered by difficulties in extracting DNA from such complex fluids as crude oil.Here,we present a novel DNA extraction method from oils with a wide American Petroleum Institute(API)gravity(density)range.We investigated the ability to extract cells from oils with different solvents and surfactants,the latter both nonionic and ionic.Furthermore,we evaluated three DNA extraction methods.Overall,the best DNA yields and the highest number of 16S rRNA reads were achieved with isooctane as a solvent,followed by an ionic surfactant treatment using sodium dodecyl sulfate and DNA extraction using the PowerSoil Pro Kit(Qiagen).The final method was then applied to various oils from oil reservoirs collected in aseptic conditions.Despite the expected low cell density of 10^(1)–10^(3)cells/ml,the new method yielded reliable results,with average 16S rRNA sequencing reads in the order of 41431(±8860)per sample.Thermophilic,halophilic,and anaerobic taxa,which are most likely to be indigenous to the oil reservoir,were found in all samples.API gravity and DNA yield,despite the sufficient DNA obtained,did not show a correlation.