Reconstructing the historical spatial land use pattern for Jiangsu Province in mid-Qing Dynasty

This study is proposed to reconstruct a high-resolution spatial distribution of historical land use pattern with all land use types to overcome low-accuracy and/or the monotonic land use type in current historical land use reconstruction studies. The year of 1820 is set as the temporal section and the administrative area of Jiangsu Province is the study area. Land use types being reconstructed include farmland, residential land （including both urban land and rural residential land）, water body, and other land （including forest land, grassland, and unused land）. Data sources mainly refer to historical documents, historical geographic research outcomes, contemporary statistics, and natural environmental data. With great considerations over regional natural resources and social and economic conditions, a few theoretical assumptions have been proposed to facilitate the adjustment on prefecture farmland, urban land, and rural residential land. Upholding the idea that the contemporary land use pattern has been inherently in sequence with the historical land use pattern as well as the land use pattern shall be consistent to its accessibility, this study reconstructs the land use pattern in Jiangsu Province in 1820 with 100 m＊100 m grids based on accessibility analysis and comprehensive evaluation. The outcome has been tested as valid by regionalization and correlation analysis. The resulted spatial distribution shows that back in 1820 in Jiangsu Province： （1） farmland, urban land, rural residential land, water body, and other land take about 48.49%, 4.46%, 0.16%, 15.03%, and 31.86% of the total land area respectively; （2） the land use pattern features high proportion of land in farming while low-proportion land in non-farming uses while population, topography, and the density of water body lead to great spatial variations; and （3） the reconstruction methodology has been tested as reasonable based on significant positive correlations between 1820 data and 1985 for both farmland and rural residential land at the prefecture level.

Mid-Qing Spirit-Altars, Officialdom, and Patrilineal Power:Peng Qifeng’s Prefaces to the Complete Works of Thearch Guan, Patriarch Lü, and Wenchang(1772-1775)

Introduction Beginning less than a decade after his attainment of the position of Secretary of the Board of War(1763-1766), Peng Qifeng 彭启丰(1701-1784;jinshi 1727)authored prefaces to the canonical'complete works'(quanshu全书)of the newly crystalized trinity of spirit-altar deities of the mid-Qing dynasty: Complete Works