Air pressure law of a reservoir constructed in karst sinkholes

Karst sinkholes with natural negative landform provide favorable conditions for the pumped storage reservoir construction for less excavation work.However,the construction of the reservoir would plug the natural karst channels for water and air,which would cause remarkable air pressure in karst channels when the groundwater level fluctuates.A large laboratory simulation test was carried out to study the air pressure variation of a reservoir built on the karst sinkhole.The air pressure in the karst channel and inside the model was monitored during the groundwater rising and falling process.Result showed that the variation of air pressure in the karst channel and the surrounding rock exhibited a high degree of similarity.The air pressure increased rapidly at the initial stage of water level rising,followed by a slight decrease,then the air pressure increased sharply when the water level approached the top of the karst cave.The initial peak of air pressure and the final peak of air pressure were defined,and both air pressure peaks were linearly increasing with the water level rising rate.The negative air pressure was also analyzed during the drainage process,which was linearly correlated with the water level falling rate.The causes of air pressure variation in karst channels of a pumped storage reservoir built on the karst sinkhole were discussed.The initial rapid increase,then slight decrease and final sudden increase of air pressure were controlled by the combined effects of air compression in karst channel and air seepage into the surrounding rock.For the drainage process,the instant negative air pressure and gradual recovering of air pressure were controlled by the combined effects of negative air pressure induced by water level falling and air supply from surrounding rock.This work could provide valuable reference for the reservoir construction in karst area.

Influence of air pressure on the performance of plasma synthetic jet actuator

Plasma synthetic jet actuator（PSJA） has a wide application prospect in the high-speed flow control field for its high jet velocity.In this paper,the influence of the air pressure on the performance of a two-electrode PSJA is investigated by the schlieren method in a large range from 7 k Pa to 100 k Pa.The energy consumed by the PSJA is roughly the same for all the pressure levels.Traces of the precursor shock wave velocity and the jet front velocity vary a lot for different pressures.The precursor shock wave velocity first decreases gradually and then remains at 345 m/s as the air pressure increases.The peak jet front velocity always appears at the first appearance of a jet,and it decreases gradually with the increase of the air pressure.A maximum precursor shock wave velocity of 520 m/s and a maximum jet front velocity of 440 m/s are observed at the pressure of 7 k Pa.The averaged jet velocity in one period ranges from 44 m/s to 54 m/s for all air pressures,and it drops with the rising of the air pressure.High velocities of the precursor shock wave and the jet front indicate that this type of PSJA can still be used to influence the high-speed flow field at 7 k Pa.

A Method of Using a Carbon Fiber Spiral-Contact Electrode to Achieve Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge in Air

During discharge, appropriately changing the development paths of electron avalanches and increasing the number of initial electrons can effectively inhibit the formation of filamentary discharge. Based on the aforementioned phenomenon, we propose a method of using microdischarge electrodes to produce a macroscopic discharge phenomenon. In the form of an asymmetric structure composed of a carbon fiber electrode, an electrode structure of carbon fiber spiral-contact type is designed to achieve an atmospheric pressure glow discharge in air, which is characterized by low discharge voltage, low energy consumption, good diffusion and less ozone generation.

Numerical analysis of the effects of downhole dynamic conditions on formation testing while drilling

Formation testing while drilling is an innovative technique that is replacing conventional pressure testing in which the fluid sampling is conducted in a relatively short time following the drilling. At this time, mud invasion has just started, mudcake has not formed entirely and the formation pressure is not stable. Therefore, it is important to study the influence of the downhole dynamic environment on pressure testing and fluid sampling. This paper applies an oil-water two phase finite element model to study the influence of mudcake quality and mud filtrate invasion on supercharge pressure, pretest and sampling in the reservoirs of different permeability. However, the study is only for the cases with water based mud in the wellbore. The results illustrate that the mudcake quality has a significant influence on the supercharge pressure and fluid sampling, while the level of mud filtrate invasion has a strong impact on pressure testing and sampling. In addition, in-situ formation pressure testing is more difficult in low permeability reservoirs as the mud filtrate invasion is deeper and therefore degrades the quality of fluid sampling. Finally, a field example from an oil field on the Alaskan North Slope is presented to validate the numerical studies of the effects of downhole dynamic conditions on formation testing while drilling.

Predicting air pressure in drainage stack of high-rise building

It is necessary to understand the features of air pressure in a drainage stack of a high-rise building for properly designing and operating a drainage system. This paper presents a mathematical model for predicting the stack performance. A step function is used to describe the effect of the air entrainment caused by the water discharged from branch pipes. An additional source term is introduced to reflect the gas-liquid interphase interaction （GLII） and stack base effect. The drainage stack is divided into upper and base parts. The air pressure in the upper part is predicted by a total variation diminishing （TVD） scheme, while in the base part, it is predicted by a characteristic line method （CLM）. The predicted results are compared with the data measured in a real-scale high- rise test building. It is found that the additional source term in the present model is effective. It intensively influences the air pressure distribution in the stack. The air pressure is also sensitive to the velocity-adjusting parameter （VAP）, the branch pipe air entrainment, and the conditions on the stack bottom.

Determination of Wind Pressure Coefficients for Arc-Shaped Canopy Roof with Numerical Wind Tunnel Method

In this paper,the wind load on an arc-shaped canopy roof was studied with numerical wind tunnel method(NWTM) .Three-dimensional models were set up for the canopy roof with opened or closed skylights.The air flow around the roof under wind action from three directions was analysed respectively.Wind pressure coefficients on the canopy roof were determined by NWTM.The results of NWTM agreed well with those of wind tunnel test for the roof with opened skylights,which verified the applicability and rationality of NWTM.The effect of the closure of skylights was then investigated with NWTM.It was concluded that the closure of the skylights may increase the wind suction on the top surface of the roof greatly and should be considered in the structure design of the canopy roof.

Influence of Humidity and Air Pressure on the Ion Mobility Based on Drift Tube Method

The measurement of ion mobility is important for calculating the corona loss of the transmission lines,and for establishing corona loss and ion current models that take humidity and air pressure into consideration.This paper describes a needle-ring corona discharge experiment setup based on a prior study,which simulates different humidity and air pressure conditions;it is observed that the execution of the ion gate is improved in this experiment from off-on-off to off-on to achieve higher ion current amplitude.Additionally,positive and negative ion mobility under different humidity and air pressure is obtained,with the positive ion mobility measurements in the range of 1.1126 to 1.9167 cm2/V·s,and the negative ion mobility measurements in the range of 1.3574 to 2.5643 cm2/V·s.The experimental results indicate that ion mobility decreases nonlinearly with increase in humidity,but trends towards saturation in the 30%–70%relative humidity range.Finally,a parameter correction method for calibrating the relationship among the ion mobility,humidity,and air pressure is proposed.

Trends of Urban Air Pollution in Zhengzhou City in 1996-2008

Urban air pollution is a commonly concerned environmental problem in the world. Identification of air quality trend using long-term monitoring data is helpful to understand the effectiveness of pollution control strategies. This study, using data from six monitoring stations in Zhengzhou City, analyzed the changing trend in concentrations of SO2, NOJNO2 and TSP/PM10 in 1996-2008, based on non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and Sen＇s slope estimator, and evaluated the comprehensive air pollution level using Multi-Pollutant Index （MPI）. It was found that the concen- tration of each pollutant exceeded obviously the World Health Organization （WHO） guideline value, but the changing trend varied： SO2 and NO2 were significantly increased mainly due to an increase in coal consumption and vehicle number, while NOx, TSP and PM10 decreased. The air pollution was serious, and differed markedly among the three functional regions： it is the most severe in the Industrial and Residential Area （IRA）, followed by the Transportation Hub and Business District （THBD）, and then the High-tech, Cultural and Educational Area （HCEA）. Different from NO2 concentration that had a similar change trend/rate among the function regions, the change rate of PM10 concentra- tion differed spatially, decreased much more obviously in THBD than other two regions. For the whole city, the com- prehensive air pollution level declined gradually, illustrating that the air quality in Zhengzhou was improved in the last decade.

Study of 3-D Numerical Simulation for Gas Transfer in the Goaf of the Coal Mining

In order to simulate field distribution rules,mathematical models for 3-D air flows and gas transfer in the goaf of the coal mining are established,based on theories of permeability and dynamic dispersion through porous media. A gas dispersion equation in a 3-D field is calculated by use of numerical method on a weighted upstream multi-element balance. Based on data of an example with a U type ventilation mode,surface charts of air pressure distribution and gas concentration are drawn by Graphtool software. Finally,a comparison between actually measured results in the model test and the numerical simulation results is made to proves the numerical implementation feasible.

Highlights of the physical examination in heart failure

Because decompensated heart failure(HF)patients present primarily with symptoms of congestion,the assessment of volume status is of paramount importance.Despite the addition of new technologies that can predict intracardiac filling pressures,the physical exam(PE)remains the most accessible and cost-effective tool available to clinicians.An elevated jugular venous pressure(JVP) is considered the most sensitive sign of volume overload,although the commonly used‘method of Lewis’has several limitations.A useful cutoff is that if the JVP is greater than 3 cm in vertical distance above the sternal angle,the central venous pressure is elevated.In addition to assessment of volume status,the PE in HF can reveal adverse prognostic signs,namely:elevated JVP,presence of third heart sound,elevated heart rate,low systolic BP,and low proportional pulse pressure(＜25%).This article will review the evidence for the diagnostic and prognostic utility of common PE findings in HF.

Approach to minish scattering of results for split Hopkinson pressure bar test

Split Hopkinson pressure bar（SHPB） apparatus, usually used for testing behavior of material in median and high strain-rate, is now widely used in the study of rock dynamic constitutive relation, damage evolvement mechanism and energy consumption. However, the possible reasons of sampling disturbance, machining error and so on often lead to the scattering of test results, and bring ultimate difficulty for forming general test conclusion. Based on the stochastic finite element method, the uncertain parameters of specimen density ps, specimen radius Rs, specimen elastic modulus Es and specimen length Ls in the data processing of SHPB test were considered, and the correlation between the parameters and the test results was analyzed. The results show that the specimen radius Rs has direct correlation with the test result, improving the accuracy in preparing and measuring of specimen is an effective way to improve the accuracy of test and minish the scattering of results for SHPB test.

An innovative test method for mechanical properties of sandstone under instantaneous unloading confining pressure

With the increase of underground engineering construction depth,the phenomenon of surrounding rock sudden failure caused by supporting structure failure occurs frequently.The conventional unloading con-fining pressure(CUCP)test cannot simulate the plastic yielding and instantaneous unloading process of supporting structure to rock.Thus,a high stress loading-instantaneous unloading confining pressure(HSL-IUCP)test method was proposed and applied by considering bolt’s fracture under stress.The wall thickness of confining pressure plates and the material of bolts were changed to realize different confin-ing pressure loading stiffness(CPLS)and lateral maximum allowable deformation(LMAD).The superio-rity of HSL-ICPU method is verified compared with CUCP.The rock failure mechanism caused by sudden failure of supporting structure is obtained.The results show that when CPLS increases from 1.35 to 2.33 GN/m,rock’s peak strength and elastic modulus increase by 25.18%and 23.70%,respectively.The fracture characteristics change from tensile failure to tensile-shear mixed failure.When LMAD decreases from 0.40 to 0.16 mm,rock’s residual strength,peak strain,and residual strain decrease by 91.80%,16.94%,and 21.92%,respectively,and post-peak drop modulus increases by 140.47%.The test results obtained by this method are closer to rock’s real mechanical response characteristics compared with CUCP.

组合称重法与分压法的C_(5)F_(10)O-PFK/Air混气制备技术研究

制备高精度的C5-PFK/Air混合气体有利于实现对C5-PFK气体-电气性能的科学论证。采用称重法与分压法实现了对不同混合比的C5-PFK/Air混合气体的制备,搭建C5-PFK/Air混气制备实验系统,建立了气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器(GC-FID)对制备的C5-PFK/Air混气中C5-PFK定性定量分析的仪器方法,可对实验结果进行溯源校准。研究结果表明,制备13%C5-PFK/Air混合气体的RSD为0.89%,最大示值误差为0.77%;压力为0.5 MPa时,12%~15%浓度范围内C5-PFK/Air混气中C5-PFK峰面积线性拟合系数R^(2)为0.995,一致性良好,可完全汽化;6个月的稳定性考察,气体特性值保持不变,稳定性良好。

An Approach to Field Test Scheme of Main Fan Performance for the Special Type Mine Fan-House

The field tot of performance of mine main fan is going to become an independance requirement of coal mlue progressively and to be taken seriously. According to the fan-house with air gate closed to the fan inlet, this paper analyses the influence of the rapid changing air flow field upon field test and puts forward a reasonable test scheme.

Numerical modeling airflow in soil with impact of groundwater

In order to simulate the airflow in anhydrous case and the water-air flow in groundwater case, a numerical model of airflow in soil was developed. For the nonlinearity of the governing partial differential equation, the corresponding discretization and linearization methods were given. Due to the mass transfer between air-phase and water-phase, phase states of the model elements were constantly changing. Thus, parameters of the model were divided into primary ones and secondary ones, and the primary variables changing with phase states and the secondary variables can be obtained by their functional relationship with the primary variables. Additionally, the special definite condition of this numerical model was illustrated. Two examples were given to simulate the airflow in soil whether there was groundwater or not, and the effectiveness of the numerical model is verified by comparing the results of simulation with that of exoeriment.

New method of calculating formation parameters of low permeability gas reservoir

The data of modified isochronal testing of gas well is just used to calculate gas well deliverability. Fully utilizing well test data make it possible to obtain formation parameters, such as gas well deliverability, effective permeability and skin factor at the same time. Based on transient flow theory, the pressure drawdown equation of gas unsteady seepage can be deducted. One simulated case is used to illustrate the applicability of the proposed method. The result of analyzed case shows that the proposed method can provide accurate estimate of formation permeability and skin factor compared with the method of Homer curves.

重复注气压降法煤层渗透率模型与原位测试研究

煤层渗透率作为衡量瓦斯渗流与抽采难易程度的重要指标,对其进行准确测定具有重要意义。针对现有方法计算渗透率测试周期长、结果不稳定、模型不完善等问题,研究煤层渗透率的快速准确测定方法及相应的计算模型。基于煤层中气体径向不稳定流控制方程,结合不同压差下气体在煤层中的体积流量方程,建立可利用全区间压降数据测定煤层渗透率的注气压降计算模型。应用COMSOL数值模拟软件的达西渗流模块对模型进行求解,针对现场工程设计中可对压降曲线产生影响的测压气室长度进行单变量处理,根据模拟结果分析钻孔的测压气室长度可设计为2.0 m。根据数值模拟结果进行现场布置,搭建井下重复注气压降试验系统,结合煤层瓦斯赋存条件和巷道条件施工两组穿层钻孔,对2个测点分别注入两次高于煤层瓦斯压力的补偿气体进行渗透率原位测试,测试周期分别约为6 d和17 d,第2轮测试的注气压力高于第1轮。结合理论推导验证了注气压降过程中煤层瓦斯的雷诺数均处于线性达西渗流段,瓦斯在煤层中的渗流符合达西定律,满足计算模型的假设。与传统煤层渗透率计算方法进行了比较,结果表明:本方法和径向流量法的计算结果基本一致,可以满足实际工程需要。重复注气压降法的测试结果稳定可靠,具备快速测定的优点。

正负压气吸式精量排种器设计与试验

为了更好地适配非圆小籽粒种子的播种,解决机械式排种器易伤种,对种子尺寸适应性差的问题,设计了1种正负压气吸式精量排种器。根据农艺要求对排种器整体进行了设计;同时以小麦为研究对象,通过单因素试验,分析了吸种负压、排种器转速以及投种高度3个因素对排种器性能的影响;通过响应面试验,得到了较优的参数组合:吸种负压为-3.5 kPa,排种器转速为19 r/min,投种高度为180 mm;对最优参数下精量排种器进行台架试验,结果表明,合格率为80.62%,重播率为9.22%,漏播率为10.16%。符合JB/T—10293—2013《单粒(精密)播种机技术条件》的要求。

发制品透气性检测方法的研究

发制品已成为消费者更具时尚性和个性化的消费品。透气性能是衡量发制品穿戴舒适性的关键性能,也是消费者关注的重点。研究了发制品透气性的试验仪器和试验参数,最终制定了发制品透气性的检测方法。试验表明:测试夹具及试验参数可以有效区分不同结构帽底透气性能的好坏,检测方法重现性好,精密度达到可接受水平。