Study on Ecological Compensation Policy among the Micro Subjects on Water Energy Resources Development

The subjects of ecological compensation involve the nation, society, development enterprises of wa-ter-energy resources, as well as the location of resource itself. This paper systematically studies on how to make “water energy sources market compensation policy”, “the economic compensation policy for relevant interest subjects” and “the ecological compensation policy of basin ecological water.” So, it is necessary to exert the complementary function between market compensation and government compensation by the means of economic compensation and to establish the ecological compensation policy of basin ecological water, which is beneficial to coordinating the stakeholders’ interests of cross-region or inter-basin. And it is important and significant to establish constantly perfected ecological compensation policy among the micro subjects on water energy resources development, so as to coordinate interest relationships among various subjects and finally reach the aim of sustainable use of water energy resources and environmental protection as possible.

Integrated Water and CGE Model of the Impacts of Water Policy on the Beijing's Economy and Output

The article used general equilibrium model to analyze the change of gross domestic product and industry output affected by water resources policies in Beijing City by using GEMPACK soft tool.The article researches on rules of water supply and demand,evaluating water resources,building water resources input and output table,establishing water computable general equilibrium model and stimulating water policy.The stimulation gives a scenario that increases water price by 10%.The result shows the following aspects.First,water resources policy infects gross domestic product and industry output in different ways.There are different behaviors in different industries as to the water policy. Agriculture industry has the same tendency as water price change and it has more sensitive to water quantity than to water price.For basic energy industries such as oil and chemistry and gas,they show diversity tendency.As to some high water consumer industry such as paper and textile etc.,water resource economic policy can infect them greatly and can promote them to accomplish more water-saving technology.Waste water and construction and service industries show the same tendency as to water policy.Second,government should pay more attention to water resource policy by macro economic administration.The simulation also shows that the output and supply and consumer price change more than expect as to water policy in a free market economic in water industry.So as to a government policy maker,one should be more carefully and prepare suitable forecast and plan to water policy and its negative impact.

The influence of Chinese population policy change on resources and the environment

Universal two-child policy has been implemented since the end of 2015 in China.This policy is anticipated to bring a significant increase in the total population,with profound influences on the resources and environment in the future.This paper analyzes the changing dynamics of urban and rural population,and forecasts urban and rural population from 2016 to 2030 at national and provincial scale using a double log linear regression model.Drawing upon the results of these two predictions,the impact of the population policy change on Chinese resources consumption and environmental pollution are predicted quantitatively.Given the future total population maintains current levels on resources consumption and environmental emission,the additional demand of resources and environment demand for the new population is forecasted and compared against the capacity on supply side.The findings are as follows:after implementing the universal two-child policy,China's grain,energy consumption,domestic water demand,and pollutant emissions are projected to increase at different rates across provinces.To meet the needs arising from future population growth,food and energy self-sufficiency rate will be significantly reduced in the future,while relying more on imports.Stability of the water supply needs to be improved,especially in Beijing,Henan,Jiangsu,Qinghai,and Sichuan where the gap in future domestic water demand is comparatively larger.Environmental protection and associated governing capability are in urgent need of upgrade not least due to the increasing pressure of pollution.

Evaluation of the Impact of Government Policy on the Overuse of Groundwater in the Minqin Basin in China

The existing literature simply concludes that the irrational behaviors of local people and natural factors are the major reasons for overuse of groundwater. Using the OLS and ARIMA (BJ) Statistical Methods and Trend Analyses, this article finds that government policy, as measured by four proxy variables, is a very important factor that strongly influences the overuse of groundwater at the collective level. This means the government is a very important actor in the game of groundwater usage. Although these findings cannot clearly separate government effects from local effects, using a Trend Analysis, they reveal that these significant effects are strictly consistent with variations in government policy. Moreover, they show that government policy effective at the county level strongly impacts the overuse of ground-water by influencing the behavior of the local people and that policy at the operative level impacts four policy domains: population, cultivated land, water assignments and peasant income.

Changing Forestry Policy by Integrating Water Aspects into Forest/Vegetation Restoration in Dryland Areas in China

Restoration forestry （forest rehabilitation） or re-vegetation is one effective measure to solve environmental problems, notably soil erosion. It may be further stimulated by the Clean Development Mechanism for carbon sequestration. However, there is an intensive and on-going debate about the adverse effects arising from afforestation in dryland areas, such as soil drying up which may cause further damage to the success of forest restoration, and the water yield reduction from watershed which may harm the regional development. On other hand, some preliminary studies showed a possibility that these adverse effects may be diminished more or less by properly designing the system structure and spatial distribution of forest/vegetation in a watershed. However, it is urgent to develop an evidence-based and sustainable new forestry policy for harmonizing forest-water interrelation. As a leading country in afforestation, China is beginning to develop a more trans-disciplinary and cross-sectoral forestry policy for harmonizing forestry development with water management. The main points of the changing new forestry policy should include： （1） Establishing a regional development strategy focusing on harmonized forest-water relations; （2） Taking forest-water interactions as an important part of evaluation; （3） Reducing the ＇eco-water＇ quota of forests through technical advancement; （4） Developing and extending water-adaptive forest management practices; （S） Strengthening forest ecohydrological research and decision support ability.

Water Resources and Management under Increasing Urban Demography: A Kenyan Perspective—A Review

The United Nations classifies Kenya as a water-scarce country since it has less than 1000 m3 per capita of renewable freshwater supplies. Numerous factors including global warming, contamination of drinking water, and a lack of investment in water resources have aggravated the water crisis in Kenya. Estimates indicate that only about 56% of its population has access to safe water supply. Like many developing countries, Kenya recognizes the crucial role of water in realizing its development goals. Its economic performance and poverty reduction are critically dependent on clean water availability for agriculture, industrialization, energy production and tourism among others. Similar to most developing countries, Kenya suffers from lack of human, monetary and institutional capabilities to efficiently provide clean and sufficient water to its citizens. The water shortage in the major cities is acute and chronic and has continued to worsen with increasing urbanization, water pollution and encroachment of water catchment areas by humans and invasive plant species. Despite the water challenges facing the urban populations, Kenya possesses sufficient water resources to meet demand if the available resources are properly managed. Several initiatives are being put in place in Kenya to mitigate the water challenges and protect water resources in Kenya. These include enacting of water policies to protect water catchment areas, reduce pollution and enhance access to clean water.

The Environmental Dimension of Groundwater in Brazil: Conflicts between Mineral Water and Water Resource Management

There are three legal categories of groundwater in Brazil. Mineral water and potable table water are considered mineral resources, are part of the Federative Union’s assets, and follow the legal regime applicable for the mining sector. “Normal” groundwater, on the other hand, falls under State’s jurisdiction and is dealt within the Brazilian System of Water Resource Management, which promotes a decentralized and participatory management of water resources on surface or stored underground. This has led to conflicts of competences between federal (mining regulation) and state agencies (water resource management) because different concepts and styles of management are involved. This article argues for the urgent need to reopen the discussion aimed at a possible major revision of Brazilian mineral water legislation, in order to duly take into account the environmental dimension of groundwater as a public good for common use. An open-minded and transparent discussion involving the government and different sectors of society with competing interests in mineralized groundwater would therefore be highly recommended.

An Integrated Water Resources and Economic Approach for Optimizing Water Allocation Policies

Reservoir/river systems analysis models are generally used in the formulation and evaluation of alternative plans for responding to water related problems and needs. One of the main problems is the water resources allocation and the cost associated with pumping, if needed. Taking the appropriate decision is considered as a techno-economic issue. The case study presented in this paper involves a complex system of three dams, two pumping stations and two diversion structures all serving an agricultural production unit. The objective of this research is to determine a suitable and feasible water allocation/pumping policy as a “trade-off” between minimizing the water deficiency and the cost of pumping. To achieve this objective, a water resources model was developed using HEC-5. A multi-criteria decision approach was implemented to determine the most appropriate water release policy and the capacity of the water diversion facilities. The parameters used were subject to a sensitivity analysis to assess their relative impact on the determined policy. The suggested release policy allows a reduction of half the total of the pumping costs with only 3% reduction in the water allocation reliability, as measured by the failure frequency of demand satisfaction and the average shortage index.

Dispute over Water Resource Management—Iraq and Turkey

As a downstream region, Iraq was ranked among the richest Middle Eastern countries with regards to water resources. The world witnessed the emergence of a magnificent ancient civilization that largely relied on agriculture with extraordinary irrigation systems. However, during the last decade, Iraq began to suffer dramatically from inadequate water shares, desertification, and several other environmental issues due to the absence of proper resource management and, not least, various political conflicts. Numerous global water wars, particularly ones involving developing countries, reflect the importance of water shares and potential demand for water. Iraq, Turkey, and Syria, riparian watercourse countries, have engaged in a long-term water dispute that continues to yield no end through mutual agreement. This present work highlights the major events of this dispute, evaluates the causes and current water challenges, and provides a comprehensive solution through the establishment of the Iraqi Water Security Council.

我国城市再生水利用现状及政策建议

我国水资源总量充沛,但人均占有量严重不足,水量短缺、开发利用效率低、水质恶化等城市水问题是制约经济和社会发展的重大问题。再生水具有总量大、丰富易得、处理成本较低、水质稳定的特点,可以增加供水、减少排污、优化水资源配置体系、提高水资源利用效率,是应对城市水问题的重要资源。文章介绍了再生水的基本概念、分类、相关的国家标准体系及执行情况以及目前典型城市的利用现状,分析了当前再生水利用中存在的不足和问题,并从因地制宜分区域制定政策、充分发挥市场调节作用、建立健全政策法规体系和鼓励再生水利用技术创新发展四个方面为未来城市再生水利用的政策制定提供相关建议。

低碳城市试点对工业水资源绿色效率的影响机制研究

为探究低碳城市试点对工业水资源绿色效率的影响及作用机制,基于2005—2020年248个地级及以上城市的面板数据,通过超效率SBM模型测算了城市工业水资源绿色效率,并建立渐进双重差分模型和中介效应模型进行实证分析。结果表明:低碳城市试点能够显著提高工业水资源绿色效率,且这种提升效应存在异质性,对高水资源禀赋城市、高碳排放城市以及非老工业基地城市影响更显著;低碳城市试点通过污染企业退出和绿色技术创新两种作用机制提高工业水资源绿色效率;低碳试点城市所采取的规制型政策工具对污染企业退出影响显著,而激励型政策工具对绿色技术创新影响显著。

德阳经济技术开发区“ 一河一策” 管理保护方案

推行“河长制”,实行“一河一策”管理保护方案,是对党中央生态文明建设有关规定的全面贯彻,能有效的遏制河湖污染,保障区域水生态的安全.本文全面梳理了德阳经济技术开发区内绵远河和石亭江两条河流的水资源管理保护现状与存在的主要问题,根据地区实际情况,制定了近期治理的总体目标.除此之外,分别从水资源保护、水域岸线管理保护、水污染防治、水环境治理、水生态修复几个方面制定若干分项目标,并详细地规划了具体的任务,提出了一系列的保障措施.德开区“一河一策”管理保护方案不仅能有效解决现存的水资源管理与保护问题,还能为其他地区的河湖治理以及管理和保护问题积累经验提供借鉴.

Global concerns related to water biology and security:The need for language and policies that safeguard living resources versus those that dilute scientific knowledge

Increasingly,scientists and non-scientists,especially employees of government agencies,tend to use weak or equivocal language when making statements related to science policy and governmental regulation.We use recent publications to provide examples of vague language versus examples of strong language when authors write about regulating anthropogenic pressures on natural resources.Lifeless language is common in agency reports,policy documents,and even scientific papers published by academics.Such language limits success in regulating anthropogenic pressures on natural resources.This challenge must be recognized and countered as a driver of the condition of water and associated resources.We also list sources of vague wording,provide global examples of how ambiguous language and political influences have contributed to water resource degradation,discuss the recent history of science censorship,and offer possible solutions for more direct scientific discourse.We found that:(1)equivocal language was especially common in concluding statements and not only by government employees;(2)authors discussed confusing language concerns in an agency publication;and(3)agency employees sometimes used active,strong language.Key drivers of weak language include:(1)holding on to old paradigms and resisting new knowledge;(2)scientific uncertainty;(3)institutional manuscript review policies;(4)employment and funding insecurity;and(5)avoiding the appearance of advocacy.Examples associated with euphemistic language included climate change,flow and physical habitat alteration,dams,agriculture,mining,forestry,and fisheries,as well as resistance towards monitoring,assessing,and reporting ecological conditions.Suggestions for mitigating equivocal language involve employment protections and greater focus on scientific ethics.We conclude that natural resource scientists should resist calls to employ imprecise language.Instead,they should be strong advocates for prescriptive and protective natural resource actions—based on their science—to halt and reverse the systemic degradation of those resources.

关于强化水资源刚性约束制度的对策建议

水资源刚性约束制度是党中央对实行资源总量管理和全面节约制度,健全资源节约集约循环利用政策体系在水资源领域的具体化,也是对实行最严格水资源管理制度的深化要求。文章基于近年来国家水资源考核和督查情况,总结了现阶段落实水资源刚性约束制度取得的主要成效,分析论述了现阶段水资源管理存在的主要问题,并针对性的提出制定政策性指导文件、强化考核与责任、修订水法律法规、健全取用水管理制度、构建水资源监测体系、完善水市场机制以及建立符合水资源刚性约束制度要求的产业政策等7条措施建议,以期为强化落实水资源刚性约束制度提供参考。

开征水资源税提高企业全要素生产率了吗?——来自A股制造业企业的证据

开征水资源税试点是近年来我国税制改革的重要内容之一,也是完善绿色财税体制的重要环节。在积极推进经济社会绿色发展的同时,如何保证企业全要素生产率的持续增长,成为我国绿色经济发展面临的新挑战。基于2016年开始逐步推行水资源税改革试点政策的准自然实验,采用2014—2020年A股制造业企业的面板数据,使用双重差分法实证检验了水资源税试点改革与企业全要素生产率之间的关系。研究发现,水资源税改革对制造业企业的全要素生产率存在显著的促进作用,水资源税主要通过提升企业技术创新水平和改善企业资本配置效率两个渠道影响企业全要素生产率,且该政策效果在不同地区与制造业细分行业的企业之间存在异质性。本研究为继续扩大水资源税改革试点范围,促进制造业高质量发展提供了有益参考。

北京市水资源政策对水资源承载力的影响研究

在对北京市水资源承载力特征及其影响政策分析的基础上,提出用系统动力学(SD)来定量研究不同政策对水资源承载力的影响。在水资源合理配置的前提下,以北京市社会经济环境系统为研究对象,建立北京市水资源系统动力学模型,并将水资源承载力指标融合在模型中进行计算。通过动态仿真模拟,预测北京市5项水资源政策———实施应急供水工程、推进再生水回用、调整工业产业结构、发展农业节水灌溉和提高用水价格对水资源承载力的长期影响,为确保北京市用水的长期安全和社会经济的持续发展提供科学的决策依据。研究表明,应急供水工程政策对北京市水资源承载力的影响最大,而若同时实施这5项政策,到2010年,可承载的工业总产值、农业总产值和非农业人口将分别达到9663×108元、417×108元和1527×104人。

华北平原水资源紧缺情势与因源

基于水资源可持续利用理念,从水资源承载能力演化周期性、经济社会需用水规模难变性和未来水资源供需关系入手,介绍近60年以来华北平原水资源情势,特别是该平原水资源量、实际用水量和地下水开采量变化特征,并结合未来10到30年区域经济社会发展需用水量趋势,识别和诊断华北平原水资源紧缺因源。结果表明：由于降水量减少导致华北平原缺水（自然资源性缺水）占该平原总缺水量的15.1%~16.4%;因管理缺陷导致水资源浪费的缺水（管理性缺水）占22.1%~24.2%;人口数量和经济社会发展规模过大导致用水量超过区域水资源承载力的缺水（政策性缺水）占59.3%~62.5%。自然资源性、管理性以及政策性缺水的解决对策不同：自然资源性缺水是不依人的意志为转移的,惟有从外域适量调水才能解决;管理性缺水可通过社会文明进步和科技进步不断修正;政策性缺水宜因势利导进行经济社会布局和产业结构调整,特别是限制高耗低效用水产业。即使南水北调工程70.3×108m3/a水进入华北平原,该平原地下水超采情势也难以得到根本性扭转。有新增水源调入或华北平原严控生活和工业用水量,同时大幅压减农业用水量,因势利导优化和逐步调整经济社会布局和产业结构,特别是灌溉农业进行规模化减蒸、降耗、节水的改造,将是缓解华北平原地下水超采和水资源紧缺的根本所在。

严格地下水管理与保护的思考

通过分析近年我国地下水管理与保护方面取得的成效,指出在经济社会快速发展的现代化进程中,严格地下水管理与保护的必要性。结合现阶段我国地下水开发利用现状,提出了今后一个时期严格地下水管理的主要措施,为地下水管理和保护提供参考。

缺水地区水资源承载力模型研究

从水资源、环境、人口、发展之间的关系入手 ,分析探讨水资源承载力的内涵 ,研究思路、步骤 ,并在此基础上 ,初步建立了区域水资源承载力研究的模型体系 ,提出了提高区域水资源承载力的主要方针策略 ,并以关中地区为例 。

城市总体规划水资源论证工作进展与思考

各地在城市总体规划水资源论证政策制度、论证程序、试点探索等方面进行了有益探索,取得了显著成效。但依然存在工作基础薄弱、总体认识不足、程序不够规范、核心内容体现不深、与当前水资源管理难以衔接等突出问题。通过调研当前我国部分城市规划水资源论证工作进展情况,分析总结当前论证工作中存在的问题,并提出针对性措施建议,为进一步推进城市规划水资源论证工作提供参考。