Spatial pattern recognition for near-surface high temperature increases in mountain areas using MODIS and SRTM DEM

Abrupt near-surface temperature changes in mountainous areas are a special component of the mountain climate system.Fast and accurate measurements of the locations,intensity,and width of the near-surface changes are necessary but highly difficult due to the complicated environmental conditions and instrumental issues.This paper develops a spatial pattern recognition method to measure the near-surface high temperature increase(NSHTI),one of the lesser-attended changes.First,raster window measurement was proposed to calculate the temperature lapse rate using MODIS land surface temperature and SRTM DEM data.It fully considers the terrain heights of two neighboring cells on opposite or adjacent slopes with a moving window of 3×3 cell size.Second,a threshold selection was performed to identify the NSHTI cells using a threshold of-0.65℃/100 m.Then,the NSHTI strips were parameterized through raster vectorization and spatial analysis.Taking Yunnan,a mountainous province in southwestern China,as the study area,the results indicate that the NSHTI cells concentrate in a strip-like pattern along the mountains and valleys,and the strips are almost parallel to the altitude contours with a slight northward uplift.Also,they are located mostly at a 3/5 height of high mountains or within 400 m from the valley floors,where the controlling topographic index is the altitude of the terrain trend surface but not the absolute elevation and the topographic uplift height and cutting depth.Additionally,the NSHTI intensity varies with the geographic locations and the proportions increase with an exponential trend,and the horizontal width has a mean of about 1000 m and a maximum of over 5000 m.The result demonstrates that the proposed method can effectively recognize NSHTI boundaries over mountains,providing support for the modeling of weather and climate systems and the development of mountain resources.

Industrial Poverty Alleviation Model in Southwestern High-altitude Mountainous Areas of China——A Case Study of Industrial Poverty Alleviation of Xueshan Township in Luquan County of Yunnan Province through Planting Codonopsis pilosula

Due to the severe restrictions of natural conditions and ecological environment,high-altitude mountainous areas usually become the " hard bones" in the battle against poverty. Xueshan Township,Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County of Yunnan Province,located in the alpine valley of Jinsha River,is a major township with wide and deep poverty,and the incidence of poverty is up to 45. 00%. In recent years,Xueshan Township has insisted on the battle against poverty,made effort to develop the Codonopsis pilosula industry,and successfully developed a road to poverty alleviation through C. pilosula industry,and formed a unique industrial poverty alleviation model by the end of 2018,the incidence of poverty dropped to 0. 74%. Based on field survey and interview,this paper analyzes and summarizes the specific practices,main results,practical experience and promotion and application measures of the poverty alleviation model of C. pilosula planting industry in Xueshan Township,in the hope of providing certain reference for the targeted poverty alleviation in similar areas in Yunnan Province and other provinces of China.

Expression of HIF-1α and Its Target Genes in the Nanorana parkeri Heart：Implications for High Altitude Adaptation

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha（HIF-1α） and its target genes vascular endothelial growth factor（VEGF） and transferrins（TF） play an important role in native endothermic animals＇ adaptation to the high altitude environments. For ectothermic animals – especially frogs – it remains undetermined whether HIF-1α and its target genes（VEGF and TF） play an important role in high altitude adaptation, too. In this study, we compared the gene sequences and expression of HIF-1α and its target genes（VEGF and TF） between three Nanorana parkeri populations from different altitudes（3008 m a.s.l., 3440 m a.s.l. and 4312 m a.s.l.）. We observed that the c DNA sequences of HIF-1A exhibited high sequence similarity（99.38%） among the three altitudinally separated populations; but with increasing altitude, the expression of HIF-1A and its target genes（VEGF and TF） increased significantly. These results indicate that HIF-1α plays an important role in N. parkeri adaptation to the high altitude, similar to its role in endothermic animals.

Relationship between autonomic nervous system function and acute mountain sickness

Objective: To elucidate the role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in acute mountain sickness (AMS) during the initial phase at acute high-altitude exposure. Methods: Ninety-nine healthy sea-level residents rapidly ascended to Tibet plateau (3 675 m altitude) by airplane from Chengdu plain (560 m altitude). ANS function was tested in plain and day 2–4 in Tibet by heart rate variability (HRV), cold pressor test (CPT). AMS was evaluated by clinic symptomatic scores. All subjects were divided into non-AMS group (57, scores≤4) and AMS group (42, scores>4). Results: Compared with non-AMS group, AMS group had higher standard deviation of normal to normal intervals (SDNN), root mean square of delta RR (rMSSD), low-frequency (LF) power, and normalized low-frequency (LFnu) power in plain (P<0.05). After arrival at 3 675 m altitude, AMS group had greater reduction in percentage of delta RR>50 ms(PNN50), rMSSD (P<0.01) and SDNN, LF, total power (TP) (P<0.05). Although no significant differences in the increase of SP and DP during CPT were found between 2 groups in plain, the SP increase during CPT of AMS group was less than non-AMS group (P<0.05) at 3 675 m altitude. AMS symptomatic scores was not only positively correlated with SDNN, rMSSD, LF/HF in plain (P<0.05), but also negatively correlated with HFnu in plain (P<0.05). Conclusion: During the initial high altitude exposure, ANS modulation is generally blunted, but the relatively predominant sympathetic control is enhanced, and this characteristic change of ANS function is positively correlated with the development of AMS.

高海拔严寒地区隧道冻害研究现状及展望

针对高海拔严寒地区隧道冻害问题,结合隧道冻害的相关研究,从冻害类型及原因分析、冻害机制、温度场、处置措施等4个方面的现状进行阐述和分析,对当前研究存在的不足和未来的发展方向进行探讨。主要成果为:1)通过对高海拔严寒地区隧道工程实例进行分析,总结4种冻害类型及4种冻害原因;2)基于含水风化层冻胀理论、整体性围岩冻胀理论、衬砌背后积水冻胀理论、裂隙水冻胀理论等4种冻胀理论,建立多年冻土区以整体性围岩冻胀理论为主、季冻区以裂隙水冻胀理论为主的多理论联合分析的方法;3)温度场研究方法分为现场监测、理论解析、模型试验、数值模拟等4种,其中现场监测是对洞内外温度进行监测,而理论分析、模型试验、数值模拟则是对监测结果进行验证分析;4)冻害处置措施有防排水措施、保温防寒措施、抗冻措施等3种,防冻的关键是将三者相结合进行综合治理;5)指出冻害机制适用性、温度场研究方法现状、处置措施适用性等方面的不足,未来应在高海拔严寒地区建立多种冻胀理论、多种研究方法综合应用的研究体系,并在隧道防排水、保温防寒、抗冻等方面给出处置措施。

高海拔多山地区架空输电线路高密点云数据获取方法研究及应用

为解决高海拔多山地区有人直升机、复合翼无人机作业相对航高较高、易受侧风影响、点云稀疏的痛点,本文提出了一种“仿塔飞行”架空输电线路三维激光扫描点云数据获取方法,优化了传统的“仿地飞行”方式,对西藏藏中联网某500 kV超高压架空输电线路进行了点云数据获取,经数据处理及分析,点云数据体素密度大,空间位置精度高。试验结果表明,大载重多旋翼无人机在高海拔多山地区进行“仿塔飞行”作业,在降低作业风险的同时,所获取的点云数据密度高、噪声小,且金具和导线微部特征明显;同时,该方法具有机动性高、稳定性强、作业风险低的优势,为架空输电线路精细化自主巡检及国家电网智慧化应用提供了支撑。

特高海拔寒区隧道温度场演化规律——以黑恰隧道工程为例

为研究特高海拔寒区隧道温度场的时空分布特征及其变化规律,以青藏高原西北部喀喇昆仑高山区的黑恰隧道为依托工程,首先,在现场建立包括气象要素在内的寒区隧道远程自动监测系统,对特高海拔寒区隧道温度场演化规律进行分析研究;其次,提出考虑湍流对流传热和热传导作用下的隧道三维数值模型,利用现场监测数据验证该模型的准确性;最后,讨论铺设保温层前后隧道温度场的变化特性。研究结果表明:1)在距进口0~270 m隧道受到冻融作用影响,洞内气温与衬砌温度呈线性正相关关系;2)隧道洞内气温对隧道径向温度场的影响主要体现在衬砌和浅层围岩;3)在最冷月平均气温方面,不同类型寒区隧道温度大小关系为特高海拔<高纬度<高海拔,在最大冻结深度方面,不同类型寒区隧道最大冻结深度大小关系为特高海拔>高纬度>高海拔;4)铺设保温隔热层后,保温层对衬砌与围岩起到良好的保温作用。

Changes in equilibrium-line altitude and implications for glacier evolution in the Asian high mountains in the 21st century

In the context of global warming,glaciers in the Asian High Mountains(AHMs)are shrinking at an accelerating rate.Projecting their future change is helpful for understanding the hydrological and climatic effects related to glacier retreat.Here,we projected glacier change in the AHMs from 1979 to 2100 under shared socioeconomic pathway(SSP)scenarios from the perspective of temperature,equilibrium-line altitude(ELA),and accumulation area.The annual mean temperature in the AHMs increased by 1.26℃ from 1979 to 2014,corresponding to an increase of 210 m in the mean ELA and a decrease of 1.7×10^(4)km^(2) in the glacier accumulation area.Under the SSP2-4.5(SSP5-8.5)scenario,the annual mean temperature in the AHMs would increase by 2.84℃(3.38℃)in 2040–2060 relative to that in 1850–1900,leading to the mean ELA reaching an elevation of5661 m(5777 m).The accumulation area in the AHMs decreased by 46.3%from 1995 to 2014 and was projected to decrease by60.1%in 2040–2060.Moreover,the annual mean temperature in the AHMs was projected to increase by 3.76℃(6.44℃)in2080–2100 relative to that in 1850–1900,corresponding to the ELA reaching an elevation of 5821 m(6245 m)and the accumulation area decreasing to 1.8×10^(4)km^(2)(0.5×10^(4)km^(2)).These data suggest that the conditions for glacier development will disappear in most of the AHMs,except for extreme high-altitude regions in the Tianshan,Pamir,and Himalaya Mountains.Under the SSP2-4.5(SSP5-8.5)scenario,when the global mean temperature increases 1.5℃(2℃)above pre-industrial levels,the annual mean temperature will increase by 2.12℃(2.86℃)and the accumulation area will decrease by 15%(48%)in the AHMs compared with that in 1995–2015.Therefore,a 1.5℃ increase in global warming would keep 40%more of the glacial accumulation area(1.5×10^(4)km^(2))in the AHMs compared to a 2℃ increase in global warming.

An investigation of the influence of ground surface properties and shading on outdoor thermal comfort in a high-altitude residential area

Landscape elements in residential areas can effectively improve the outdoor thermal environment,with different outcomes depending on the climate conditions.This study explores how the ground surface and shading properties affect the outdoor thermal environment in a high-altitude plateau climate where few studies have been conducted.The measurements were conducted during summer and winter in a residential area in Lhasa,Tibet.Without natural shading such as trees,there is a positive correlation between Sky-view factor(SVF)and Physiological equivalent temperature(PET)during winter and a negative correlation during summer.When SVF exceeds 0.65 in summer,it may cause human discomfort.Compared to artificial shading such as a tensioned membrane,deciduous trees are superior at improving human comfort,as they can increase PET by 10.56℃ in winter and decrease it by 9.73℃ in summer.During summer,high-reflection water-permeable bricks can reduce the PET by 1.08℃,and lawns can reduce the mean rachation temperature(Tmrt)by 1.650C;however,the lawns may produce a microclimate with a high air temperature.The results from this paper can be used as a reference for landscape planning and design in residential areas in high-altitude cold-climate regions.

壁面热辐射对车内温度场影响的分析

高原地区空气稀薄,空气导热和对流换热降低,而辐射换热增强.文中通过数值模拟的方法研究了中国高原地区夏季条件下汽车壁面热辐射对整车温度场的影响.应用整体求解法从瞬态和稳态两种角度讨论了车内热辐射对温度场的影响并与平原情况作对比.结果表明在高原地区,考虑壁面辐射的车内空气整体平均温度比不考虑壁面辐射的低8.93 K,稳态时车身的总传热量中的辐射传热占比为41.16%,前玻璃的辐射传热的占比为23.59%,后玻璃的占比为35.94%,发动机罩的为29.91%,椅子为61.96%.因此,在高原地区,固体壁面的辐射换热是一种重要换热形式,不可被忽略.

大柴旦矿区生态环境影响要素变化特征

气象要素变化对矿区生态环境的影响极为重要,尤其是在我国青藏高原寒旱区,全面系统地了解历史气象要素变化特征对高寒矿区生态环境保护具有指导作用。本研究首先基于青藏高原大柴旦矿区1956-2022年的逐月降水、气温、蒸发数据,采用线性倾向估计法、集合经验模态分解(EEMD)、Morlet小波变换等方法对大柴旦地区的降水、气温、蒸发等气象要素的变化趋势进行了全面分析研究;然后选取三期空间分辨率为30 m的Landsat卫星数据,从卫星图像中计算了归一化差异植被指数(I_(NDV))。结果表明:大柴旦矿区气候呈现暖湿化态势,在此因素驱动下,降水量呈现轻微增加趋势,气温呈现明显增高趋势,蒸发量呈明显减小趋势;降水量和气温序列没有突变点,而蒸发量在1979年存在突变,在1956-1979年蒸发量缓慢增加,在1979-2022年缓慢减小;降水量在2000-2016年具有显著12个月的震荡周期,气温和蒸发量在整个时间尺度上都具有12个月的震荡周期;植被多集中分布在水体附近,研究区内整体呈现覆盖增加、生长活动增强趋势。预测大柴旦矿区未来几年降水量仍处于增加状态,温度处于增高阶段,年蒸发量将处于偏少期,植被生长活动整体呈增强趋势。

高海拔寒冷地区混凝土抗冻耐久性研究综述

高海拔寒冷地区具有海拔高、气温低、昼夜温差大等特点,严重威胁混凝土结构安全和正常使用年限。因此,提高混凝土结构的抗冻耐久性、保证结构安全和可靠性是研究高海拔寒冷地区混凝土抗冻耐久性能、施工技术以及评价方法的关键。综合分析了水胶比、外加剂、掺合料对高海拔寒冷地区混凝土宏观力学的影响,混凝土内部微观结构测试方法取得的成就和存在的不足,混凝土微观结构与宏观力学之间的关系,以及高海拔寒冷地区混凝土冻融损伤模型以及数值模拟的研究进展。通过上述分析和总结,以期进一步完善高海拔寒冷地区混凝土抗冻耐久性的理论体系、试验和评估方法,为高海拔寒冷地区混凝土的理论研究和工程应用提供理论基础。

综合物探方法在高寒高海拔地区隧道不良地质体勘查中的应用研究——以玛沁隧道为例

隧道地质工程勘察中对地下岩体的破碎和隐伏断裂勘探是一项必要的工作手段。玛沁地区属典型的高寒高海拔地区,单一物探方法因存在多解性而不能较准确地表征勘查区的不良地质体发育情况。为查明玛沁隧道浅地表强分化层的厚度、隐伏断层位置及影响带、破碎软弱带及岩体完整性等不良地质体的分布情况,应用音频大地电磁法和高密度电阻率法等综合物探方法对玛沁隧道发育的不良地质体进行勘探。综合勘查区地质特征和综合物探研究成果表明,综合物探方法在高寒高海拔地区隧道勘查中不仅能够有效识别浅地表强分化层和破碎软弱带等不良地质体,而且可提高物探解释的精度。

基于神经网络的高寒地区CF_(4)和SF_(6)/CF_(4)检测

高寒地区须携带多台仪器以满足3种不同量级SF_(6)气体中CF_(4)气体浓度的检测需求,现场运维效率低且仪器购置成本高。为此,首先设计了一种基于热释电检测技术的SF_(6)气体中CF_(4)气体浓度检测仪器,可自动选择不同的放大电阻以实现多量程切换。然后提出了BP和PSO-BP2种神经网络温度-压力协同补偿模型,并通过搭建高效模拟实验平台为模型预测提供数据支撑,预测结果表明,PSO-BP神经网络优于BP神经网络。最后将PSO-BP神经网络温度-压力协同补偿模型内置于多量程检测仪器CF_(4)气体浓度检测仪器。模拟实验结果表明,该检测仪器在不同温度和压力下,小量程和大量程检测误差和重复性分别不超过±2%和1.6%,混合比量程下误差和重复性分别不超过±0.5%和0.2%,对高寒地区电网运维检修具有重要作用。

高海拔区域复杂山地地形的风能资源评估

选择四川省凉山州某高海拔山地作为研究区域,采集并处理了该区域1个气象站1981~2015年的统计数据以及该区域内4个测风塔1年的实测数据,开展风能资源评估。研究发现,该区域局部地形复杂,海拔在3530~3950 m,面积约为40 km^(2),西南风影响较大,风能资源较丰富。通过频率分析发现该区域风向稳定,WSW方向风速和风能最大。计算该区域风功率密度为2级,属IEC II/III类风电场。另外,研究表明该区域50年一遇最大风速低于IEC标准值,但湍流指数达到IEC B类,风电机组疲劳载荷影响需要评估。该研究为高原山地复杂地形区域的风电场开发提供了科学的风能资源评估方法,也为该区域的风电场设计提出了建议。

高海拔地区用温拌抗光老化沥青低温性能研究

针对高海拔地区沥青路面易诱发紫外老化、低温开裂问题,采用3种光稳定剂制备出改性温拌抗光老化沥青,通过低温延度、差示扫描量热分析和弯曲蠕变劲度试验以及Burgers黏弹模型,对光老化前后的沥青开展多指标低温性能评价,并借助灰色关联度法分析各低温指标的相关性。结果表明:表面活性温拌剂对沥青的低温性能有不利影响;3种光稳定剂均对沥青抗光老化性能有改善作用,其中UV326能明显改善温拌沥青低温性能,抗光老化效果最佳,Burgers模型能准确描述沥青在弯曲蠕变劲度试验中的低温蠕变行为。根据灰色关联分析结果,推荐蠕变速率、-18℃低温综合柔量参数和玻璃态转变温度可作为高海拔地区沥青胶结料的选型指标。

基于重难点控制的高原过境公路施工技术研究

高原地区尤其是处于较为偏远的和其他省份或县市交界处,运输条件较差且地势条件都较为恶劣,因此有必要对其在施工过程的重难点技术进行分析。本文以西昌市某过境公路路基路面施工为例,该公路在地区路网中承担着较为重要的战略意义,采用双向六车道一级公路标准,首先对其该工程的重难点内容进行阐述,随后对其在施工过程中的重难点关键性技术进行研究,提出在施工过程中的技术的量化使用策略,以期为相类似工程提供参考。

基于ATP-EMTP的高海拔地区某110 kV线路雷击故障分析

某高海拔山区110 kV线路在经受大幅值雷电流侵入时发生三相短路故障,经现场勘查确认故障杆塔及环境状况,结合雷电监测系统中记录的雷电流幅值等故障监测数据以及历史运行数据,对雷击故障原因及线路防雷水平进行综合分析和评估。运用ATP—EMTP仿真软件构建故障杆塔模型,逐步调整雷电流幅值计算反击耐雷水平,结果表明此次故障为大幅值雷电流反击导致。最后分别对改善接地电阻、提高绝缘水平、增设避雷器等防雷措施效果进行仿真分析。并结合线路运行实况,选择合理的防治措施,从而提高线路的防雷水平。

高海拔寒冷地区机场施工扰动区植被恢复物种选择研究

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