The Contributing Factors of Black Women's Devotion to Self-empowerment in the Later Civil Rights Movement

From the beginning the civil rights movement,black women had thrown themselves into the fighting for racial liberation.However,since the mid-1960s black women began to pay more attention to their own empowerment for many intricate and complex reasons.This paper focuses on what resulted in gradual shifting of black women to self-empowerment.

On the Cooperation Between China and the Non-Aligned Movement in the Field of the Right to Development and its Prospects

China and the Non-Aligned Movement share the same goals,a common code of conduct,and similar ideas in protecting the right to development,and the two have a solid foundation for cooper-ation.Both emphasize that the right to development is a basic human right,strive to elevate the right to development to a mainstream hu-man right,and jointly advocate placing the right to development at the center of the agenda.They work together to enhance the strategic sta-tus of the right to development.Both of them have participated in the formulation of the Declaration on the Right to Development,and col-laborated to improve the Declaration.They have also jointly proposed the resolution on the right to development,and supported the drafting of the Convention on the Right to Development to advance the codifi-cation of the right to development.Both of them uphold South-South cooperation and promote North-South dialogue and cooperation.They have established a support mechanism to promote international cooperation on the right to development in a coordinated manner.The cooperation between China and the Non-Aligned Movement in pro-tecting the right to development has broken the past Western-centered paradigm of human rights development,broadened the international perspective of the human rights cause,and played a crucial role in the formation of international human rights norms.In the future,oppor-tunities and challenges coexist for cooperation between the two sides,with promising prospects.China’s cooperation with the Non-Aligned Movement in the protection of the right to development has accumulat-ed valuable and inspirational experiences for the human rights cause of developing countries and the building of the international human rights system.。

The Traditional Media and the Social Movement： A Study of Approaches on Brazilian and Spanish Newspapers About Landless Movements and Human Rights

In this paper, we make an argument around two elements greatly connected on the setting of neoliberal globalization： traditional media and social movements. More specifically, our proposition in this research is to conduct a comparative study of online versions of two newspapers, the Brazilian newspaper Folha de S^o Paulo and the Spanish El Mundo. Considering this, we analyze the coverage of these vehicles in 2010, a period of presidential elections in Brazil, on the MST （Landless Movement） from the perspective of DH （human rights） Adopting a critical, historical, and dialectical view, we use the theoretical assumptions of Roland Barthes Douglas Kellner, Joaquin Herrera Flores, and David S~.nchez Rubio

Women's Liberation during the Initial Stage of P. R. China: A Human Rights Perspective

The liberation of women is the historical process in which women have striven for gender equality, freedom from oppression, confinement and discrimination, and are becoming the masters of the society and their own destinies. According to the diversity in history and the state, the process can be divided into a serial of correlated phases, with each phase focusing on different issues. Sexism order in China had remained stable in the traditional society for centuries through a set of institutions. Women had believed in a sexual order and the rules of propriety, which advocated that men were superior to women. After the People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949, women’s rights in politics, economy, society, and even family were recognized and secured by the Constitution and laws just as men’s during a short period. Women’s liberation in China has made a significant progress.

Women's Rights in the Context of the Three-child Policy:Analyzing from the Constitutional Connotation of“the State Shall Protect the Mother”

Women's rights are essential human rights recognized by the international covenants on human rights and protected in the constitutions and laws of countries.In the context of implementing the three-child policy in China,women are facing pressures from childbearing and bringing up children as well as trying to have a career.It is clearly stipulated in Article 49 of China's Constitution"the mother is protected by the state,"the constitutional principle of equality of men and women shall be incorporated into the interpretation of this article,fully respecting women's subjectivity and equal rights and affirming the social benefits of childbearing and bringing up children.With the introduction of the three-child policy,the protection of women's rights shall focus on their reproductive rights,right to health,right to work and equal rights within the family.The system of women's rights is complex,relates to identity and must be open to the future.The state has the obligation to fully respect,actively promote and promote in a narrow sense the realization of women's rights.To better coordinate the implementation of the three-child policy and the protection of women's rights,we should introduce the concept of social gender equality,improve the system ofp ublic childcare services,home care leave and equal employment,and promote the implementation of relevant laws and policies with special attention being paid to women in rural areas and single mothers.

The Development of Legal Protection of Women's Human Rights in China

The legal confirmation process of women’s human rights has been undergoing great difficulties both in the United Nations and among nations. The Fourth World Conference on Women plays a role in promoting the legal protection of women’s human rights. Currently, the protection of women’s human rights has undoubtedly become the consensus of both international and domestic law. International conventions on human rights have become an important launching area for promoting international law on women’s human rights, owing to its legal binding force and supervising mechanism established under it. Domestic law has also become the first line of defense for protecting women’s human rights. However, it needs to be pointed out that, for international conventions on human rights and domestic legislation, the cognition and acceptance of social gender conception has not only promoted changes on forms, but, more importantly, on revolution at substantial level.

On the Human Rights Function of the Olympic Movement

The Olympic Movement is an essential contemporary international social movement with a unique ability to transform and promote the human rights.This human rights function of the Olympic Movement is mainly reflected in two aspects:First,the Olympic Movement accelerates the dissemination of the basic concepts and values of human rights and helps build a broader consensus in a wider field;second,the Olympic Movement expands and enriches the rights system of human rights.It has greatly contributed to realizing individual human rights and collective human rights both inside and outside the Olympic field.The human rights function of the Olympics needs be correctly understood and rationally utilized to maximize its effectiveness in promoting the development of and guaranteeing the realization of human rights.

The Legacy of 1968： The Prague Spring, the Invasion of Czechoslovakia, and Poland＇s March Events

The year of 1968 was a pivotal year that impacts the United States and the world to this very day, forty years later. It was a year in the United States that witnessed the assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr., in April and of Robert Kennedy in June, ongoing student protests against the war in Vietnam, the Tet offensive and the My Lai Massacre, the upheaval of the Democratic National Convention in Chicago in August, as well as the civil rights movement and the initial manifestations of the women＇s movement and the environmental movement. Moreover, beyond the borders of the United States, student demonstrations against government oppression occurred in Warsaw in March, in Paris in May, and in Mexico City in September tied to the Olympic Games that year in Mexico. The researchers also witnessed the joy of the Prague Spring from January until the subsequent Soviet-led Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia at the end of August. Richard M. Nixon was elected president of the United States in November, the counterrevolution of conservatism, if you will, that may have run its 40-year course with the administration of George W. Bush and the election on November 4 2008 of Democratic Illinois Senator Barack Obama.

An Analysis of the Necessity of Fanny's Marriage in Mansfield Park

In the last chapter of Jane Austen's third novel, Mansfield Park, Fanny Price, the heroine, married her cousin Edmund Bertram. In the context of British society in the early 19th century, Fanny's marriage had a strong symbolic meaning:through mar-riage, Fanny was legally accepted by Mansfield Park;at the same time, she was also given an opportunity to temporarily escape from the oppression from the parents of Mansfield Park (although she could never escape from the control offeudal system);the ac-ceptance of Fanny was a reflection of the efforts of the gentry (represented by Sir Thomas Bertram, Edmund's father) to ameliorate slavery when it was declining.

Berkeley Apartheid： Unfair Housing in a University Town

This essay suggests that in 1962-1963, before Birmingham and the March on Washington, a coalition of Black and White civil rights activists, labor, and religious leaders were in the vanguard of the struggle both on the Pacific Slope and in the nation. Berkeley＇s battle for fair housing represented an important phase of the civil rights struggle on the west coast and in cities where racial segregation was not based on law, but part of a conspiracy, silent but quite effective, among realtors, mortgage lenders, and renters, against Blacks and other minorities. Encouraged by state antidiscrimination legislation, Berkeley activists embarked upon a fair housing campaign based on surveys of the problem, efforts to enact legislation, and direct action. The irrationality of racists who defended their right to discriminate was one of the most singular aspects of the fair housing struggle. Though they lost at the local level, the coalition of new political forces succeeded a few months later at the state level and represented an effective force in liberal politics in the city for years to come. Because of the stiff opposition and the limits of reformers＇ liberal fair housing regulations, however, working class and poor African Americans still faced severe housing problems.

African-American's Awareness of Cultural Heritage: Alice Walker's Everyday Use

Alice Walker's famous short story Everyday Use reveals African American's awareness of cultural heritage, which is deeply affected by the"double consciousness"as well as their racial identification in the Civil Rights Movement. Through the exploration of the cultural conflict reflected in Everyday Use by relating to the influence on black people produced by the AfricanAmerican Civil Rights Movement, and the discussion of the different attitudes of the mother and her daughters towards their cultural heritage, the essay aims to reinforce Alice Walker's claim that any attempt to lay too much emphasis on the ideas of utilitarian return to black people's traditional culture is shallow and superficial.

直角凸壁面附近非对称位置的空泡动力学行为实验研究

空化破坏现象在核电厂中广泛存在。为了更深入地揭示空化破坏的机理,本文借助高速摄影实验系统,研究了直角凸壁面附近非对称位置空泡的动力学行为。具体分析了空泡的轮廓变形,形心的移动距离和方向,以及空泡射流的方向随着空泡与壁面相对位置d、h的变化规律。本文主要结论如下:(1)空泡的变形与空泡和固体壁面的相对位置d、h有关。随着空泡与右壁面的距离d的增大,空泡的非对称性越来越弱。随着空泡与上壁面的距离h的增大,在整个空泡的动力学过程中空泡的非球形特征逐渐减弱。(2)在空泡的溃灭和再生长过程中,空泡形心会持续地向左下方移动,且形心向左移动的距离随着d和h的增大而明显减小。(3)当空泡与上壁面的距离h适当时,会产生明显的斜向左下方的射流现象,且射流方向角θ随着d的增大而增大。

开放创新的知识产权应用机制

以开放共享为初心的开源运动从早期批判知识产权制度的“自由王国”走向拥抱知识产权制度的有限开源社区,其对象由开源软件向协同创作模式、开源硬件、开放专利、开放标准、数据开放等领域全面铺开,引致了以开源许可证为核心的开源商业模式的广泛应用,产生了开源与闭源结合的多种商业规则,正在推动知识产权制度在开放创新时代向更高级别的应用模式样态转化。开源最初倡导的知识共享在市场竞争中通过许可证的多重演变逐步形成知识控制,可能演化出开源社区潜在的附不合理交易条件、强制搭售和拒绝交易等垄断风险。开源领域并不等同于公共领域,它在理念上有反抗传统知识产权法之处,但在行动上却寻求包括版权法、商标法、专利法、商业秘密在内的综合保护。应当再次审视开放创新之下利用开源模式实现商业模式的创新逻辑,并纠偏因市场竞争带来的知识产权制度对知识控制的负面效应。

收回教育权运动中巴安华西学校办学中国化、世俗化与国家凝聚力体现

1924年,在全国反对基督教及其在华传教活动和帝国主义利用宗教进行文化侵略的运动高潮中,主张“收回一切外国人在华教育权”的收回教育权运动之发起,具有重大意义。该运动迫使民国政府于1925—1929年间颁布了一系列关于教会学校等私立学校在华办学的法规法令。为此,1927年西康巴安(巴塘)华西学校组建了董事部,向地方政府申请办学认可,更名为“巴安华西基督会私立小学校”,任命中国人为校长,制定了学校章程,并在学校管理、师资配置、课程设置和课堂教学等方面进行了整改,办学走向中国化和世俗化,标志着该校作为中国私立教育体制的一部分与巴安县立小学校一起构成了当地国民教育体系。这不仅是收回教育权运动在西南民族地区取得的重要成果,也是近代中国学校教育发展重大转折的缩影。这一典型案例充分体现了收回教育权增强了国家凝聚力。

张珍玉教授运用气机升降理论诊治胃脘痛的学术经验探析

总结张珍玉教授运用气机升降理论诊治胃脘痛的学术经验,认为胃脘痛病机是气机失调,复气机之关键应以调气为本,调气应主在脏腑脾胃但不离肝胆。胃脘痛之治以中土脾胃之气升降协调为用,或因乙木己土不升,肝脾左旋失职,虚证俱多,以疏肝健脾为主;或因甲木戊土不降,胆胃右转失司,多为实证,治以利胆降气和胃为先;或因肝脾不升胆胃不降,当肝脾胆胃同调。

冷战视野下1960年美国黑人入座运动及其影响

1960年,非洲掀起民族独立浪潮,17个国家摆脱了白人的殖民统治,而自诩为“自由世界领袖”的美国,在废除种族隔离上却步履蹒跚。这种强烈的反差刺激美国黑人创新斗争方式。1960年,4名黑人大学生在北卡罗来纳州格林斯博罗市发起入座运动,抵制午餐柜台的种族隔离。该运动迅速发展到其他南部州,把斗争目标扩大到所有的公共场所。其发展规模之大、持续时间之长、席卷城市之多、涉及领域之广,远超之前的民权斗争。入座运动吸引了广大黑人和白人大学生,他们取代职业民权活动家,成为民权运动的主要参与者,并把被捕入狱的斗争经历看作是一种荣誉。入座运动推动民权运动从法庭斗争转向大规模非暴力直接行动。它重塑了民权运动,标志着民权运动高潮的到来。

媒体赋权与退场——一场“住进烂尾楼”的城市维权行动

在互联网时代,公共话语资源的垄断性减弱,媒体越来越以第三方角色介入中国“国家与社会”关系,并在一定条件下影响两者间的权力格局。中国社会维权行动中权力关系的动态变迁和第三方赋权机制,超出了传统静态的权力关系框架和交往权力理论解释范畴。在具体的社会行动情境中,各个行动主体的权力并非恒定不变,国家与社会的关系在媒体的介入之下有改变的可能;同时,媒体赋权有其条件和边界,舆论退场后,也存在作为“影子”对弱势者进行隐形赋权的可能性。

美国社会针对黑人的医疗种族歧视:历史与现状

美国拥有世界上门类最全、技术水平最高的医疗体系,但美国社会内部却长期存在针对黑人的医疗种族歧视。不论是预期寿命、医疗保险覆盖率,还是医疗服务获得,黑人群体都处于美国社会的最底端。美国社会对黑人的医疗种族歧视始于奴隶制时期,白人以“保值”为目的为奴隶提供非常有限的医疗保障,且大量利用黑人开展强制性人体实验。这不仅导致黑人健康状况恶化,也让黑人群体对美国医疗体系产生了集体性恐惧。之后的南北战争解放了黑人,却也导致建立在奴隶种植园之上的传统奴隶医疗体系的崩溃,种族隔离的医疗健康系统让黑人与白人的健康差距进一步拉大。伴随着1964年《民权法案》的颁布,以及一系列联邦层面的医疗保健项目的设立,黑人健康权保障取得了不小的进步。但黑人处于劣势的健康状况并未得到根本性改善,黑人在医疗资源获取、卫生条件改善等方面与白人仍然存在巨大鸿沟。对美国而言,消除立法中的显性种族歧视相对容易,消除社会领域中因经济差距所带来的医疗不平等,以及存在于思想观念中的医疗种族歧视却极为困难。

从标本中气理论探讨“肝生于左,肺藏于右”的内涵

“肝生于左,肺藏于右”是中医中重要的理论问题,自提出以来就有很多解释,而这些解释也有不尽相同的地方,本文从五运六气中的标本中气理论出发,对“肝生于左,肺藏于右”的理论进行分析,提出了“肝生于左,肺藏于右”是指“肝主阳、肺主阴的功能”的观点,且其理论内涵对临床实践有较好的指导意义。

“另造一个民族党”:中共创建民权运动大同盟及其余波

1922年6月中共接受共产国际指示,结合中国国情,提出了主要是与国民党合作的民主主义的联合战线。中共最初反对共产国际提议的加入国民党的合作方式,希望建立党外合作。在党外合作遭孙中山拒绝后,中共党内产生抛开国民党,“另造一个民族党”并与之合作,建立民主革命联合战线的备用方案,并由此发起民权运动大同盟以为“第三党”之预备。西湖会议上中共迫于共产国际压力同意与国民党进行党内合作。但此后由于苏俄与国民党的联盟尚未完成,国共党内合作亦未入正轨,中共继续发展民权运动大同盟这一预备“第三党”。及至“二七惨案”使中共认识到必须与国民党切实合作且国民党已改组巩固,民权运动大同盟才逐渐停止活动。由此观之,1926年蔡和森在莫斯科偶遇胡适并劝其组党,则可视为中共在国共合作发生危机时,“另造一个民族党”方案的再度尝试。