Changes in Net Barter Terms of Trade for Sino-Australian Agricultural Products after China's Accession to the WTO

Using " chain-based and constant-based" two-step method,this paper measured Paasche net barter terms of trade index for SinoAustralian agricultural products from 2001 to 2013,and further calculated contribution of each category of agricultural products to changes in overall net barter terms of trade. The results showed that since 2001,the overall net barter terms of trade for Sino-Australian agricultural products fluctuated between deterioration and improvement. In 2013,the net barter terms of trade index was 1. 02,and its improvement is not significant. From 2001 to 2013,the net barter terms of trade for Sino-Australian agricultural products improved about 16. 44%,which dominated by the category 0 agricultural products whose influence degree is 6 times and 28 times the degree of category 4 and category 1. In years when the net barter terms of trade for Sino-Australian agricultural products deteriorated,category 2 agricultural products were the root cause for the deterioration.

Barter Trade Exchange to the Rescue of the Tourism and Travel Industry

South Africa＇s tourism and travel industry is a key sector in its economy as well as a significant job creator. The recent global economic turmoil is threatening the tourism industry; at the same time, global experts claim that tourism may be a key to overcoming economic difficulties and play a vital role in the green new deal. The purpose of the study is to introduce a new strategic option that has become increasingly attractive for troubled businesses-barter. While the study focuses on the advantages of this concept＇s recent refinements for South Africa＇s tourism and travel industry, its findings are also applicable to other countries. A survey of small and medium-sized enterprises （SME） from Europe and Turkey, as well as graduate students at an Israeli university, demonstrate the gap between familiarity with barter processes and their advantages and the actual scale of barter transactions in the supply chain, in order to enhance the economic performance of their tourism enterprises as well as the entire economy, providing evidence for the potential of adapting old proven concepts to the modem digital world.

The energy and environmental costs of China's trade growth

This paper attempts to construct comparable price input-output tables for 1987-2006 and estimates the impacts of trade on China’s energy consumption and SO2 emissions based on these tables.The estimation results show that energy and sulfur embodied in exports surged during the 1987-2006 period and the impact of exports on China’s energy consumption and pollutant emissions reached a critical level.As energy and sulfur embodied in exports grew faster than pollution embodied in imports,the absolute gap between the two measurements continued to grow rapidly. Meanwhile,the terms of trade in energy and S02 severely deteriorated.

Presenting Knowledge System of International Trade Terms in Business English Learners＇ Dictionaries

Dictionaries should present business encyclopedic knowledge as well as business linguistic knowledge. This paper, taking Incoterms for international trade as an example （with ＂CIF＂ as the case for analysis）, introduces 7 types of dictionary structures （overall structure, frame stzucture/megastrncture, macrostructure, microstzucture, distribution structure, cross-reference stzucture/mediostrncture and access structure）, summarizes the knowledge system of international trade terms （consisting of ＂international trade＂, ＂sets of rules of international trade terms＂, ＂Incoterms 2010＂, and ＂CIF＂）, and illustrates the methods of systematically presenting the knowledge system of international trade terms through dictionary structures in an English-English-Chinese bilingualized business English learners＇ dictionary with Oxford Business English Dictionary for Learners of English （New Edition） as a reference. Such presentation is intended for enhancing business English learners as dictionary users to grasp the knowledge of international trade terms as a whole.

Chinese Translation of International Trade Terms--A Corpus Based Study

Being widely used in global trade,the translation of international trade terms is necessary.Major procedures in this article are as following:(1)collecting 750 international trade terms and their Chinese translations from dictionaries,journals and official websites related to international trade terms;(2)using Tmxmall to align the international trade terms and their Chinese translation to build a parallel corpus;(3)selecting 120 out of the 750 international trade terms through random sampling;(4)classifying the international trade terms into four types through POS-tagging in CLAWS5;(5)basing on the functional equivalence and summarizing the main translation methods of international trade terms.The result shows literal translation,free translation and combination of literal and free translation employed in the Chinese translation of international trade terms.

关于Trade Terms“象征性交货”教学的探讨

Trade Terms是国际贸易实务的基础知识，在实务操作中占有重要地位。但是，在常用贸易术语条件下，实际上采用的是一种区别于日常的实际交货的象征性交货方式，即卖方凭单交货、买方凭单付款。学生对此不易理解，主要是由于交货方式的特殊性、缺乏国际货运保险知识、孤立地理解交货方式等原因所造成。因此，本文通过采取案例分析深化理解、补充国际货运保险知识、总体把握外贸介同、深化理解风险转移点等方法，以期帮助初学者正确理解和接受这种特殊的交货方式。

Empirical Study on Impact of China's Economic Growth on Agricultural Trade

The proposal of"Belt and Road Initiative"has brought greater opportunities for the development of China's agricultural trade,but in recent years,China's agricultural trade deficit has shown a trend of gradually expanding.Based on the data of seven years from 2012 to 2018,this paper empirically analyzes the agricultural trade effect of China's economic growth.It is concluded that the consumption effect of agricultural trade in China's economic growth is anti-trade biased,the production effect and comprehensive effect of agricultural trade are pro-trade biased,and China's terms of trade of agricultural products tend to improve.This paper puts forward some relevant suggestions from the aspects of export structure,production mode,agricultural product processing,logistics mode,e-commerce system,inspection and quarantine and so on.

Embodied Pollution in China-U.S.Trade——An Empirical Study Based on Estimation of Input-Output Technology Matrix

Using input-output tables of China and the U.S., this paper has calculated the pollution embodied in trade and structure of pollution, the balance of emissions embodied in trade （BEET） and the pollution terms of trade （PTT） for 18 manufacturing sectors of China and the US. between 2001 and 2010. The calculation aims to verify whether China has become a ＂pollution haven＂ in bilateral trade with developed countries represented by the U.S., and whether Chinese exports are ＂dirtier＂ compared with imports from the U.S., and further conducting an industry structure analysis and effect decomposition study on pollution embodied in trade in industrial goods between China and U.S.. Result of our research indicates that according to our calculation of the BEET, China remains a country with environmental deficits in bilateral trade with the U.S. while the gaps between pollution embodied in China＇s export and import are narrowing. Pollution embodied in China＇s export has the tendency of increase before decline while pollution embodied in import demonstrates no significant tendency of decline. Through effect decomposition, we further found that the effect of technology arising from the substantial decline of pollution intensity effectively lowered pollution embodied in export and narrowed the environmental deficits of China in its bilateral trade. The effect of scale arising from growing export volumes significantly increased China＇s environmental deficits while the structural effect arising from changes in the structure of import and export is insignificant in reducing environmental deficits. Our calculation of the PTT led to the finding that China＇s export goods are more pollution intensive compared with import goods and that the structure of US exports to China is cleaner than the structure of Chinese exports to the US., which requires further improvements of China＇s import and export structure.

A study of environmental impact on manufacturing products trade in Shandong,China

Based on the situation that the trade of manufactured goods takes the main position in Shandong Province,this paper identifies Shandong industrial pollutant discharge by three indices,which are industrial effluent discharge,industrial SO2 emission,and solid waste disposal.Furthermore,it conducts an empirical analysis of the trade terms of pollution content transfer on nine identified industrial sectors.The conclusion is that the increase in industrial effluent discharge,industrial SO2 emission,and solid waste disposal has paralleled the growth of the GDP in Shandong.The rapid economic growth brings obvious negative impact on the environment.Compared with that in 1998,the increase in the pollution content of exports in 2007 indicated that more environmental costs were generated with the economic development in Shandong.There is a need for optimization of foreign trade structure in Shandong,especially the need for increasing import of the pollution intensive products and decreasing the export of the pollution intensive products.The research on the relationship between manufactured goods trade and the environmental impact will make a contribution to the adjustment of foreign trade and environmental policies.

A Brief Assessment on Whether the CISG Should be Part of English Law with Reference to Parts Ⅰ and Ⅲ of the CISG

This article briefly assesses whether the CISG should be part of English law with reference to Parts Ⅰ and Ⅲ of the CISG,hopefully providing some slight values for the development of the International Sale of Goods.

TIBET'S LAST CARAVAN CHARGED WITH TRANSPORTING SALT(Ⅶ):Barter Trade between Food Grains and Salt

By setting out for saline lakes in spring, Tibetan caravans on horseback return to farmlands in autumn to barter salt for agricultural products.

数字技术创新发展易货贸易的机遇及对策

以数字技术创新发展易货贸易,不仅是贯彻落实“发展数字贸易,加快建设贸易强国”重要精神的表现,也是加快形成和发展习近平总书记提出的“新质生产力”的重要表现。在以数字技术为代表的新一轮信息技术革命下,易货贸易通过数字赋能可以解决以往面临的信息不对称、供需难匹配等传统难题,并面临着创新发展的重要机遇。特别是,受世界百年未有之大变局和世纪疫情的叠加影响,数字赋能下的易货贸易有望成为应对世界经济“动荡”与“变革”等不确定性和风险的重要举措,并成为未来贸易方式的主导形态和新增长极。中国亟待抢抓这一新战略机遇,其战略意义不仅在于顺应经济全球化发展大势,实现中国对外贸易“增量提质”,更为重要的是,能更好地服务国家统筹开放和安全、加快推动人民币国际化等战略需要。为此,中国应尽快启动易货贸易新战略,依托数字赋能推动易货贸易创新发展,并将中国打造成为全球易货贸易的中心和枢纽。这也是实现党的二十大报告提出的建设数字贸易强国的题中应有之义。

RTA知识产权保护强度对出口贸易稳定性的影响研究

在国际贸易不确定性加剧的背景下,RTA知识产权保护强度对其成员国间出口贸易有着重要的影响。基于DESTA数据库2003—2020年间有效运行的RTA,选取有RTA关系的165个国家组成的2927组国家对作为研究对象,测度了RTA的知识产权保护强度,并构建回归模型探究RTA知识产权保护强度对出口贸易稳定性的影响。研究发现:RTA知识产权保护强度越大,越有利于提高RTA成员国间出口贸易的稳定性。此外,国家间信息流动性越强,以及进口国经济自由度越高,RTA知识产权保护对出口贸易稳定性的促进作用就越强。该效应对于不同类型国家和不同出口行业而言不一样:RTA知识产权保护对南北国家间的双边出口贸易稳定有促进作用,而对南南国家和北北国家间的促进作用不显著;对动植物及食品制造类,皮革、纺织及杂制类,电子、化工及机械制造类行业出口贸易稳定有促进作用。这些研究结论对国家间开展贸易合作,签订合理知识产权保护强度的RTA,维护长久稳定的出口贸易关系具有重要意义。

贸易信用中账期对供应链上下游及供应链绩效的影响研究

贸易信用是供应链中上游企业允许下游企业延期支付的供应链内部融资方式。有观点认为供应链下游企业会通过延长账期挤占上游企业的利益,特别是一些处于优势地位的下游,他们不仅延长账期,同时还向上游提供供应链金融服务。针对这一观点,本文构建了含有一个供应商和一个零售商的供应链模型,对比分析了三种供应商资金模式下(自有资金充足、自有资金不足通过银行融资和自有资金不足通过零售商融资)账期对供应链上下游和供应链绩效的具体影响。研究发现:(1)对于供应商和供应链绩效,账期并非越短越好,对于零售商,账期并非越长越好;(2)当供应商资金不足时,相比银行融资,零售商融资会导致账期延长,但这有利于供应链各成员的利润;(3)账期和零售商融资并存有可能让供应链各成员获得更多利润,甚至会比供应商资金充足情况更优。本文的研究有助于厘清贸易信用中账期对供应链成员的收益以及供应链整体绩效的影响,从而有利于供应链金融业务的健康开展。

边民互市贸易的法律风险和司法应对

边民互市贸易发展已久,近年来,海关等相关部门严厉打击利用边民互市贸易变相走私的进口行为,部分口岸互市贸易一度停滞,边境地区经济发展因边民互市贸易现实与潜在的法律风险,陷于罪与非罪的司法困境、变与不变的政策困境。在“一带一路”倡议下,为推动边民互市贸易再次焕发生机,亟须进一步明确政策与法律的边界,完善走私犯罪相关司法解释,填补边民互市贸易政策漏洞;以边境为根,以边民为本,引导加工产业落地,积极促进企业合规发展,突破互联网时代边民互市贸易发展的新局面。

区域贸易协定对全球价值链参与度的影响——基于区域贸易协定深度水平的视角

针对全球价值链分工日益深化与区域贸易协定(RTA)不断增加的局面,在测算全球价值链参与度的基础上,利用WTO区域贸易协定数据库的资料,参照对RTA条款深度的划分,实证检验了RTA对经济体全球价值链参与度的影响。整体上,RTA对经济体的全球价值链参与度具有显著促进作用,但不同深度水平的RTA影响效应有所差别。其中,“WTO+”比“WTO-X”条款对经济体价值链参与度的影响更大,且RTA对发展中经济体价值链地位提升的影响大于发达经济体。地理距离、区域竞争在RTA对经济体价值链参与度影响中发挥着一定的调节作用。地理距离越近,RTA对价值链分工参与度的影响越大;RTA达成得越早,越有利于发挥RTA建立的竞争优势,保护本经济体在其他经济体的市场地位。机制检验表明,RTA可通过降低关税壁垒和促进对外投资推动经济体价值链地位的提升。

以高水平开放推动中国数字服务贸易自由化

扩大规则、标准等制度型开放是推动中国数字服务贸易发展的必由之路,参与高标准双边或区域贸易协定是提升中国在全球数字服务贸易中参与度的重要途径。为此,基于OECD-ITSS数据库数字服务贸易行业的数据实证检验了双边或区域贸易协定中数字条款及数字条款深度对全球数字服务贸易的促进作用,探究了数字规则对数字服务贸易影响的机制及制约因素。实证研究表明:第一,双边或区域贸易协定包含数字条款及数字条款深度总体对数字服务贸易具有显著的促进作用。第二,数字条款及数字条款深度对数字服务贸易的促进作用随着贸易规模的增大而增大,对金融服务、信息与通信服务、专业管理咨询服务的促进作用明显,对发达经济体与发展中经济体之间的数字服务贸易促进作用高于发达经济体之间的贸易情形。结合中国数字服务贸易现状及本文的研究结论,提出了扩大规则等制度型开放的政策建议。

贸易条件变动对农产品价格的冲击效应研究

中国参与国际贸易进程的加快,使得来自贸易市场的冲击对农产品价格的影响愈发明显。选取小麦、玉米、大豆和猪肉的月度数据,利用TVP-VAR模型分析了贸易条件变动对中国农产品价格的冲击效应。研究结果表明:第一,贸易条件变动对中国农产品价格的影响具有时变性和短期性特征,随着滞后期增加,冲击影响逐步减弱。第二,贸易条件冲击在不同产品之间存在差异,且冲击效应会因汇率制度和农业支持政策的变化表现出不同状态。具体而言,在浮动汇率制度时期,贸易条件变动对农产品价格的影响小于固定汇率制度时期;农业支持政策的实施,使得农产品价格与政府“托底”价格相关,进而减弱贸易条件的外部冲击。随着中国农业政策市场化改革的推进,贸易条件冲击对农产品市场的影响将逐渐增加。因此,政府应加快建立农产品价格风险防控体系,加强农产品市场信息服务能力,并积极寻求对策避免贸易条件的异常波动。

兼顾激励相容的水电富集电网中长期电力市场交易模型

针对我国水电富集地区梯级电站上下游中标电量与发电水量不匹配导致弃水和违约等问题,借鉴巴西电力市场中长期交易模式,提出兼顾激励相容的水电富集电网中长期交易模型。该模型以个体发电效益最大和电网侧购电成本最小作为激励相容的双重目标。首先以最小出力最大为目标对水电站群进行优化调度,所得各水电站每月发电量定义为其该月保证电量,并将保证电量拆分成基础电量、省内电量和西电东送电量。然后建立各级市场交易方法,基础电量按相似来水频率的历年平均电价收购,省内电量参与两轮拍卖,西电东送电量按剩余电量比重排序依次收购,采用强化学习确定各发电商份额和电价。最后利用改进的电量再分配机制对联盟内各水电站实发电量进行再分配。云南省5个流域52座电站群实例结果表明,所提模型能有效缓解当前梯级上下游电站弃水和违约等问题,促进了水电市场合理竞争和水资源充分利用。

基于深度强化学习的自适应股票交易策略

股票交易策略的制定在金融市场投资中起着至关重要的作用。为帮助投资者在多变复杂的股票市场作出最优决策,降低制定投资策略的难度,基于LSTM-SAC模型构建自适应股票交易策略。首先,将堆叠式长短期记忆网络(Long short-term memory,LSTM)预测的股票收益率与股票历史数据相结合来表示市场状况;其次,根据观测的市场信息强化学习智能体,基于自动熵调节(Soft actor-critic,SAC)进行自我交易决策调整以适应市场变化;最后,以微分夏普比率作为智能体学习的目标函数以平衡利益和风险,同时优化交易频率以降低交易成本。研究结果表明:相较于其他股票交易策略,该策略在道琼斯30和上证50市场均具有较高的年化收益,验证了其在不同市场的有效性和稳定性。