Thrusting of the North Lhasa Block in the Tibetan Plateau

A huge thrust system, the North Lhasa Thrust (NLT), was discovered in the northern Lhasa block of the Tibetan Plateau based on geological mapping of the Damxung region and its vicinity, the Deqen-Lunpola traverse and the Amdo-Bam Co profile. The NLT consists of the Dongqiao-Lunpola thrust (DLT), the west Namco thrust (WNT) and the south Damxung thrust (SDT) and ductile shear zones, ophiolite slices and folds extending in a WNW direction. Major thrust faults of the NLT seem to merge into a single deep-seated detachment of the upper-crust and totally displaced southward as far as 100-120 km. Chronological analyses with 39Ar-40Ar of plagioclase and hornblende, Rb-Sr isochron of minerals and fission-tracks of apatite from mylonite within the WNT yield ages of 174-173 Ma, 109 Ma and 44 Ma, showing 3 periods of thrusting in the north Lhasa block caused by subduction of the Tethys oceanic plate and the India-Eurasia continental collision respectively.

PRESENT LANDFORMS, ACTIVE TECTONIC ZONES, DEEP STRUCTURES AND UPLIFT MECHANISMS OF THE LONGSHOUSHAN BLOCK ON THE NORTHERN MARGIN OF THE QINGHAI—TIBET PLATEAU

Located in the northern margin of the Qinghai—Tibet Plateau, the Longshoushan Mt. is a small block between Qinghai—Tibet Landmass and Alashan Landmass.Traditional tectonic viewpoint does not consider that the Longshoushan Mt. is a single tectonic block. It is quite evident that there is only a hazy idea about the Longshoushan block. Though there is a very complex tectonic region between Qinghai—Tibet Landmass and Alashan Landmass, the Longshoushan block in the region shows unique tectonic landforms, deep structures and uplift mechanisms. Researching into the relationship between the Longshoushan block and the Qinghai—Tibet and Alashan Landmasses will contribute to the realization of boundary and orogenic belt on the northern margin of the Qinghai—Tibet block. It is a very important scientific subject.The Longshoushan Mt., longer than 150km in NWW direction and wider than 10km, is located on the northern side of Hexi corridor(100 5°～102 5°E,38 5°～39 3°N). It extends from the northwest of Zhangye to Hexibu, and from the south of Chaoshui basin to the north of Minle basin. From west to east, there are the highest peak, Dongdashan Mt.(3616m), the second peak, Dufengding(2937m) and Qianshan peak(2827m), height of the mountains is getting lower and lower, mean height above sea level is over 2000m, and relative height difference is about 1000m. The Longshoushan Mt. provides a natural defence for stopping the southward migration of sandstorm in the Hexi corridor, and forms a topographic step zone from the Alashan Plateau to the Qinghai—Tibet Plateau. In the Longshoushan area, developed landforms, such as planation surface, table\|land, terrace land, are general characters of all geomorphic units. It is shown that the Longshoushan Mt. is a intermittently uplifted block. An astonishingly similar of geometric patterns of Taohualashan Mt. and Hongshihu basin is very interesting natural landscape in the area. It is suggested that Taohualashan Mt. broke away from Hongshihu Basin in secular tectonic movement. The viewpoint is supported by major formation, lithofacies, limitation and style of active faulting. The Longshoushan block consists of two major active fault zones (the northern Longshoushan fault zone and the southern Longshoushan fault zone), the active Pingshanhu—Hongshihu fault basin belt and Taohualashan—Xieposhan tectonic uplift belt. In addition, there are the NNW\|trending West Polamading fault, NWW\|trending Maohudong fault trough, NNE\|trending Daxiahe rift valley and others on the block. the activity and formation style of these structures indicate that the block is acted not only by compressive stress, but also by tensile stress. The northern Longshoushan and southern Longshoushan fault zones are closely related to formation and evolution of the Longshoushan block, the two zones are active fault zones since late Pleistocene and boundary fault zones of the block. The genesis and activity style of the Pingshanhu\|Hongshihu basin are similar to the continental rift, which may be due to the mantle uplift.

Tectonic Stress Analysis of Future Large Earthquake Zones along the Bayan Har Block Boundary,Tibet Plateau

The Bayan Har block is mainly bounded by the east Kunlun fault zone to the north, Garze-Yushu -Xianshuihe fault zone to the south and Longmenshan fault zone to the east （Fig. 1）. In the past 20 years, large earthquakes have occurred frequently along this block＇s boundaries, which has received much attention among geoscientists. Whether large earthquakes will happen （and where） along this block＇s boundary faults in the future are two key problems that need to be addressed. This study calculates the accumulated tectonic stress and superposition of the coulomb stress caused by fault slip of 16 large earthquakes since 1904, and evaluates the possible locations of future earthquakes that may occur around this block.

Classification of Vegetation in North Tibet Plateau Based on MODIS Time-Series Data

Based on the 16d-composite MODIS （moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer）-NDVI（normalized difference vegetation index） time-series data in 2004, vegetation in North Tibet Plateau was classified and seasonal variations on the pixels selected from different vegetation type were analyzed. The Savitzky-Golay filtering algorithm was applied to perform a filtration processing for MODIS-NDVI time-series data. The processed time-series curves can reflect a real variation trend of vegetation growth. The NDVI time-series curves of coniferous forest, high-cold meadow, high-cold meadow steppe and high-cold steppe all appear a mono-peak model during vegetation growth with the maximum peak occurring in August. A decision-tree classification model was established according to either NDVI time-series data or land surface temperature data. And then, both classifying and processing for vegetations were carried out through the model based on NDVI time-series curves. An accuracy test illustrates that classification results are of high accuracy and credibility and the model is conducive for studying a climate variation and estimating a vegetation production at regional even global scale.

Joint Inversion of the 3D P Wave Velocity Structure of the Crust and Upper Mantle under the Southeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau Using Regional Earthquake and Teleseismic Data

The special seismic tectonic environment and frequent seismicity in the southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau show that this area is an ideal location to study the present tectonic movement and background of strong earthquakes in China's Mainland and to predict future strong earthquake risk zones. Studies of the structural environment and physical characteristics of the deep structure in this area are helpful to explore deep dynamic effects and deformation field characteristics, to strengthen our understanding of the roles of anisotropy and tectonic deformation and to study the deep tectonic background of the seismic origin of the block＇s interior. In this paper, the three-dimensional （3D） P-wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle under the southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is obtained via observational data from 224 permanent seismic stations in the regional digital seismic network of Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces and from 356 mobile China seismic arrays in the southern section of the north-south seismic belt using a joint inversion method of the regional earthquake and teleseismic data. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of the P-wave velocity anomalies in the shallow upper crust is closely related to the surface geological structure, terrain and lithology. Baoxing and Kangding, with their basic volcanic rocks and volcanic clastic rocks, present obvious high-velocity anomalies. The Chengdu Basin shows low-velocity anomalies associated with the Quaternary sediments. The Xichang Mesozoic Basin and the Butuo Basin are characterised by low- velocity anomalies related to very thick sedimentary layers. The upper and middle crust beneath the Chuan-Dian and Songpan-Ganzi Blocks has apparent lateral heterogeneities, including low-velocity zones of different sizes. There is a large range of low-velocity layers in the Songpan-Ganzi Block and the sub-block northwest of Sichuan Province, showing that the middle and lower crust is relatively weak. The Sichuan Basin, which is located in the western margin of the Yangtze platform, shows high-velocity characteristics. The results also reveal that there are continuous low-velocity layer distributions in the middle and lower crust of the Daliangshan Block and that the distribution direction of the low-velocity anomaly is nearly SN, which is consistent with the trend of the Daliangshan fault. The existence of the low-velocity layer in the crust also provides a deep source for the deep dynamic deformation and seismic activity of the Daliangshan Block and its boundary faults. The results of the 3D P-wave velocity structure show that an anomalous distribution of high-density, strong-magnetic and high-wave velocity exists inside the crust in the Panxi region. This is likely related to late Paleozoic mantle plume activity that led to a large number of mafic and ultra-mafic intrusions into the crust. In the crustal doming process, the massive intrusion of mantle-derived material enhanced the mechanical strength of the crustal medium. The P-wave velocity structure also revealed that the upper mantle contains a low-velocity layer at a depth of 80-120 km in the Panxi region. The existence of deep faults in the Panxi region, which provide conditions for transporting mantle thermal material into the crust, is the deep tectonic background for the area＇s strong earthquake activity.

TECTONIC DEFORMATION AND STRONG EARTHQUAKE ACTIVITIES ON THE EAST BORDER OF TIBET PLATEAU

The tectonic deformation image of Asia Continent can be explained successfully by the model of collision between India secondary continent and Euro\|Asia Plate (P. Molnar and P.Tapponnier, 1975). This paper mainly discusses the characteristics of tectonic deformation and strong earthquake activities on the east border of Tibet Plateau.1\ Characteristics of tectonic deformation on the east border of Tibet Plateau\;Controlled by the flow of the plateau crust material, the movement of the east border of Tibet plateau is mainly horizontal so as to produce two slipping\|block: one results from the slide out of Chuandian Rhombus Block along the SSE direction, the other results from the lateral extrusion of Chuanqing Block with the SEE direction. The slip rate of the north part of Chuandian Rhombus Block, the west region of Sichuan, is 5～8mm/a;2～3mm/a on the south part (the center part of Yunan); the slip rate of Chuanqing is 3～5mm/a and <1mm/a on Longmenshan region (Tang Rongchang, 1993). The slipping features of the blocks directly decide the movement characters of different fault systems: the uniform sinistral shear movement on the east boundary fault of Chuandian Rhombus Block, from the geological viewpoint, the average horizontal slip rate is about 10mm/a, and 5～8mm/a on the Anninghe, Zemuhe and Xiaojiang faults. The dextral shear movement can be found on the west boundary faults composed by Jinshajiang and Honghe faults. Located at the dextral diagonal region between Honghe and Zhongdian faults, the northwestern region of Yunnan shows a tensile stress field with near EW direction and large graben valleys with near NS direction on the ground due to the dextral slip movements of these two faults and slip of Chuandian Rhombus Block along the SSE direction. The normal features of extension tectonic deformation region can be found in this region. Some inner faults (such as Amaniqing, Xiqinglingbeilu) of Chuanqing block show the character of sinistral shear movement with some components of normal slip movement. As the east boundary of Tibet plateau, Minshan and Longmenshan Mountains form the east wall of the plateau. Contrasting to the moving direction of Chuanqing block, the transition from horizontal movement to vertical movement produced the huge nappe reverse deformation in this region, and formed some front\|Mount compensating press\|sag basins such as Gonggaling, Zhangla and Chengdu. Because of the diversity of slip rate of different boundary faults, some clockwise rotating movement can be found in different sub\|blocks.

DEFINITING AND ITS GEOLOGIC MEANING OF SOUTH-NORTH TREND FAULTED STRUCTURE BELT IN QIANGTANG BASIN, NORTH PART OF TIBET

There were more expounding to north—west (west) trend fault and north\|east trend fault within Qiangtang Basin, North Part of Tibet, in the past literature. With increasing of geophysical exploration data, nearly east\|west trend structure began to be taken note to. Since the year of 1995, by a synthetic study to geophysical and geological data, that south\|north trend faulted structures are well developed. These structures should be paid much more attention to, because they have important theoretical meaning and practical significance.1 Spreading of south\|north faulted structure belt According to different geological and geophysical data, the six larger scale nearly south\|north faulted structure belt could be distinguished within the scope of east longitude 84°～96° and near Qiangtang Basin. The actual location of the six belts are nearly located in the west of the six meridian of east longitude 85°,87°,89°,91°,93°,95° or located near these meridian. The six south\|north faulted structure belts spread in the same interval with near 2° longitude interval. The more clear and much more significance of south\|north trend faulted structure belts are the two S—N trend faulted structure belts of east longitude 87° and 89°. There are S—N trend faulted structure belts in the west of east longitude 83°,81°, or near the longitudes. The structure belts spreading features,manifestation,geological function and its importance, and inter texture and structure are not exactly so same. The structure belts all different degree caused different region of geological structure or gravity field and magnetic field. There is different scale near S—N trend faulted structure belt between the belts.

Subduction of Continental Crust in the Early Palaeozoic North Qaidam Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphic Belt, NW China:Evidence from the Discovery of Coesite in the Belt

Coesite was discovered as inclusions in zircon separates from pelitic gneissassociated with a large eclogite body in the North Qaidam ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) terrane. Somegraphite inclusions were also found. This finding suggested the occurrence of in-situ UHPmetamorphism and that the terrane was most likely recrystallized at pressures below the diamondstability field. It supported other previous indirect UHP evidence, such as polycrystalline quartzinclusions in eclogitic garnet, quartz lamellae in omphacite and P-T estimates for both eclogite andgarnet peridotite. The U-Pb and Sm-Nd ages of the North Qaidam eclogite indicated that subductionof continental crust occurred in the Early Palaeozoic, which probably recorded a collision betweenthe Sino-Korean and Yangtze plates.

Sandy Desertification Status and its Driving Mechanism in North Tibet Plateau

As the main body of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, North Tibet Plateau is one of three major sandy desertification regions in China and also a representative sandy desertification zone of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Accordingly, it is an important region for the study of recent sandy desertification processes and formation mechanism. From such aspects as desertified land types, areas and distributions etc., this paper analyses in detail the sandy desertification status on North Tibet Plateau, and qualitatively and quantitatively deals with the main factors that affect recent sandy desertification processes and the driving mechanism. Research results show that North Tibet Plateau is an important sandy desertification region in China characterized with large desertified land areas, diversified types, high severity, extensive distributions and serious damages. Sandy desertification occurrence and development resulted from combined effects of natural factors, anthropogenic factors, natural processes and man-made processes, of which climatic change is the main driving force.

Relation between electricity structure of the crust and deformation of crustal blocks on the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Study on the electricity structure along a magnetotelluric (MT) sounding profile on the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau indicates that four crustal blocks can be de-termined from southwest to northeast, namely Bayan Har block (BH), Qin-Qi block (QQ), Hai-yuan block (HY) or the North-South seismotectonic belt and Ordos block (OD). The BH, QQ and OD blocks display a similar electricity structure of the crust. The upper crust represents a high- resistivity layer and the upper part of lower crust represents a low-resistivity layer with the resis-tivity increasing gradually with depth from the lower part of lower crust to the upper mantle. The electricity structure of the crust in these three blocks is similar to that in the complete blocks on the southern and eastern margins of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and belongs to normal electricity layering of the crust in slightly deformed or complete intracontinental blocks. The crust in HY block as a boundary zone has been significantly deformed, hence its electricity layering was de-stroyed and the structure was complex and the block became a recent tectonically active and great seismo-active region. The contact belts between the blocks on the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau exhibit both upthrusting outward and strike-slip movement different from those on the southern and eastern margins of the plateau. The genesis of the low-resistivity layer in the crust is analyzed and the thickness of the lithosphere is estimated in the paper.

Dextral strike-slip of Sanguankou-Niushoushan fault zone and extension of arc tectonic belt in the northeastern margin of the Tibet Plateau

Sanguankou-Niushoushan 差错(SGK-NSSF ) 的运动学的特征具有到弧的延期的理解的大意义在西藏高原的东北边缘的构造的带。用地调查和各种各样的数据收集方法，包括大规模地质的印射，典型地形学的测量，并且沉积阶层标明日期， SGK-NSSF 展出明显的右罢工滑倒特征并且因此不是一个左首的罢工滑倒差错，由以前的研究人员相信了，这被决定。这研究的结果证明地质的边界为古生代，中生代，和新生代时代都被差错右地打乱，与是类似的指责的排水量。在地志的效果的消除以后，差错的最大的罢工滑倒排水量被发现是

2023年12月18日甘肃省积石山6.2级地震的控震构造及特征

2023年12月18日23时59分在甘肃省临夏州积石山县发生6.2级地震,造成了严重人员伤亡,及时了解此次地震的发震构造及其特征,对于分析区域未来强震危险性具有重要意义。综合区域地震构造、地质、震源机制、地震烈度和余震重定位等资料,对此次地震的控震构造及特征进行综合分析后认为,此次强震是发生在西宁—兰州断块内部的一次北北西向逆冲断层作用事件,距震中最近的拉脊山逆冲断裂带构成了此次地震的控震构造。该断裂带处于北西向日月山右旋走滑断层与北西西向西秦岭北缘左旋走滑断层交汇部位,整体呈北西至北北西向弧形展布,包含了南缘与北缘两条倾向相反的分支断裂带。震中位置、余震及烈度分布等数据指示此次地震的具体发震断层为拉脊山北缘逆冲断裂带南段的东支断层带,余震分布和极震区范围等符合逆断层型地震的上盘效应特征,但是否引起同震地表变形,还需进一步的现场调查确定。综合研究认为,此次积石山地震是在印度与欧亚板块持续陆陆碰撞作用下,青藏高原东北缘的西宁—兰州断块沿海原左旋走滑断裂向东侧向滑移过程中,在北东向挤压构造应力场下,引发日月山断层与西秦岭北缘断层构成的区域共扼走滑断裂系交汇挤压部位发生逆断层活动的结果。此次强震进一步指示青藏高原东缘的向东挤出构造体系仍是近年来我国陆内强震活动的主要控震构造,并警示应重视活断层相对发育的断块内部城镇密集区的强震灾害风险。

西藏库拉岗日穹窿次麦矽卡岩型锡铁铅锌多金属矿床的发现及其意义

库拉岗日穹窿位于西藏北喜马拉雅片麻岩穹窿带东段,毗邻北部的拉隆穹窿。通过1∶5万矿产地质填图和稀疏地表工程控制,在库拉岗日穹窿东部发现了一具有大型矿床潜力的次麦锡铁铅锌多金属矿床,其中Sn-Fe和Pb-Zn-Ag矿体主要赋存于矽卡岩中,属于矽卡岩型矿床。该矿床的矿体品位高,厚度大,主要金属矿物有锡石、磁铁矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铁矿、白钨矿和镜铁矿等;非金属矿物有石英、方解石、云母、绿帘石、绿泥石、透闪石、阳起石和符山石等。目前,稀疏的地表工程已控制2条Sn-Fe矿体和5条Pb-Zn-Ag矿体,且矿区内钨也显示出良好的成矿前景。综合评估表明,次麦矽卡岩型锡铁铅锌多金属矿床的资源潜力巨大,其矿化特点与成矿元素组合独特,以锡石和磁铁矿共生为特点,明显不同于北喜马拉雅成矿带其他矿床,是一种新的矿床类型。该矿床的发现对认识和理解北喜马拉雅成矿带稀有金属成矿作用与穹窿构造淡色花岗岩成矿系统有重要意义。

ANISOTROPIC FEATURE OF QIANGTANG MASSIF TEXTURE

Qiangtang Massif is located in the hinterland of Qinghai—Tibet plateau, which belong to the mid\|east section of Tethys Tectonic Domain.1 Features of the whole texture and structure of Qiangtang massif By synthetic analysis of gravity,magnetic field,MT,seismic surveying,etc. Geophysical data, the massif, lied in the tectonic setting and geodynamic setting mingled by the south,north tectonic belts, have the features of massif,basin and tectonic belt three forming an organic whole,multi\|degree coupling in plane and section with division of region in south\|north trend,division of block\|fault in east\|west trend,division of sphere\|layer in vertical direction. (1) Belting in south\|north trend: Qiangtang massif could be divided into four units from north to south, that is north edge doming zone, west part doming area,Qiangtang Basin and south edge doming zone. Qiangtang Basin also can be divided into four tectonic units—north Qiangtang down\|warping region, middle downing zone, south Qiangtang down\|warping and east part slope region. The near east\|west trend tectonic zones are well developed. There is aero\|magnetic anomaly distributed in belting with east\|west trend but also concentrated in section. Gravity anomaly is high in the south\|west part and low in the northeast part. Inter\|crust low resistance layer alternately distributed with high and low belting of sou th\|north trend in plane.

Quaternary Geology and Faulting in the Damxung-Yangbajain Basin

The detailed geological mapping, conducted in the Damxung-Yangbajain basin, shows that there are many types of deposits formed since the Pliocene. The oldest sediments are formed during the Pliocene. The most prominent sediments are three sets of moraines and fluvioglacial deposits. The ESR, U-series and OSL dates indicate they are formed about 700-500 ka B.P., 250-125 ka B.P. and 75-12 ka B.P. respectively and indicate that there are three glacial periods since the mid-Pleistocene in the Nyainqentanglha Range. Along the southeast side of the Nyainqentanglha Range, the main southeast dipping fault zone which bounds the Damxung-Yangbajain Graben on its western edge was mapped. The fault zone consists of three secondary fault zones and their initiation ages that the fault zones became active gradually decrease southeastward. Prominent faulting occurred in about 700-500 ka B.P., 350-220 ka B.P., -140 ka B.P. and 70-50 ka B.P. since the mid-Pleistocene. The height of fault scarps which offset the sediments formed since the mid-Pleistocene suggest that the vertical slip rates change between 0.4 -2 mm/a and the cumulative average vertical movement at rates of 1.1±0.3 mm/a during the Quaternary period and the Holocene vertical throw rate is 1.4±0.6 mm/a along the fault zones on the western side of the Damxung-Yangbajain Graben.

青藏高原强震活动特征研究

青藏高原及内部次级块体的强震活动存在显著的时空丛集特征,20世纪以来青藏高原经历了3次强震活动时空主体地区的转换,呈现了较为复杂的活动特征。利用各次级块体沿主要活动断裂走向的时空投影图,研究了全时空域的青藏高原及内部次级块体的强震活动特征,并依据这些特征对青藏高原的未来强震活动做出了一些初步分析和判断。

川西北碧口地块中新生代隆升及构造扩展特征

青藏高原东北缘的向东构造扩展特征是地质热点问题之一,为了精确厘定该扩展速率及变化特征,本文对碧口地块及其东西两侧地层的磷灰石和锆石样品开展了裂变径迹测定和分析。结果表明:磷灰石裂变径迹长度在11.5~12.6μm之间,绝大部分磷灰石和锆石裂变径迹年龄分别为古近纪(66.9~45.4 Ma)和侏罗纪—早白垩世(201.5~105.9 Ma)。研究区热史演化总体上具有阶段性,其中碧口地块构造隆升具一致性,而东侧地区热史演化相似且明显滞后于碧口地块,即碧口地块在27~15 Ma之间急剧隆升,而东侧区域不同位置随后在12 Ma和4 Ma开始发生急剧构造隆升。这种构造隆升时间差异是因为碧口地块在随青藏高原地块向东南构造挤压过程中,构造应力向东南方向传递且发生构造扩展所致,构造扩展速率由西至东递减显著,由碧口地块内部的20 km/Ma逐渐降至四川盆地边缘的1.40 km/Ma。构造扩展速率受到地层岩性及构造变形样式等多种因素影响,碧口地块内部的构造扩展速率大约是东侧区域的12倍,构造扩展至四川盆地边缘逐渐减弱并在盆地内消失。

碧口地块东-北缘中、新生代构造隆升及演化:来自磷灰石和锆石裂变径迹的证据

青藏高原具有复杂的构造演化特征,该地区自中、新生代以来的构造隆升和构造演化机制一直是地质研究的热点。为精细刻画青藏高原板块、华北板块和华南板块之间的拼合关系及差异性隆升特征,对位于青藏高原东北端的碧口地块进行了磷灰石和锆石裂变径迹测试,以及热史模拟和岩石冷却速率计算。结果锆石和磷灰石裂变径迹年龄分别在(118±5~265±29)Ma和(29.0±2.7~54.0±7.0)Ma之间;碧口地块东北缘及北缘冷却速率接近,在3.125~3.448℃/Ma之间,东缘冷却速率相对较低,为2.041~2.273℃/Ma。结果表明,中、新生代以来,碧口地块及其周缘总体上经历了持续隆升过程,但不同地区隆升特征具有差异性:碧口地块北侧在早、中侏罗世(151±7)Ma经历了构造挤压和隆升过程;东部相对较晚,在晚侏罗世(143±11)Ma经历了构造隆升阶段;东北端在早白垩世才与华北板块拼接并进入持续构造隆升阶段。进入古近纪(54.0±7.0)Ma隆升阶段,即始新世早期后,碧口地块东缘在始新世中后期(44 Ma)开始发生构造隆升,北缘自渐新世中晚期(29~32 Ma)开始发生显著的构造隆升。上述区域在10 Ma(中新世晚期)共同进入快速隆升阶段。

羌北地块上志留统龙木措上组岩石磁学特征

开展羌北地块早古生代古地磁学研究,定量约束出其古生代以来的古地理位置,可为研究青藏高原古构造格局、显生宙特提斯演化和古地理重建等提供重要基础和关键制约。在进行古地磁研究之前,首先进行岩石磁学特征的研究,明确岩石中载磁矿物的组合类型和特征,为后续退磁实验方案的选择以及剩磁的原生性的讨论提供岩石磁学基础。对羌北地块上志留统龙木措上组灰岩和砂岩进行岩石磁学特征研究,包括等温剩磁获得曲线、磁化率随温度变化(χ-T)曲线、三轴等温系统热退磁实验、低温磁学性质测试以及扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析(EDS)等。实验结果表明,龙木措上组灰岩样品中的磁性矿物以磁铁矿为主,另外还有少量的磁赤铁矿和磁黄铁矿,砂岩样品中的磁性矿物较为复杂,主要为磁铁矿,可能还含有磁黄铁矿等其他磁性矿物。研究结果表明龙木措上组地层中灰岩样品可以分离出稳定的高温剩磁分量,适宜开展进一步古地磁学研究。

西藏下司马铁矿与华北典型铁矿的对比分析

近年来华北沉积变质型铁矿的勘查工作取得了丰硕成果,但西藏此类矿床的勘查和研究程度较低。通过整理下司马铁矿的勘查资料,与5个华北典型铁矿的地质和地球化学特征进行对比研究,认为下司马铁矿属粒状铁建造(granular iron formation,GIF),成矿时代为中元古代(1.80~1.25 Ga),矿床成因可能是陆源风化和海底热液带来的Fe^(2+)在浅海大陆架氧化沉淀成矿,矿石整体较富集可能是原始沉积、岩浆热液的淋滤作用、区域变质作用等因素引起。下一步找矿工作应以高喜马拉雅成矿亚带的聂拉木岩群和亚东岩群为目标层位;重磁异常可作为重要的找矿标志,但应注意对局部低缓异常的解读;断裂和褶皱作用会影响矿体的最终定位,需注意辨别其性质。下司马铁矿和华北典型铁矿的对比研究可以为西藏地区沉积变质型铁矿的找矿提供参考。