Sensitivity of mountain runoff to climate change for Urumqi and Kaidu rivers originating from the Tianshan Mountains

The mountain watersheds of Kaidu River and Urumqi River, which separately originate from the south and north-side of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, are selected as the study area. The characteristics and trends on variation of temperature, precipitation and runoff, and the correlativity between temperature, precipitation, and runoffwere analyzed based on the past 40 years of observational data from the correlative hydrological and weather stations in the study areas. Various weather scene combinations are assumed and the response models of runoff to climate change are established in order to evaluate the sensitivity of runoff to climate change in the study areas based on the foregoing analysis, Results show that all variations of temperature, precipitation, and runoff overall present an oscillating and increasing trend since the 1960s and this increase are quite evident after 1990. There is a markedly positive correlation between mountain runoff, temperature, and precipitation while there are obvious regional differences of responding degree to precipitation and temperature between mountain runoff of Ummqi River and Kaidu River Basins Also, mountain runoff of Urumqi River Basin is more sensitive to precipitation change than that of Kaidu River Basin, and mountain runoff of Kaidu River Basin is more sensitive to temperature change than that of Ummqi River Basin.

新疆中天山北坡断裂带不同海拔高度土壤温度分布特征

研究中天山断裂带从高山带到准噶尔盆地边缘整个过渡带的土壤温度分布特征有助于理解干旱区土壤环境特征,从而为土地利用、农业生产提供依据。本文选取新疆中天山断裂带海拔高度呈梯度分布的6个气象站2005年至2020年各层土壤温度的日观测数据,利用统计方法分析了不同地形、不同深度土壤温度随海拔高度的变化特征以及不同海拔高度土壤温度随深度的变化特征。分析表明:中天山北坡土壤温度变幅随海拔高度的降低而升高。不同地形的土壤最高温和最低温的年温差浅层大于深层,由浅至深年最高温度和年最低温度出现的时间逐渐推迟;年内中天山北坡不同海拔高度0~20 cm的土壤日平均温度曲线大致呈余弦函数曲线,320 cm深度的土壤温度基本呈正弦函数分布,较0~20 cm地温的最高和最低晚3个月左右。研究区土壤温度随海拔高度降低呈现先升高后降低的趋势。在海拔为3539~600 m高度范围,土壤温度随着海拔的升高而降低。在600~441 m高度范围,土壤温度随着海拔的下降而下降;0~20 cm为土壤温度变化的活跃层,40 cm深度的土壤温度可称之为过渡层,320 cm深度称为土壤温度的稳定层,80~160 cm称为土壤温度的次稳定层。

天山北坡西部雪岭云杉海拔梯度生态弹性变化

基于天山北坡西部温泉哈夏林区间隔100 m海拔高度采集的雪岭云杉梯度样本的断面积生长量资料,分析树木生态弹性变化。干旱事件是区域生态弹性最主要的干扰因子,高温事件也是干扰因子之一。干扰因子的强度会造成生态弹性梯度特征的变化。在极端干旱年份,哈夏林区梯度生态弹性特征最显著,即中高海拔为强抵抗力和弱恢复力,而低海拔则呈相反态势,并出现生长衰退现象。中旱事件时不同海拔均为强抵抗力和较强的恢复力,高温年份低海拔呈现弱抵抗力和弱恢复力。在发生持续干旱时,不同海拔高度的树木生长均受到遏制,但低海拔衰退强度大于高海拔区域,高海拔区域树木对干旱的适应能力要强于中低海拔。

天山北坡经济带城乡聚落格局变化与影响因素分析

以天山北坡经济带城乡聚落为研究对象,采用景观格局指数、地理信息系统(GIS)空间分析、位序-规模法等分析1980-2020年间城乡聚落格局的变化,结合地理探测器从自然、区位及社会经济因素探究城乡聚落格局的影响因素。结果表明:1980-2020年间,城乡聚落数量、规模持续扩张且趋于集聚,前20 a扩张以耕地、草地为主,后20 a以未利用地为主;城乡聚落密度变化显著,高密度区主要集中在各绿洲呈现“多核集中分布”特征,中密度区沿高密度区周围扩张,低密度区沿绿洲边缘分布并在非绿洲区有扩张;首位聚落规模发展较好,趋于位序-规模曲线,中型聚落略微发育,小型聚落数量持续减少;交通等区位因素是天山北坡城乡聚落格局的首位影响因素,社会经济因素次之,自然地理因素影响较小,各影响因素差异显著。

Ecological response to the climate change on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang

The Tianshan Mountains is a high and huge mountain body lying across the central part of Xinjiang, China, and is also the main area where the runoff forms in Xinjiang. In this paper, a set of RS-based study methods is put forward for deriving the information about the natural change of the ecology in arid areas, and the relationship between the climate change trend and the corresponding ecological response on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains since recent 40 years is analyzed from the scales of the land cover ecosystems and landscapes based on the observed data of climate, hydrology, modern glaciers and lakes on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains since recent 40 years and the satellite RS data since recent 10 years by using the RS and GIS technologies. The results are as follows: (1) The overall trend of climate change on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains since recent 40 years is that both air temperature and precipitation are increased, especially the increase amplitudes of air tempera-ture, precipitation and annual runoff volume are high since the decade of the 1990s; (2) the in-tegrated indexes of the vegetation in all the geographical divisions on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains are obviously increased since recent 10 years, especially in the artificial oases and the foothill belts, such a change trend is advantageous for improving the vegetation ecology; and (3) the vegetation ecology in the arid areas is extremely sensitive to the climate change, the vegetation coverage and the biomass on the northern slope of the Tianshan Moun-tains are continuously increased because of the climate change since recent 10 years, their in-crease amplitudes in the plains and during the late stage are obviously higher than that in the mountainous regions and during the early stage.

348-YEAR PRECIPITATION RECONSTRUCTION FROM TREE-RINGS FOR THE NORTH SLOPE OF THE MIDDLE TIANSHAN MOUNTAINS

Correlation census shows that the correlation between the tree-ring chronologies in the Urumqi River Basin and precipitation during July in the last year to February in the concurrent year is significant,and the best single correlation coefficient is 0.74,with significance level of 0.0001. Using two residual chronologies collected from west Baiyanggou and Boerqingou,precipitation for 348 years can be reconstructed in the North Slope of middle Tianshan Mountains,its explained variance is 62%.According to much verification from independent precipitation data,historical climate records,glacier and other data.it shows that the reconstructed precipitation series of 348 years is reliable.Analysis of precipitation features indicates that there were three wet periods occurring during 1671(?)—1692,1716—1794 and 1825—1866 and three dry periods during 1693 —1715,1795—1824 and 1867—1969.Two wet periods,during 1716—1794 and 1825—1866, correspond to the times of the second and the third glacial terminal moraine formation,which is in front of No.1 glacier in Urumqi River source.According to computation,corresponding annual precipitation amounts are 59mm and 30mm more than now.The reconstructed precipitation series has a significant drying trend from 1716 to 1969.and has better representativeness to the precipitation of Urumqi and Changji Prefecture on the North Slope of Tianshan Mountains.

Spatio-temporal correlation between human activity intensity and land surface temperature on the north slope of Tianshan Mountains

Research on the spatio-temporal correlation between the intensity of human activities and the temperature of earth surfaces is of great significance in many aspects,including fully understanding the causes and mechanisms of climate change,actively adapting to climate change,pursuing rational development,and protecting the ecological environment.Taking the north slope of Tianshan Mountains,located in the arid area of northwestern China and extremely sensitive to climate change,as the research area,this study retrieves the surface temperature of the mountain based on MODIS data,while characterizing the intensity of human activities thereby data on the night light,population distribution and land use.The evolution characteristics of human activity intensity and surface temperature in the study area from 2000 to 2018 were analyzed,and the spatio-temporal correlation between them was further explored.It is found that:(1)The average human activity intensity(0.11)in the research area has kept relatively low since this century,and the overall trend has been slowly rising in a stepwise manner(0.0024·a-1);in addition,the increase in human activity intensity has lagged behind that in construction land and population by 1-2 years.(2)The annual average surface temperature in the area is 7.18℃with a pronounced growth.The rate of change(0.02℃·a-1)is about 2.33 times that of the world.The striking boost in spring(0.068℃·a-1)contributes the most to the overall warming trend.Spatially,the surface temperature is low in the south and high in the north,due to the prominent influence of the underlying surface characteristics,such as elevation and vegetation coverage.(3)The intensity of human activity and the surface temperature are remarkably positively correlated in the human activity areas there,showing a strong distribution in the east section and a weak one in the west section.The expression of its spatial differentiation and correlation is comprehensively affected by such factors as scopes of human activities,manifestations,and land-use changes.Vegetation-related human interventions,such as agriculture and forestry planting,urban greening,and afforestation,can effectively reduce the surface warming caused by human activities.This study not only puts forward new ideas to finely portray the intensity of human activities but also offers a scientific reference for regional human-land coordination and overall development.

Provenance of upper Permian-lowermost Triassic sandstones, Wutonggou low-order cycle, Bogda Mountains, NW China:implications on the unroofing history of the Eastern North Tianshan Suture

This study investigates the provenance of sedimentary rocks in Bogda Mountains, NW China, and reconstructs the lithology and unroofing history of the Eastern North Tianshan Suture. Petrographic point counting data of sandstones and compositions of conglomerates of upper Permian-lowermost Triassic Wutonggou low-order cycle from Zhaobishan, North Tarlong, Taodonggou, and Dalongkou sections in the southern and northern foothills of Bogda Mountains were used to interpret the temporal and spatial variations of lithology of the Eastern North Tianshan Suture, which is the sediment source area. Three compositional trends were identified. A trend of upwardincreasing quartz content and granitic pebbles in Zhaobishan section suggests a change from the undissected volcanic arc, accretionary wedge and trench setting to predominantly transitional volcanic arc and subordinate accretionary wedge and trench, in the eastern part of the Eastern North Tianshan Suture. In North Tarlong and Taodonggou sections, however, the lithic content decreases and the contents of quartz and granitic pebbles increase up sections. These trends indicate that the western part of the Eastern North Tianshan Suture changed from an undissected volcanic arc to the transitional volcanic arc, accretionary wedge and trench. No clear trend in the lithic-rich sandstones of the Dalongkou section indicates that sediments were derived from the undissected volcanic arc in the Eastern North Tianshan Suture and local rift shoulders. Compositional variations of studied rocks suggest that the Eastern North Tianshan Suture was an amalgamated complex with great spatial and temporal heterogeneities in lithology and experienced persistent unroofing during late Permian-earliest Triassic. This study reconstructs a key element of the Chinese Tianshan Suture and serves as an example to understand the unroofing processes of ancient sutures.

近30年天山北坡改进型遥感生态指数时空变化及其驱动因素

天山北坡是西北地区重要的生态功能区和重要经济带,受气候变化和人类活动的影响,脆弱的生态环境面临着巨大挑战,但目前对该地区生态环境质量时空变化、特征及驱动力的认识较少。为此,本文利用改进型遥感生态指数(ERSEI)、空间自相关分析、多元线性回归分析和地理加权分析方法揭示天山北坡1990、2000、2010和2020年4个时期生态环境质量时空变化、特征及其驱动因素。结果表明:(1)1990-2020年天山北坡ERSEI先大幅下降后逐渐恢复并持续上升,生态环境质量逐渐改善并趋于稳定,总体呈“东优西劣”的空间格局;(2)天山北坡生态环境对气候变化较为敏感,温度是ERSEI变化的最重要驱动因子;(3)不同驱动因素对ERSEI的影响存在显著的空间异质性,自然因素对局部ERSEI空间分异起主导作用,人为因素则对年际ERSEI变化产生重要影响。这表明气候变化和人类活动显著影响ERSEI变化,未来应科学规划各类经济活动,减缓气候变化效应,提升天山北坡生态安全和环境可持续性。

天山北坡城市群国土空间格局识别与时空变化分析

气候变化和人类活动大环境下,探索国土空间格局演化特征及其规律对进一步缓和绿洲地区人地矛盾有着重要的意义。以天山北坡城市群为例,选取2000、2010年和2020年3期土地利用数据及DEM数据,基于“三生”空间理论对天山北坡城市群国土空间结构数量与空间分布进行分析。结果表明:(1)20 a间天山北坡城市群“三生”空间类型面积呈不同程度的增减,其中水域和林地生态空间的转出量最多,牧草和其他生态空间两者间相互的转换数量最大;(2)研究区除阜康市、木垒哈萨克自治县、奇台县、石河子市及乌鲁木齐市的国土空间利用程度综合指数呈小幅度增加和递减外,其他县域呈逐年提高趋势;(3)生产空间的核密度高值区呈东南-西北条带状,连片分布于研究区的中部,而生态空间的核密度高值区则分布于研究区外围;生活空间的核密度高值区以乌鲁木齐市为中心呈点状分布,周围衍生出许多零碎的中值点,总体分布较为破碎,空间连接性较低。

阴山北麓4种豆科荒漠灌木地上生物量及其环境解释

以阴山北麓柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)、垫状锦鸡儿(Caragana tibetica)、狭叶锦鸡儿(Caragana stenophylla)和刺叶柄棘豆(Oxytropis aciphylla)4种豆科荒漠植被群系及其环境因子为研究对象,采用样方调查法,揭示不同荒漠灌丛生物量变化规律及其与群落特征及土壤因子之间关系。结果表明:不同灌木群系中,建群种地上生物量受群落内植物种种间竞争以及土壤钙积层和湿土层厚度的影响,主要表现为伴生种长势越好,建群种生物量越低,并且随着湿土层厚度的增加,钙积层厚度的减少,建群种地上生物量增加。同时利用拟合函数求得柠条锦鸡儿和刺叶柄棘豆群系建群种地上生物量最佳预测模型为幂函数模型,垫状锦鸡儿、狭叶锦鸡儿群系建群种地上生物量最佳预测模型为多项式函数模型。

基于资源约束的新疆天山北坡乡村建设发展模式探究

新疆地理环境特殊、生态脆弱、气候干旱、经济滞后、人文环境独特。该区域乡村的发展在自然资源的约束下面临更大的局限性和挑战性。基于上述背景,新疆乡村走出自己的发展路径、提高自然环境适应能力迫在眉睫。文章对天山北坡的区域资源进行梳理和归纳,根据区域现状调研和分析,将其分为农牧业资源、区位资源、人文生态资源,总结出3种大类资源下的7种乡村建设模式。为自然资源匮乏的乡村建设发展提供参考与借鉴。

内蒙古阴山北麓地区马铃薯施肥模式研究

为了解内蒙古马铃薯主产区马铃薯施肥现状及其主要影响因素,2019年在内蒙古阴山北麓典型旗县对215户的1090.20 hm^(2)马铃薯施肥情况进行了调查。结果表明,该区域内单施化肥的农户占调查户数的63.8%,占调查面积的20.60%;有机无机肥料配合施用户数占20.9%,面积占53.9%。施肥模式主要受灌水条件和种植规模的影响,旱作区域有机肥施用量(实物干基量)以15.0~22.5 t/hm^(2)为主,化肥用量(纯养分合计量)集中在0~75 kg/hm^(2);灌溉农田的农户有机肥施用量以45~60 t/hm^(2)为主,化肥用量均大于750 kg/hm^(2)。氮磷钾的配比相差较大,旱地上N∶P_(2)O_(5)∶K_(2)O=100.0∶82.20∶64.40(kg/hm^(2));灌溉条件下为N∶P_(2)O_(5)∶K_(2)O=300.40∶265.20∶236.30(kg/hm^(2))。总体上,阴山北麓地区马铃薯施肥以单施化肥为主,有机肥和化肥配合施用的模式多样化,规范性较差,普遍存在有机肥施入不足、氮磷钾配比与马铃薯养分需求匹配度较差的问题,灌溉农田和种植大户还存在化肥施用量明显偏高的问题。

基于可供性视角下秦岭北麓露营地规划设计研究

伴随着民众生活品质的逐步提升与休闲娱乐诉求的不断增长,露营活动日渐受到青睐,并逐渐成为一种广受欢迎的休闲娱乐形式。本研究以可供性理论为基础,从感知可供性、创造可供性、认知可供性3个维度出发,以秦岭北麓露营地为研究目标,进行系统分析,总结出基于可供性理论的秦岭北麓露营地营建策略与方法。为设计者提供将可供性理论运用在露营地营建设计中的理论依据。为用户营建一个自然、和谐、舒适的使用体验。

秦岭北麓大百合属野生植物资源的调查及应用研究

为探究大百合属(Cardiocrinum)野生植物在秦岭北麓的存在及分布情况,项目组用5 a多的时间,对秦岭北麓24条峪进行了多季节、多次的实地考察,初步探明2种大百合属野生植物在秦岭北麓有居群分布,它们分别是云南大百合(Cardiocrinum giganteum var.Yunnanense(Elwes)Steara)和荞麦叶大百合(Cardiocrinum cathayanum.),其中荞麦叶大百合为首次在秦岭地区被发现,且仅在西安市鄠邑区的太平峪有分布,而云南大百合在秦岭北麓大多峪口有分布。文章对2种大百合的形态特征及应用前景进行了较为详细地描述及探索,以期为大百合属野生植物资源的后续研究提供参考。

基于矿质元素的赤霞珠葡萄酒产地溯源

为探讨基于矿质元素的赤霞珠葡萄酒产地溯源的可行性,分析新疆天山北麓产区与其他4个产区(宁夏、甘肃、河北、山东)赤霞珠葡萄酒中的23种矿质元素含量,结合多元统计方法,构建有效的葡萄酒产地溯源模型。结果表明:天山北麓与宁夏、甘肃、河北、山东产区葡萄酒中P、Mg、Sr、Ti、Al、Cu、Ba具有显著(p<0.05)或极显著差异(p<0.01),可以作为区分不同产区葡萄酒的特征性元素。以23种矿质元素为依据的Fisher判别分析,筛选出P、Sr、Al 3种对产地判别显著的元素,建立的判别函数对天山北麓和其他4个产区葡萄酒的初始验证和交叉验证整体正确判别率分别为96.43%和89.29%。基于矿质元素分析能够对赤霞珠葡萄酒进行产地溯源,区分新疆天山北麓与宁夏、甘肃、河北、山东产区的葡萄酒。

数字经济与实体经济耦合协调研究——基于天山北坡经济带的实证研究

数字经济与实体经济之间有着紧密的联系。通过对天山北坡经济带2016-2020年9个县市的面板数据进行统计分析,构建了数字经济和实体经济评价的基本框架,并通过耦合模型评价了二者的耦合协调程度。结果表明:2016-2020年,天山北坡经济带数字经济与实体经济发展耦合协调度总体呈上升趋势,除奎屯市以外,其他各县市都达到了失调以上;乌鲁木齐市发展一直很稳定,并且耦合协调度在一直上升。但由于各个县市之间仍存在着较大差距,所以总体的耦合协调度水平还不够高。因此,需要积极促进居民消费,大力发展工业;继续加强薄弱部门的基础设施建设;推动中小企业数字化转型。通过这些措施促进区域经济社会协调发展。

秦岭北麓主要大峪中百合属野生花卉的分布

采用线路调查、野外踏查、标本鉴定及文献资料查阅相结合的方法,用5年多的时间,对秦岭北麓30条主要大峪中的百合属野生花卉资源进行了调查研究。结果发现:其一,秦岭北麓主要大峪中分布有8种百合属野生花卉,分别是卷丹(Lilium lancifolium Thunb)、野百合(Lilium brownii F.E.Brown var.Colchesteri(Van Houtte)Wilson ex Stapf)、高原百合(Lilium duchartrei Franch)、白花百合(Lilium brownii F.E.Brown var.Leucanthum Baker)、川百合(Lilium davidi Duchartre)、渥丹(Lilium concolor Solisb)、山丹丹(Lilium pumilum DC)和大花卷丹(Lilium leichtlinii Hook f.var.Maximowiezii(Regel)Baker),其中分布最广的为卷丹,在所调查的每一条峪中均有分布;其次是野百合和川百合,在大多数所调查的峪中有分布。其二,百合属野生花卉深受峪中居民喜爱,在当地栽种较为普遍。其三,秦岭北麓中植物多样性有增加的趋势,但由于游客随意采挖,以及野猪等野生动物取食等原因,百合属野生花卉在其间的生存受到一定威胁。

地形因子对天山北坡天山云杉林土壤有机碳的影响

【目的】研究地形因子对天山北坡天山云杉林土壤有机碳的影响。【方法】在新疆农业大学实习林场选取不同海拔、不同坡度和不同坡向的样地采集土壤样品,测定土壤有机碳含量并计算其碳密度。【结果】不同海拔梯度下,天山云杉林土壤有机碳含量介于41.65~77.67 g/kg,土壤有机碳密度介于9.47~14.27 kg/m^(2),土壤有机碳含量及密度均随着海拔的升高呈减少的趋势。0~20 cm土层坡度小于15°时,土壤有机碳含量表现为最高(105.08 g/kg),而当坡度达到30°~35°时,土壤有机碳含量最低;不同坡向上土壤有机碳含量从高到低依次为阴坡>半阴坡>半阳坡>阳坡,其中0~20 cm土层阴坡上土壤有机碳含量显著高于阳坡(P<0.05),20~60 cm土层土壤有机碳含量在各坡向之间差异不显著。【结论】天山北坡天山云杉林在高海拔区域内整个剖面土壤有机碳含量分布较低海拔区域相对均匀。坡向对土壤有机碳的再分配作用在20~60cm土层土壤中难以发挥作用。

中天山北坡冬季降雪变化及其影响因子分析

利用中天山北坡17个国家级气象站1978—2020年冬季逐日降水、气温要素等观测资料,采用多种统计方法,分析冬季降雪时空变化特征及其与气象因子的关系,结果表明:降雪日数和降雪量区域分布相似,均呈“城区多,山区少”分布特征;小雪日减少是导致总雪日减小的直接原因,中雪和暴雪显著增多是造成总降雪量增多的主要原因;持续1 d降水过程是冬季主要降雪过程,随着持续时间的增长,降水过程显著减少,≥5 d降水过程仅占2.8%;近43 a中天山北坡气候呈现较明显的暖湿化趋势,1987年、1994年分别发生降雪量由少变多和平均气温由低变高的突变;降雪量与年降水量、冬季平均最低气温、降雪日数呈显著正相关,年降水量越大、冬季最低气温越低、出现降雪日数越多,冬季降雪量就越大,反之越小。