Two Contrasting Eclogite Types on the Northern Margin of the Qaidam Basin, Western China

Eclogites have been recently discovered in the Xitieshan area in the middlesegment of the northern margin of the Qaidam basin. These eclogites, together with those recognizedearlier in the Yuka area of the western segment of the northern margin of the Qaidam basin and inthe Dulan area of the eastern segment of the northern margin of the Qaidam basin, form an eclogitebelt with a length of 350 km. A comparison of the eclogites from the Yuka and Xitieshan areassuggests that they show different country rocks, microtextures, mineral assemblages, and especially,different peak temperatures, PT paths during decompression and isotopic features. Eclogites fromthe Yuka area bear evidence of prograde metamorphism, such as prograde mineral relics in garnet andgrowth zoning of garnet, and hairpin-shaped PT paths with coincidence of the baric and thermal peaksof metamorphism, which reflect rapid burial and uplift. Sm-Nd isotopic determination shows obviousSm-Nd disequilibrium, and no isochron ages of Early Paleozoic metamorphism was obtained. On thecontrary, the Xitieshan eclogite was subjected to metamorphism of higher eclogite-facies andpost-eclogite-facies temperatures, showing an obvious granulite-facies overprint. A tentative PTpath for the Xitieshan area suggests that the baric peak preceded the thermal culmination. Wholerock-garnet-omphacite Sm-Nd isotopic data give an isochron age in the Early Paleozoic. Thedifferences between the two eclogites imply their different tectonic-thermal history during theirburial and uplift.

Geological factors associated with unsuccessful exploration wells in the northern margin of the Qaidam basin

We investigated the geological factors associated with unsuccessful exploration wells in the northern margin of the Qaidam basin to better understand their cause.The structural situation,the hydrocarbon accumulation mechanism and unsuccessful well data collected from 1996 to 2005 were studied.The results show that the main geological factors associated with unsuccessful exploration wells are a lack of effective source rocks and a lack of effective traps,as well as the migration-accumulation conditions that exist in this area.The basin was reformed by Meso-Cenozoic tectonic evolution.Multi-stage tectonic activities have both positive and negative effects on hydrocarbon accumulation.Source rocks distribution,effective migration channels,effective traps and the tectonic evolution effects on hydrocarbons should be the key objects for further studies.

Quantitative identification of coal-type gas and oil-type gas in source-mixed gas at the northern margin of Qaidam Basin

The current study tested the gas component and carbon isotopic composition of gas samples from 6 oilgas fields at the northern margin of Qaidam Basin, and established a chart to quantitatively identify the mixing ratio of source-mixed gas. Besides, this research quantitatively investigated the natural gas generated by different types of organic matter. The results show that different ratios of source-mixed gas exist in the 6 oil-gas fields at the northern margin of Qaidam Basin. Among them, Mabei has the highest mixing ratio of coal-type gas, followed by Nanbaxian, Mahai, Lenghu-4, Lenghu-3 and Lenghu-5, with the ratios of coal-type gas 91%, 87%, 83%, 66%, 55% and 36%, respectively. Lenghu-3 and Lenghu-4 oil-gas fields were mainly filled by coal-type gas earlier. For Lenghu-3, the gas was mainly generated from low matured source rocks in lower Jurassic Series of Lengxi sub-sag. For Lenghu-4, the gas was mainly generated from humus-mature source rocks in lower Jurassic Series of the northern slope of Kunteyi sub-sag. Gas in Lenghu-5 was mainly later filled oil-type gas, which was generated from high matured sapropelics in lower Jurassic Series of Kunteyi sub-sag. Earlier filled coal-type gas was the main part of Mahai, Nanbaxian and Mabei oil-gas fields. Gas source of Mahai was mainly generated from high mature humics in lower Jurassic Series of Yibei sub-sag; for Nanbaxian, the gas was mainly generated from high matured humics in middle-lower Jurassic Series of Saishiteng sub-sag; for Mabei, the gas was mainly generated from humus-mature source rocks in middle Jurassic Series of Yuqia sub-sag.

Characteristics and genesis of clay minerals in the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin

In order to develop appropriate reservoir protection measures in the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin and improve its oil and gas recovery efficiency,characteristics of clay minerals from eleven clay rock samples from the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin were investigated using X-ray diffraction analysis,the Scanning Electron Microscope（SEM）and energy spectrum analysis.Clay mineral composition and distribution characteristics of the main hydrocarbon reservoirs,i.e.,from the Jurassic and Paleogene-Neogene,were explored.We analyzed the main factors which affected these attributes.The results show that the major clay minerals in the northern margin are chlorite,kaolinite,illite,smectite and illite/smectite inter-stratified minerals.Illite is the most widely spread clay mineral in this area. Chlorite is mainly found in the entire Neogene and in shallow horizons of the Paleogene.Smectite is enriched in the shallow Paleogene-Neogene.There are large amounts of kaolinite and illite/smectite inter-stratified minerals in the Jurassic.The major factors affecting the different development of clay minerals in the region are properties of parent rocks,paleoclimate and paleowater media conditions, diagenesis transformation,tectonic and terrain conditions.

Simulation experiment on hydrocarbon generating potential of various source rocks on the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin,Qinghai,China

The northern margin of the Qaidam Basin is one of the main oil-gas exploration areas in western China,where source rocks are composed mostly of Middle and Lower Jurassic dark mud shale,carbargillite and coal. A large number of subsurface and outcrop samples differing in lithology with different types of organic matter were selected for resource evaluation,research and calculation. And among them,13 samples were used for simulation experiment on hydrocarbon generating potential of various source rocks. At first,two kinds of heating modes were compared through simulation experiment,including single temperature-step heating and continual heating. Perhaps,the process of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion occurred naturally between a close system and an open system. In addition,the first heating mode was convenient,and all its reaction products were involved in the whole thermal evolution,and the final simulation experimental results were basically in consistency with the natural evolution trend. Therefore,the first heating mode was adopted and the hydrocarbon yield of every sample was worked out. Accord-ing to the type and lithology of organic matter and the hydrocarbon yield of samples for simulation experiment,hy-drocarbon generation and expulsion mode with three kinds of lithology and five types of source rock has been estab-lished to provide the basis for hydrocarbon generation evaluation,research and resource calculation.

Geochemical Features and Tectonic Settings of Upper Ordovician Marine Volcanic Rocks on North Margin of Qaidam

The geochemical and petrological features show that the Upper Ordovician marine volcanic rocks on north margin of Qaidam can be classified into three main kinds of petrotectonic assemblages. The three assemblages exhibit features of tectonic melange. And they indicate that there exists an ancient ocean basin on north margin of Qaidam during Late Ordovician period. At the last stage of Ordovician period, the ocean basin on north margin of Qaidam closed gradually, then Qaidam continental block subducted continually and Qilian continental block thrusted onto Qaidam continental block in the direction from north to south, formed the orogenic belt of continent to continent collision type. As a result, a three unit tectonic model is proposed. The three units are: the overlying Qilian crustal wedge, the collision tectonic melange belt on the north margin of Qaidam and the Qaidam underthrusted wedge.

柴达木盆地北缘断裂锡铁山-阿木尼克山段第四纪晚期古地震活动性

柴达木盆地北缘断裂带是青藏高原北部的一条区域性活动断裂带,构成了柴达木盆地北部和祁连山的边界断裂,研究其第四纪晚期古地震活动对于理解柴达木盆地北缘断裂带地震复发周期、地震危险性等具有重要意义。通过地质考察、遥感解译、探槽开挖及OSL地质测年、古地震期次分析等,对柴达木盆地北缘断裂(锡铁山-阿木尼克山段)古地震事件进行了研究。研究表明:探槽剖面共揭露了5次比较可靠的古地震事件,发震时间分别为:事件E1距今约60 a;事件E23.1±0.3~3.4±0.3 ka;事件E37.5±0.3~8.1±0.3 ka;事件E410.1±0.4~11.4±0.4 ka;事件E512.1±0.4~12.8±0.4 ka。利用古地震逐次限定法认为柴达木盆地北缘断裂(锡铁山-阿木尼克山段)地震复发周期为2.6~3.4 ka。阿木尼克山段最新离逝时间为60年前,锡铁山段最新离逝时间为3.1±0.3 ka,分析认为柴达木盆地北缘断裂锡铁山段未来遭遇破坏性地震的可能性大于阿木尼克山段。该结果可以更好地了解柴达木盆地北缘断裂的古地震期次、复发间隔等,对地震预报预测及评价该断裂未来地震危险性具有一定的指导意义。

柴北缘尕海南山晚志留世—晚泥盆世火山岩浆组合对早古生代造山后伸展时限的约束

柴达木盆地北缘(柴北缘)构造带经历了早古生代的大洋俯冲到大陆俯冲,形成了广为人知的柴北缘超高压变质带。早古生代造山带何时开始垮塌一直存在争论,火山岩和侵入岩作为深地岩石探针能为约束地壳活动提供关键制约。应用锆石LA–ICP–MS U–Pb年代学和Lu–Hf同位素方法对柴北缘东段尕海南山地区出露的牦牛山组火山碎屑岩和侵入其中的花岗岩开展研究。锆石U–Pb年代学结果显示,牦牛山组火山碎屑岩的形成时代约为423 Ma,侵入其中的花岗岩的形成时代为370 Ma,表明火山岩喷发的年龄在晚志留世,后期侵入的花岗岩结晶年龄为晚泥盆世;锆石Lu–Hf同位素结果显示,晚志留世熔结凝灰岩ε_(Hf)(t)值集中在–11.5~–8.3,其两阶段Hf模式年龄集中在1945~2133 Ma,显示火山岩主要源于古老地壳物质熔融;而晚泥盆世侵入的花岗岩的ε_(Hf)(t)值分布在3.9~9.1,其两阶段的Hf模式年龄集中在792~1118 Ma,显示花岗岩主要源于中—新元古代地壳物质的部分熔融。结合对区域地质、岩石学等资料的综合分析认为,晚志留世—早泥盆世时期,大陆深俯冲导致的强烈造山作用造成柴北缘地壳发生明显加厚,加厚的欧龙布鲁克地壳基底发生部分熔融,形成了该时期的火山岩;晚泥盆世时期,加厚地壳的拆沉作用导致软流圈地幔上涌,引发区域地壳伸展,上涌的软流圈物质与地壳相互作用并发生部分熔融作用。因此区域牦牛山组形成时代跨度较大,不能笼统地用牦牛山组代表造山结束的时限,晚泥盆世岩浆岩的出现才预示着柴北缘地区进入显著的地壳伸展状态。

北非地区构造演化与含油气盆地形成

北非地区古生代位于冈瓦纳大陆北缘,经历古生代冈瓦纳和中新生代特提斯2大裂谷—拗陷—前陆盆地演化旋回,是世界范围内重要的油气富集区之一。基于公开地质资料和油气勘探数据的综合分析,指出北非地区含油气盆地存在克拉通叠加拗陷、裂谷和被动陆缘3种盆地类型,盆地演化经历冈瓦纳期和特提斯期2大成盆旋回,明确了区域构造演化对含油气盆地类型、盆地结构和生储盖发育规律的控制作用。受全球板块构造演化影响,北非地区经历了5期构造演化阶段:(1)晚元古代—早寒武世基底拼合和裂谷发育阶段;(2)寒武纪—早石炭世克拉通内拗陷发育阶段;(3)晚石炭世—早二叠世海西造山阶段;(4)晚二叠世—早白垩世裂谷盆地发育阶段;(5)晚白垩世—现今阿尔卑斯造山阶段。以海西造山作用为标志,形成古生代冈瓦纳期成盆旋回和中新生代特提斯期成盆旋回。北非西部盆地演化以古生代冈瓦纳期旋回占主导,在霍加尔地盾周边形成克拉通拗陷叠加盆地;东部盆地演化以中新生代特提斯旋回占主导,形成中新生代裂谷盆地和被动陆缘盆地。受盆地发育特征控制,西部克拉通拗陷叠加盆地烃源岩以志留系、泥盆系泥岩为主,储集层包括古生界和三叠系,区域盖层为志留系页岩和上三叠统—下侏罗统蒸发岩;东部裂谷盆地烃源岩以白垩系、古近系、新近系为主,储集层包括裂谷前古生界和裂谷期中生界、新生界,区域盖层为中新生代裂谷晚期蒸发岩。总的来看,北非地区差异构造演化控制了其含油气盆地形成机制差异和源储盖发育规律。

柴北缘孤山一带侵入岩U-Pb年代学约束及构造环境特征

研究区位于祁连山脉南西部,岩体呈不规则的残块状、条带状混杂侵入于早元古代达肯大坂群中—深变质岩中,现已变质为中细粒二云花岗片麻岩。岩石中TiO_(2)质量分数为0.61%,Al_(2)O_(3)质量分数为12.5%,Na_(2)O和K_(2)O质量分数共7.43%,Fe_(2)O_(3)质量分数为0.94%,具有高Ti、Al、Fe和富钾的特征。锆石U-Pb加权平均值为766.1 Ma±5.4 Ma,侵位于新元古代南华纪。侵位方式为被动的岩墙扩张,为火山弧型花岗岩,形成于同碰撞构造环境,可能为I-S型花岗岩。

In situ LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb age of ultrahigh-pressure eclogites in the Yukahe area,northern Qaidam Basin

Zircon grains were selected from two types of ultrahigh-pressure(UHP)eclogites,coarse-grained phengite eclogite and fine-grained massive eclogite,in the Yukahe area,the western part of the North Qaidam UHP metamorphic belt.Most zircon grains show typical metamorphic origin with residual cores in some irregular grains and sector,planar or misty internal textures on the cathodoluminescence(CL)images.The contents of REE and HREE of the core parts of grains range from 173 to 1680μg/g and 170 to 1634μg/g,respectively,in phengite eclogite,and from 37 to 2640(g/g and 25.7 to 1824μg/g,respectively,in massive eclogite.The core parts exhibit HREE-enriched patterns,representing the residual zircons of protolith of the Yukahe eclogite.The contents of REE and HREE of the rim parts and the grains free of residual cores are much lower than those for the core parts.They vary from 13.1 to 89.5(g/g and 12.5 to 85.7μg/g,respectively,in phengite eclogite,and from 9.92 to 45.8μg/g and 9.18 to 43.8(g/g,respectively,in massive eclogite.Negative Eu anomalies and Th/U ratios decrease from core to rim.Positive Eu anomalies are shown in some grains.These indicate that the presence of garnet and the absence of plagioclase in the peak metamorphic mineral assemblage,and the zircons formed under eclogite facies conditions.LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb age data indicate that phengite eclogite and massive eclogite have similar metamorphic age of 436±3Ma and 431±4Ma in the early Paleozoic and magmatic protolith age of 783―793 Ma and 748―759 Ma in the Neo-proterozoic.The weighted mean age of the metamorphic ages(434±2 Ma)may represent the UHP metamorphic age of the Yukahe eclogites.The metamorphic age is well consistent with their direct country rocks of gneisses(431(3 Ma and 432±19 Ma)and coesite-bearing pelitic schist in the Yematan UHP eclogite section(423―440 Ma).These age data together with field observation and lithology,allow us to conclude that the Yukahe eclogites were Neo-proterozoic igneous rocks and may have experienced subduction and UHP metamorphism with continental crust at deep mantle during the early Paleozoic,therefore the metamorphic age of 434±2 Ma of the Yukahe eclogites probably represents the continental deep subduction time in this area.

柴北缘中酸性侵入岩成因及其构造意义

研究区位于柴北缘缝合带与磨拉石前陆盆地的结合部,区内构造经历了多期演化,岩浆岩广泛发育。岩体侵入于下元古界金水口岩群和寒武—奥陶纪滩间山群中,岩性为闪长岩、石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩,属次铝质钙碱性岩系。岩石地球化学特征表明,该岩体具有火山弧花岗岩的特征,物源具有地壳和地幔的成分,并具同源岩浆演化特征。研究区主体属加里东期构造岩浆岩带,形成于板块碰撞前的构造环境,花岗岩结晶温压条件为640~720℃、0.1~0.3 GPa。

Unconformity structures controlling stratigraphic reservoirs in the north-west margin of Junggar basin, North-west China

Tectonic movements formed several unconfor- mities in the north-west margin of the Junggar basin. Based on data of outcrop, core, and samples, the unconformity is a structural body whose formation associates with weath- ering, leaching, and onlap. At the same time, the structural body may be divided into three layers, including upper layer, mid layer, and lower layer. The upper layer with good primary porosity serves as the hydrocarbon migration system, and also accumulates the hydrocarbon. The mid layer with compactness and ductility can play a role as cap rock, the strength of which increases with depth. The lower layer with good secondary porosity due to weathering and leaching can form the stratigraphic truncation traps. A typical stratigraphie reservoir lying in the unconformity between the Jurassic and Triassic in the north-west margin of the Junggar basin was meticulously analyzed in order to reveal the key controlling factors. The results showed that the hydrocarbon distribution in the stratigraphic onlap reservoirs was controlled by the onlap line, the hydro- carbon distribution in the stratigraphic truncation reser- voirs was confined by the truncation line, and the mid layer acted as the key sealing rock. So a conclusion was drawn that ＂two lines （onlap line and truncation line） and a body （unconformity structural body）＂ control the formation and distribution of stratigraphic reservoirs.

滨里海盆地东缘北特鲁瓦油田石炭系碳酸盐岩储层裂缝网络连通性评价

基于岩心、成像测井及裂缝网络建模结果,应用拓扑学理论,对滨里海盆地东缘北特鲁瓦油田石炭系碳酸盐岩储层裂缝网络的连通性进行了评价,并分析了其对油田开发的影响。研究结果表明:(1)滨里海盆地东缘北特鲁瓦油田石炭系碳酸盐岩储层裂缝切割类型可划分为高高切割、高低切割和低低切割,研究区A2,A3,G1,G2,G3及G4小层裂缝切割较为发育,且主要分布在构造高部位。(2)裂缝网络连通性可通过连通体面积占比、裂缝体密度、裂缝的平均长度和平均节点数4个参数进行定量评价,根据连通体面积大小、裂缝体密度大小及裂缝类型可对裂缝连通体进行定性分析和命名,研究区A2小层主要发育低低大连通体、高中大连通体和高高大连通体。(3)裂缝网络连通性和储层物性的耦合作用是油田水窜的原因,裂缝网络连通性主要与裂缝长度和裂缝体密度有关。

基于成矿构造圈定的柴北缘双口山荒漠景观区地球化学异常特征及其地质意义

大部分的热液矿床受断裂构造控制,但是基于成矿构造圈定地球化学异常的方法应用目前尚处于探索阶段。柴北缘双口山地区位于青海最重要的柴达木盆地北缘金铅锌银铅锌成矿带上,但该区内广泛分布有荒漠、戈壁等景观,且遭受风成沙等因素的影响,致使诸多地质异常信息被削弱或掩盖,对地质找矿工作造成了一定程度的干扰。针对双口山地区独特的地貌特征及成矿背景,基于成矿构造地球化学方法,对该地区其HS-9-5异常地段1∶1万土壤地球化学测量数据处理,快速优选出了有利地段,经验证发现了多条金矿(化)体。研究结果表明基于构造圈定地球化学异常的方法在构造活动强烈或在明显受构造控制的矿床的勘查工作中效果较佳,是一种值得进一步推广的地球化学勘查方法。本文主要简述其勘查过程及效果,为下一步研究区及相似景观区的矿产勘查工作提供一定的参考。

柴达木盆地西缘尕斯库勒湖流域地下水流数值模拟及地下水资源评价

尕斯库勒湖流域所属行政区茫崖市自建市以来尚未建设较大规模的集中供水水源,在以水定产、以水定城的城市发展构架下,评价流域地下水资源及开采潜力对城市发展至关重要。文章基于资料收集、动态长观、钻孔抽水试验等手段,采用断面径流量法结合流域尺度的数值模拟,评价了区内地下水天然资源量和允许开采量,并对地下水开采后对水文环境的影响进行了评估。结果表明:尕斯库勒湖流域地下水天然资源量为98.82×10^(4)m^(3)/d,允许开采量为23.5×10^(4)m^(3)/d,地下水资源开采系数<0.4,开采程度低;开采稳定后下游泉水减少10.89×10^(4)m^(3)/d,蒸发量减少12.88×10^(4)m^(3)/d,开采量和泉水及蒸发量减少之和相等,开采地下水间接袭夺了无效蒸发和部分泉水;下游湿地区降深≤0.5 m,湿地面积不产生退化;尕斯库勒湖入湖量减少2.53×10^(4)m^(3)/d,能维持湖泊及湿地周围生态环境的良性循环。

柴达木盆地南缘断裂晚第四纪活动性

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在对柴达木盆地东缘柏树山饮用矿泉群进行水文地质、控水断裂、水质等方面实地调查,对泉群的成因进行了研究。结果表明:矿泉群的水补给源为北部山区降水,补给源水通过大量的基岩裂隙补给深层地下水,径流至F2北倾活动性逆断层上盘时,形成富水“三角区”,并沿F2断层破碎带在上盘处排泄出地表,矿泉总流量达6446.3 m^(3)/d,是一处天然理想的矿泉水水源地。

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苦水泉金矿位于柴北缘锡铁山-布果特山Pb-Zn-Au-Cu-Mn-煤成矿亚带,矿体受北西-南东向、北东-南西向和近南北向断裂构造控制,赋矿围岩为早志留世石英闪长岩。矿石金属矿物为磁铁矿-黄铁矿-黄铜矿-纤铁矿-针铁矿-孔雀石-蓝铜矿等中低温组合;近矿围岩蚀变以绢英岩化、硅化为特征,远矿围岩蚀变为绿泥石化、绿帘石化、绢云母化及碳酸盐化。金矿体主要受断裂构造和闪长岩脉控制。找矿标志为断裂构造、围岩蚀变和闪长岩脉。通过开展苦水泉金矿控矿因素和找矿标志研究,以期能为今后寻找同类型金矿提供参考。

柴达木盆地北缘中段侏罗系页岩有机质孔隙演化特征

柴北缘侏罗系页岩的有机碳含量高、厚度大、分布广,但有机质成熟度总体处于未成熟—低成熟阶段,制约了研究区页岩气的表征与评价。通过开放体系下的加热实验,系统刻画了不同温度下的页岩有机质孔隙发育特征及演化过程。分析认为,热模拟温度200~400℃是有机质孔隙发育的优势温度区间,孔隙数量多,从微孔到宏孔都非常发育,孔隙间可形成网状连通。之后随着温度进一步升高,孔隙会出现“塌陷”现象,对页岩气的赋存起到抑制作用。与此同时,有机质的孔隙发育也具有不均一性,不同有机质显微组分孔隙发育能力存在差异,以镜质组、壳质组等为主的有机质显微组分孔隙发育较迟缓,有机质转化不彻底,而以沥青质体、藻类体、无定形体等为主的有机质显微组分孔隙发育时间早、强度大、孔隙之间的连通性好,是页岩气储集空间的主要贡献者。另外,结合能谱分析,认为元素的重量百分比及Ca、Mg等碱土元素的含量也是影响有机质孔隙发育的主要因素。