Petroleum geology of marl in Triassic Leikoupo Formation and discovery significance of Well Chongtan1 in central Sichuan Basin,SW China

In 2022,the risk exploration well Chongtan1(CT1)in the Sichuan Basin revealed commercial oil and gas flow during test in a new zone–the marl of the second submember of the third member of Leikoupo Formation(Lei-32)of Middle Triassic,recording a significant discovery.However,the hydrocarbon accumulation in marl remains unclear,which restricts the selection and deployment of exploration area.Focusing on Well CT1,the hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics of Lei-32 marl are analyzed to clarify the potential zones for exploration.The following findings are obtained.First,according to the geochemical analysis of petroleum and source rocks,oil and gas in the Lei-32 marl of Well CT1 are originated from the same marl.The marl acts as both source rock and reservoir rock.Second,the Lei-32 marl in central Sichuan Basin is of lagoonal facies,with a thickness of 40–130 m,an area of about 40000 km^(2),a hydrocarbon generation intensity of(4–12)×10^(8) m^(3)/km^(2),and an estimated quantity of generated hydrocarbons of 25×10^(12) m^(3).Third,the lagoonal marl reservoirs are widely distributed in central Sichuan Basin.Typically,in Xichong–Yilong,Ziyang–Jianyang and Moxi South,the reservoirs are 20–60 m thick and cover an area of 7500 km^(2).Fourth,hydrocarbons in the lagoonal marl are generated and stored in the Lei-32 marl,which means that marl serves as both source rock and reservoir rock.They represent a new type of unconventional resource,which is worthy of exploring.Fifth,based on the interpretation of 2D and 3D seismic data from central Sichuan Basin,Xichong and Suining are defined as favorable prospects with estimated resources of(2000–3000)×10^(8) m^(3).

A Model of Hydrothermal Dolomite Reservoir Facies in Precambrian Dolomite, Central Sichuan Basin, SW China and its Geochemical Characteristics

Hydrothermal mineral assemblages and related hydrothermally enhanced fracturing are common in the Precambrian Dengying Formation of Central Sichuan Basin. Petrographic and geochemical analyses of core samples show that the hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs of Dengying Formation consist of four main types of pores in the reservoir facies. These include: 1) hydrothermal dissolution vug(or pore), 2) intercrystalline pore, 3) residual inter-breccia vug(or pore), and 4) enlarged dissolved-fracture. There are three different fabrics dolomite in hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs, namely, saddle dolomite, fine-medium dolomite and micritic dolomite. Micritic dolomite is the original lithology of host rock. Saddle dolomite with curved or irregular crystal faces was directly crystallized from hydrothermal fluids(average temperature 192°C). Fine-medium dolomites are the products of recrystallization of micritic dolomite, resulting in abnormal geochemical characteristics, such as slight depletion of δ^(18)O, significant enrichment of Mn-Fe and ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr, and positive Eu anomaly. A model for the distribution of various hydrothermal dolomite reservoir facies is proposed here, which incorporates three fundamental geological controls: 1) extensional tectonics and tectono-hydrothermal events(i.e., the Xingkai Taphrogenesis of Late Sinian-Early Cambrian, and Emei Taphrogenesis of Late Permian), 2) hydrothermal fluid storage in clastic rocks with large thickness(e.g., Nanhua System of Chengjiang Formation and part of Doushantuo Formation), and 3) confining bed for hydrothermal fluids(such as, the shale in Qiongzhusi Formation). The supply of hydrothermal fluid is critical. Large basement-rooted faults and associated grid-like fracture system may function as the channels for upward migration of hydrothermal fluid flow. The intersection of the above-mentioned faults(including the conversion fault), especially transtensional sags above negative flower structures on wrench faults can serve as a key target for future hydrocarbon exploration.

Structural Characteristics and their Significance for Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Northern Slope of the Central Sichuan Paleo-uplift

Based on 2D and 3D seismic data,the latest drilling data and field outcrop data of the northern slope of the Central Sichuan paleo-uplift,the structural analysis method is used to analyze unconformity development characteristics and fault characteristics during the key structural transformation period,discussing the influence of the structural characteristics on the hydrocarbon accumulation of deep carbonate rocks.The results show that:(1)The two key unconformities of the Tongwan and Caledonian periods were primarily developed in deep carbonate rocks.Firstly,Tongwan’s unconformities are characterized by regional disconformities between the second and third members of the Dengying Formation,the top formation of the Sinian and the lower Cambrian,strips of which zigzag through the north and south sides of the study area.Secondly,the Caledonian unconformity is characterized by a regional unconformable contact between the lower Permian and the ower Paleozoic strata.From NE to SW,the age of the strata,which were subject to erosion,changes from new to old,the denudation distribution showing as a nose-shaped structure which inclines towards the ENE.(2)Boundary fault and transtensional strike-slip faults developed in the Sinian to Paleozoic strata.In profile,there are three types of structural styles:steep and erect,flower structures,’Y’and reversed’Y’type faults.In plane view,the Sinian developed extensional boundary faults extending in an almost NS direction,strike-slip faults developing and extending linearly in approximately EW,WNW and NE strikes in the Cambrian,with characteristically more in the south and less in the north.(3)The faults in the northern slope show obvious zonal deformations in transverse view as well as significant stages and stratified activity in a longitudinal direction.Among them,the activity of faults in the Sinian was the strongest,followed by the activity in the Cambrian period,the activity intensity of faults in the Permian period being the weakest.This fault activity can be divided into four periods:Sinian,Cambrian-Permian,the early Indosinian period and the late Indosinian-Himalayan period,the transtensional strikeslip faults being the products of oblique extensions of pre-existing weak zones in the Xingkai and Emei taphrogenesis,with a particular inheritance in the main faults.(4)Combined with hydrocarbon accumulation factors,it is considered that the epigenetic karstification of the Tongwan and Caledonian unconformities in the northern slope controlled the formation and distribution of carbonate karst reservoirs over a large area,also acting as a good pathway for oil and gas migration.The extensional faults developed at the margin of the NS trending rift,controlling the sag-platform sedimentary pattern in the Dengying Formation of the Sinian.Strike-slip faults in NE,WNW and ENE directions may control the microgeomorphological pattern inside the platform and intensify the differential distribution of grain beach facies.The multi-stage hereditary activity of strike-slip faults not only improved the porosity and permeability of the reservoirs,but also acted as the main channel of oil and gas migration,providing favorable conditions for the development of the current multi-layer gasbearing scenario in the northern slope of the Central Sichuan Basin.

Features of micro-fabric and the genetic study of Triassic deep polyhalite in the Guang'an area, central Sichuan Basin

It is an accepted fact that the main solid phase support for potassium in the Sichuan Basin is polyhalite [K2MgCa2(SO4)4·2H2O] rather than sylvineis (KCl) (Gong DX et al.,2015).The mineral types,occurrence characteristics and metasomatism of the polyhalite bearing ore-bed were identified and the origin of the polyhalite was discussed.The polyhalite samples were obtained from the core of Z12,located in Dalong Village,Guang'an City of central Sichuan.The sampling depths were 2974 m (s-1),3023 m (s-2) and 3106 m (s-3).The microbeam analysis of back-scattering images was carried out using a Shimadzu EPMA-1720 Series electron probe micro-analyzer,supplemented by a quantitative spectrum analysis that determined the mineral types.

Natural gas geology and exploration direction of the Cambrian Lower Canglangpu Member in central Sichuan paleo-uplift,Sichuan Basin,SW China

Based on drilling data of JT1 and CS1,outcrop profiles and seismic data,the sedimentary pattern,space configuration of source-reservoir-cap combinations and paleouplift evolution characteristics of the Cambrian Lower Canglangpu Member in the central Sichuan paleouplift have been investigated to determine the favorable exploration zones.Controlled by Deyang-Anyue rift,the Lower Canglangpu Member features differential characteristics from east to west in sedimentary framework.In the west side of the Deyang-Anyue rift,this member is composed of clastic sediments,while in the east side of the Deyang-Anyue rift,it is fresh water shelf sediments,with grain beaches occurring along edges of the depressions,shelf and lagoon.Among the beaches,the dolomitic ones are mainly distributed around the depression edge and in the north of the lagoon.The beach sediments could become high quality reservoirs under the effect of karstification.Underlying the Lower Canglangpu Member is the widespread source rock of the Qiongzhusi Formation,so oil and gas generated by the Qiongzhusi Formation source rock can directly charge into the beach reservoirs.The sandy mudstone of the Upper Canglangpu Member can serve as the caprock of the Lower Canglangpu Member reservoir.The dolomitic beaches are located at the higher part of the paleo-uplift during the main accumulation period,with good hydrocarbon accumulation elements.Blocks PT1-CS1,HT1-GT2 and east GT2 are favorable exploration zones.

Characteristics and development model of karst reservoirs in the fourth member of Sinian Dengying Formation in central Sichuan Basin,SW China

The reservoir space,types and distribution characteristics of karst carbonate gas reservoirs in the fourth member of Sinian Dengying Formation(Deng 4 Member)in central Sichuan Basin are analyzed based on the drilling,logging and seismic data.A development model of karst reservoirs is constructed to support the high-efficiency development of gas pools.The research shows that the reservoirs in Deng 4 Member have mainly small-scale karst vugs and fractures as storage space,and can be divided into three types,fracture-vug,pore-vug and pore types.The development patterns of the karst reservoirs are determined.On the plane,the karst layers increase from 65 m to 170 m in thickness from the karst platform to the karst slope,and the high-quality reservoirs increase from 25.0 m to 42.2 m in thickness;vertically,the reservoirs at the top of Deng 4 Member appear in multiple layers,and show along-bedding and along fracture dissolution characteristics.The reservoirs at the bottom are characterized by the dissolution parallel to the water level during the karstification period,and have 3-5 large-scale fracture-cave systems.Based on the reservoir development characteristics and the genetic mechanism,three types of reservoir development models of karst reservoir are established,i.e.,bed-dissolved body,fracture-dissolved body and paleohorizon-dissolved body.The construction of karst reservoir development models and seismic response characteristics of the three types of reservoirs can provide parameter for well placement and trajectory design,and substantially improve productivity and development indices of individual wells and gas reservoirs.The designed production capacity of the gas reservoir has enhanced from the initial 3.6 billion to 6 billion cubic meters,making the profit of the reservoir development increase noticeably.

Multi-Stage Fluid Charging and Critical Period of Hydrocarbon Accumulation of the Sinian Dengying Formation in Central Sichuan Basin

Objective The natural gas exploration of the Sinian reservoirs in the central Sichuan Basin has made a significant breakthrough in recent years, and has thus attracted much attention among geologists. The Sichuan Basin is known to have complicated geological settings, which has experienced multiple stages of tectonic evolution, fluid charging and hydrocarbon accumulation. This research aims to determine the geochemical characteristics of each stage of fluids, the features and time interval of fluid activity in different geologic periods, and further to restore the critical period and geological age of the hydrocarbon accumulation.

Discussing the Oil-Control Effects of the North Latitudinal 38° Belt in Central Part of the Ordos Basin

The Ordos Basin in the western part of the North China Craton is commonly believed to be a multi-controlled oil- bearing basin. It is bounded by the Xing＇an--Mongolian Orogen to the north, the Qingling Orogen to the south, the Lüliang mountain to the east and the Helanshan--Liupanshan mountain belt to the west. The interpretation of geophysical data reveals a latitudinal （38°） fault belt in the centre of the Ordos Basin, which controls the hydrocarbon generation, migration and accumulation in the basin. This study attempts to investigate this belt from outcrops and indicates a structurally controlled system of migration fairway within the fault belt.

Effects of Land Use Change on Eco-environment in Hilly Area of Central Sichuan Basin——A Case Study of Yanting County, Sichuan Province

With the artificial alder and cypress mixed forest being planted, there has been a marked land use change since 1970s' in Hilly Area of Central Sichuan Basin, China. Data from meteorological observations or posts operated over long time, measurement and calculation of NPP (net primary production) and biomass of biological community, and analysis of soil organic matter content show that the artificial alder and cypress mixed forest has outstanding eco-environmental effect: adjusting local climate, raising soil fertility, alleviating menace of drought, and raising NPP and biomass of biological community. It is very beneficial for improving ecological environment to afforest artificial alder and cypress mixed forest in populous Hilly Area of Central Sichuan Basin, China. Key Words: land use/land cover change (LUCC); eco-environmental effect; Hilly Area of Central Sichuan Basin; the artificial alder and cypress mixed forest

The dating and temperature measurement technologies for carbonate minerals and their application in hydrocarbon accumulation research in the paleouplift in central Sichuan Basin, SW China

A new method for reconstructing the geological history of hydrocarbon accumulation is developed, which are constrained by U-Pb isotope age and clumped isotope((35)47) temperature of host minerals of hydrocarbon-bearing inclusions. For constraining the time and depth of hydrocarbon accumulation by the laser in-situ U-Pb isotope age and clumped isotope temperature, there are two key steps:(1) Investigating feature, abundance and distribution patterns of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon inclusions with optical microscopes.(2) Dating laser in-situ U-Pb isotope age and measuring clumped isotope temperature of the host minerals of hydrocarbon inclusions. These technologies have been applied for studying the stages of hydrocarbon accumulation in the Sinian Dengying gas reservoir in the paleo-uplift of the central Sichuan Basin. By dating the U-Pb isotope age and measuring the temperature of clumped isotope((35)47) of the host minerals of hydrocarbon inclusions in dolomite, three stages of hydrocarbon accumulation were identified:(1) Late Silurian: the first stage of oil accumulation at(416±23) Ma.(2) Late Permian to Early Triassic: the second stage of oil accumulation between(248±27) Ma and(246.3±1.5) Ma.(3) Yanshan to Himalayan period: gas accumulation between(115±69) Ma and(41±10) Ma. The reconstructed hydrocarbon accumulation history of the Dengying gas reservoir in the paleo-uplift of the central Sichuan Basin is highly consistent with the tectonic-burial history, basin thermal history and hydrocarbon generation history, indicating that the new method is a reliable way for reconstructing the hydrocarbon accumulation history.

Reservoir micro structure of Da'anzhai Member of Jurassic and its petroleum significance in Central Sichuan Basin, SW China

Based on the qualitative study of microscopic reservoir features using core analysis,cast and fluorescence thin sections inspection,scanning electron microscope(SEM)and field emission scanning electron microscope(FESEM)and quantitative examination of pore size and geometry using mercury injection,nano-CT and nitrogen adsorption,reservoir rock of Da’anzhai Member were divided into 9 types,while storage spaces were divided into 4 types and 14 sub-types.The study shows that sparry coquina is the most promising reservoir type.Pores that smaller than 1μm in diameter contribute 91.27%of storage space volume.Most of them exhibit slot-like geometry with good connectivity.By building up storage space models,it was revealed that micron scale storage spaces mainly composed of fractures and nanometer scale pores and fractures form multi-scale dual porosity system.Low resource abundance,small single well controlled reserve,and low production are related to the nano-scale pore space in Da’anzhai Memer,whereas the dual-porosity system composed of pores and fractures makes for long-term oil yield.Due to the existence of abundant slot-like pore space and fractures,economic tight oil production was achieved without stimulations.

Sedimentary microfacies of Member 5 of Xujiahe Formation in the Dongfengchang area, Sichuan Basin

Member 5 of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation(T_(3)X_(5))in central Sichuan Basin has made a breakthrough in exploration recently.However,this new stratum has not been investigated sufficiently with respect to basic geology,making its types and distribution of sedimentary facies unclear,which severely restricts its subsequent exploration evaluation.In this study,types of sedimentary microfacies in the first sand group of T_(3)X_(5)(T_(3)X_(5)^(1))are clarified through core observation and logging interpretation using core,log and seismic data,and then distribution of sedimentary microfacies in T_(3)X_(5)^(1) is determined according to seismic waveform features and seismic prediction.The results show that T_(3)X_(5)^(1) in the Dongfengchang area is mainly composed of deltaic deposits of several microfacies,such as delta front underwater distributary channel,sheet sand,and interdistributary bay.On seismic sections,different microfacies are significantly different in waveform features,the underwater distributary channel is characterized by one trough between two peaks,while diversion bay exhibits chaotic reflections between T6 and T51.The sedimentary microfacies varied greatly during the depositional period of T_(3)X_(5)^(1) in the Dongfengchang area,this is because that the sediment supply was mainly controlled by the southwest and southeast provenance regions.Three superimposed underwater distributary channels are developed in the Dongfengchang area.The phase-1 superimposed underwater distributary channel in the northwest transition to sheet sand in the northeast,the phase-2 superimposed underwater distributary channel in the south extends shortly,the phase-3 superimposed underwater distributary channel in the northeast has a large development scale.These research findings are helpful to guide the subsequent exploration of T_(3)X_(5) gas reservoir and also theoretically significant for investigating the depositional evolution of the Xujiahe Formation in central Sichuan Basin.

The most northerly record of the sirenian <i>Protosiren</i>and the possible polyphyletic evolution of manatees and dugongs

Newly discovered remains of the early Middle Eocene (Lutetian) sirenian Protosiren (Protosirenidae) in shark tooth rich conglomerates from a coastal delta environment northwest of the European Rhenish Massif at Fürstenau (northwestern Germany), represent the most northerly occurrence of this genus whose global distribution was generally restricted to warm waters. Its presence of the remains so far north can be explained by seasonal inflow of warm Tethys surface water into the cool, upwelling-influenced, basin. The existence of two discrete centers of sirenian evolution can be explained by the opening of the Atlantic and the upwelling that separated the North American warm water faunal province from those of Africa and Eurasia. A slightly modified evolutionary model is presented in which the oldest Early Eocene manatee sirenians evolved in the Caribbean of Central America. Protosiren, however, appears to have developed polyphyletically along the African coastline of the Tethys, and represents the oldest known dugong ancestor. Younger (Oligocene) European sirenian skeletons of Halitherium and Anomotherium are included in the phylostratigraphic model in which sirenians had generally reduced their teeth by 28 Ma as an adaptation for feeding on sea-plants (macroalgae/seagrass). Teeth from early megatooth sharks, which preyed on sirenians, have been recorded from shallow marine Eocene and Oligocene coastlines of the southern proto-North Sea Basin, and shark bite marks have been found on sirenian skeletons.

川中龙女寺地区中二叠统茅口组储层特征及其主控因素

近年来,川中龙女寺地区JT1井和MX145井等多口钻井在中二叠统茅口组获得高产工业气流,展现出茅口组良好的勘探开发潜力,但由于储层特征及其发育主控因素不清楚,严重制约了龙女寺地区茅口组进一步的油气勘探。以川中龙女寺地区茅口组储层为对象,开展储层岩性、物性和孔喉结构等地质特征及地球化学特征研究,提出了川中龙女寺地区中二叠统茅口组优质储层主控因素。研究结果表明:(1)龙女寺地区茅口组储层岩性为白云岩及灰岩2类,晶粒白云岩、角砾白云岩和颗粒灰岩为主要储层岩石类型。白云岩储层可划分为3大类、6个亚类,灰岩储层可划分为4大类、5个亚类。(2)晶间孔、非选择性溶孔和溶洞为茅口组储层主要储集空间类型,裂缝-孔洞型储层的构造-溶蚀缝、洞体系储集空间大,分布广泛且连通性好,为有利储层。(3)茅口组储层具有“沉积作用-白云石化作用构建骨架,岩溶作用-构造作用叠加改造”的形成与发育模式。沉积作用、白云石化作用和构造作用是优质储层的主要控制因素,角砾白云岩为优质储集岩。

川中北部地区寒武系第二统沧浪铺组一段孔隙特征、成因及演化模式

【目的】近年来,随着川中北部地区寒武系第二统沧浪铺组的不断勘探突破,沧浪铺组呈现出巨大的勘探潜力,而目前孔隙研究的薄弱制约了对储层发育特征的深入认识。【方法】基于岩心、铸体薄片和阴极发光等的观察与鉴定,运用图像识别软件获取岩石组分含量、孔隙参数等定量数据,对川中北部地区寒武系第二统沧浪铺组一段的孔隙特征、成因、不同岩性的孔隙演化模式开展研究。【结果】沧浪铺组一段的孔隙类型主要为粒内溶孔,与总面孔率的正相关性最好,其次是粒间溶孔。较高的鲕粒/陆源砂的含量比例是孔隙发育的重要物质基础,溶解作用是孔隙发育的最有利因素,而高能的陆棚鲕粒滩沉积是原生孔隙发育的关键。因为准同生期大气水的选择性溶解作用是形成沧一段主要鲕粒粒内溶孔的最有利的成岩作用,而准同生期—埋藏期的白云石化作用则增强岩石的抗压性、使固相体积缩小而增加岩石的面孔率,埋藏期的溶解作用则沿着构造破裂形成的裂缝和早期孔隙进行溶解扩大。陆源砂、胶结作用、压实作用和压溶作用等则不利于沧一段孔隙的发育。【结论】因此,有利的碳酸盐组分及后续的成岩—构造作用影响了孔隙的发育和演化,并形成了孔隙面孔率依次降低的岩性排序特征:亮晶鲕粒云岩、含砂鲕粒云岩、砂质鲕粒云岩、细粒岩屑砂岩、石灰岩类。

四川盆地中部地区震旦系大型碳酸盐岩气藏开发技术新进展

四川盆地中部地区(以下简称川中地区)震旦系灯影组气藏为大型古老深层岩溶风化壳型碳酸盐岩气藏,气藏整体表现为低孔隙度低渗透率,储集空间小尺度缝洞发育,储层非均质性强特征,气藏开发面临储层表征难、井位部署和效益开发难度大等系列挑战。为此,以川中地区安岳气田灯影组气藏为对象,通过地质工程一体技术化攻关,深化了对储层发育特征和成因机理的认识,提出了气藏开发新模式,创建形成了气藏高效开发的关键技术。研究结果表明:①灯影组储层主要为岩溶成因储层,具有“叠合岩溶差异控储”的发育特征;②岩溶储层非均质性强,“溶蚀相成因控储”可精细刻画储层的非均质性;③灯影组气藏宜采用“单井指标叠加论证气藏规模”的开发新模式;④创新形成了“双界面”岩溶古地貌恢复及定量刻画方法,并指导平面选区,其中Ⅰ+Ⅱ类井比例由评价期的40%提高到方案建设期的100%;⑤创建了小尺度缝洞识别、刻画及表征技术,并指导钻井轨迹设计,测试百万立方米气井比例由开发评价期的41.6%提高到建产期的60%;⑥配套完善了分段酸压工艺技术,高效动用了优质储层,并解放了低品位储层,储层渗透率由改造前的0.62 mD提高到酸压改造后的6.77 mD。结论认为,“十四五”期间,在上述开发技术的支持下,安岳气田由台缘带灯四段高效开发转向长期稳产和台内地区多层系效益开发,蓬莱含气区由单井高产转向区块高产和气藏规模建产,将强力支撑中国石油西南油气田公司“十四五”末天然气上产500×10^(8)m^(3)。

四川盆地中部地区中侏罗统物源体系格局及时空演化

四川盆地中部地区(以下简称川中地区)中侏罗统沙溪庙组是我国重要的致密气勘探开发战场,其物源体系来源和母岩性质复杂多变,在一定程度上制约了下一步油气勘探进程。为此,基于川中地区沙溪庙组各亚段碎屑组分、元素地球化学和锆石碎屑成分分析,研究了沙溪庙组碎屑含量、烃源岩性质及构造背景,并探讨了母岩来源和造山带构造作用对物源的控制效应。研究结果表明:(1)川中地区西侧沙溪庙组单晶石英含量差异较大,砂岩成分成熟度平面变化明显;川中地区西北侧位于岛弧、混合造山带、碰撞造山带的综合构造环境,母岩性质及类型以上地壳长英质岩石与中—酸性混合火成岩为主,构造背景以大陆岛弧为主,兼活动大陆边缘性质,其与川北地区及大巴山前缘沙溪庙组母岩特征耦合度较高;而川中地区西南侧与川西地区及龙门山南段耦合度较高;川中地区东侧沙溪庙组锆石年龄谱与川东地区耦合度良好。(2) J_(2)s^(1)和J_(2)s_(1)^(2)时期川中北部地区受大巴山逆冲推覆影响,形成长轴物源供给格局的雏形,而川中地区西南侧由龙门山南段提供短轴物质输送;J_(2)s_(2)^(2)和J_(2)s_(3)^(2)时期大巴山强推覆作用,使川中地区整体被长轴远源沉积物充填;J_(2)s_(4)^(2)时期受龙门山北段冲断作用影响,为川中地区西北侧提供物质来源,但川中地区主体受控于大巴山物源体系。结论认为,该研究成果为重建四川盆地中侏罗世古地理格局和中侏罗统有利砂体预测提供了理论指导。

致密砂岩孔喉结构分析与渗透率预测方法——以川中地区侏罗系沙溪庙组为例

致密砂岩储层孔喉结构精细表征和渗透性预测是优质储层评价和开发的关键。以川中地区侏罗系沙溪庙组为例,利用高压压汞实验和分形理论,对孔喉结构进行静态表征,探讨孔喉结构、分形维数、储层物性之间的关系,进而分析孔喉结构对渗透率的贡献,建立渗透率预测模型。沙溪庙组样品可分为4种类型:Ⅰ类样品排驱压力低、物性好、孔隙连通性好、平均分形维数为2.11,孔隙以半径大于0.1μm的大孔和中孔为主,半径大于1μm的孔喉贡献了90%以上的渗透率;Ⅱ类样品排驱压力在0.4~1.0 MPa之间,平均孔渗分别为9.72%、0.375×10^(-3)μm^(2),分形维数为2.20,半径大于0.1μm的中孔含量上升,并贡献了大部分渗透率;Ⅲ、Ⅳ类样品排驱压力与分形维数明显高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ类样品,孔隙度低且缺乏大孔导致渗透率较低。半径大于0.1μm的大孔和中孔贡献了沙溪庙组98%以上的渗透率。分形维数是指示孔喉结构的良好标志,分形维数与孔喉半径、最大进汞饱和度、渗透率均呈现明显的负相关关系,而与排驱压力、孔喉相对分选系数呈正相关关系。分形维数与孔喉组成有着强相关性,基于分形维数、孔隙度、最大孔喉半径建立了“孔隙型”储层渗透率定量预测模型。

四川盆地川中—川西过渡带中侏罗统沙溪庙组致密砂岩相对优质储层成因机制

川中—川西过渡带沙溪庙组天然气勘探潜力巨大,是四川盆地近几年勘探的热点。目前,制约沙溪庙组致密砂岩天然气勘探开发的问题较多,其中,“相对优质储层”的形成机理和综合预测是亟需解决的关键问题之一。针对这一科学问题,本次研究通过系统的物性分析、铸体薄片鉴定、扫描电镜分析以及储层地球化学分析等,开展了研究区沙溪庙组相对优质储层成因机制研究。研究结果表明:沙溪庙组致密砂岩以岩屑长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩为主。沙二段砂岩石英平均体积分数为35.27%,长石平均体积分数为35.37%,岩屑平均体积分数为29.36%,沙一段砂岩石英平均体积分数为37.79%,长石平均体积分数为24.01%,岩屑平均体积分数为38.20%,沙一段长石体积分数较高,沙二段岩屑体积分数较高。沙二段以变质岩岩屑为主(占岩屑体积分数的55%),沙一段则以岩浆岩岩屑为主(占岩屑体积分数的43%)。储层孔隙类型以原生孔为主,长石溶蚀孔为辅,沙一段具有相对更高比例的原生孔和裂隙孔。沙二段砂岩中38.00%的样品孔隙度大于12%,25.25%的样品渗透率大于1×10^(-3)μm^(2),沙一段砂岩仅3.09%的样品孔隙度大于12%,但41.22%的样品渗透率大于1×10^(-3)μm^(2)。总体表现为致密背景下发育一定的相对优质储层。其中沙二段储层孔隙度发育较好,而沙一段储层渗透性更佳,说明沙一段储层孔隙结构相对较好。沙溪庙组致密砂岩储层发育受控于岩矿组合-烃源体系-成岩系统。岩矿组合为成岩作用的演化提供物质基础,烃源体系决定溶蚀作用发育的强度,并为砂岩中主要自生矿物的沉淀提供必要的离子来源;成岩系统的开放程度则决定了体系内外离子的带进带出,进而影响了溶蚀作用和相应成岩产物的沉淀。沙二和沙一段砂岩岩矿组合的差异、沉积环境的不同、烃源体系以及成岩系统的开放程度是导致其成岩作用差异的主要原因。综上认为,高能沉积环境、早期保持性成岩作用(孔隙衬垫绿泥石)、多期次和多种类型的溶蚀作用以及局部微裂缝的发育改造,是研究区沙溪庙组相对优质储层发育的主要机制。

川中地区北部下寒武统沧浪铺组一段风暴岩特征及沉积地质意义

川中地区北部下寒武统沧浪铺组风暴岩发育,但对该风暴岩沉积以及该区早寒武世沉积环境、古地理和沉积古地貌的研究较为薄弱。通过详细岩心观察及镜下薄片鉴定,研究了沧浪铺组风暴沉积序列和沉积模式,并揭示其地质意义。研究区沧浪铺组发育砾屑层、粒序段、平行层理和丘状交错层理等风暴沉积构造,可划分出5个风暴沉积序列,即:序列Ⅰ由砾屑段(A)、平行层理段(C)和丘状交错层理段(D)组成,在正常浪基面之上沉积;序列Ⅱ由平行层理段(C)、丘状交错层理段(D)和水平层理泥岩段(E)组成,位于风暴浪基面附近;序列Ⅲ由底冲刷面和砾屑段(A)和粒序段(B)构成,于正常浪基面和风暴浪基面之间;序列Ⅳ由粒序段(B)和平行层理段(C)组成,距离风暴中心远,沉积环境更靠近风暴浪基面附近;序列Ⅴ由底冲刷面和砾屑段(A)构成,位于平均海平面与正常浪基面之间且靠近正常浪基面。川中地区北部风暴岩的发现证实,沧浪铺组一段为陆棚—斜坡—台地边缘沉积,指示上扬子板块在沧浪铺组沉积期处于低纬度地区,这为岩相古地理恢复提供了约束;同时风暴作用形成连片分布的颗粒滩,有效提升储集相带的规模,有助于对颗粒滩相带的分布进行预测。