Study on the Effects of Extreme Precipitation for Seven Growth Stages of Winter Wheat in Northern Weihe Loess Plateau, China

The research on the characteristic frequency of precipitation is a great significance for guiding regional agricultural planning, water conservancy project designs, and drought and flood control. Droughts and floods occurred in northern Weihe Loess Plateau, affecting growing and yield of winter wheat in the area. Based on the daily precipitation data of 29 meteorological stations from 1981 to 2012, this study is to address the analysis of three different frequencies of annual precipitation at 5%, 50%, and 95%, and to determine the amount of rainfall excess and water shortage during seven growth stages of winter wheat at 5%, 10%, and 20% frequencies, respectively. Pearson type III curve was selected for this study to analyze the distribution frequency of annual rainfall and rainfall amount following seven growth stages of winter wheat crop in 29 stations of Northern Weihe loess plateau. As a result of our study, annual precipitation is gradually increasing from southwest to northeast of Northern Weihe loess plateau. The highest amount of annual precipitation occurred in the Baoji area and the lowest precipitation covered by the northwest area of Northern Weihe loess plateau. Moreover, the amount of rainfall of seven growth stages indicates that excessive rainfall occurs not only in the first stage (sowing to tillering) and seventh stage (flowering to ripening) but also in second stage (tillering to wintering). In the seventh stage, a large amount of excessive rainfall occurred in Changwu, Bin, Qianyang, Fengxiang, Baojiqu, and Baojixian. Moreover, water shortage is distributed in the third stage (from wintering to greening), the fourth stage (from greening to jointing), the fifth stage (from jointing to heading), and the sixth stage (from heading to flowering). Furthermore, the worst water shortages occurred in Hancheng, Heyang, Chengcheng, Pucheng, Dali, Tongchuan, and Fuping in the fourth stage (greening to jointing stage). Even though we study the crop water requirement under extreme rainfall conditions, the amount of rainwater still supply inadequate in some parts of the winter wheat growth stage. Therefore, this study provides main clues for the next step to study the irrigation water needs of winter wheat crops and to reduce agricultural risks in 29 counties in the northern loess plateau and other regions.

Variability and Variation Characteristics of Climate in Northern Winter Wheat Zone during 1961-2004

[Objective] The research aimed to study the variability and variation characteristics of climate in northern winter wheat zone during 1961-2004.[Method] Based on the meteorological data (temperature,precipitation and sunshine) of 55 meteorological stations in northern winter wheat zone during 1961-2004 and the yield data of winter wheat,by using the linear regression,correlated coefficient and climatic tendency rate,the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of agricultural climatic resources (sunshine hours,temperature and precipitation) in northern winter wheat zone were analyzed.[Result] The annual average temperature,precipitation and sunshine hours in northern winter wheat zone during 1961-2004 all presented certain zonal distribution in the space.The precipitation and temperature gradually decreased from south to north.The sunshine hours gradually increased from south to north.The annual average temperature overall presented rise trend in northern winter wheat zone in 44 years,but the rise rate had difference in the different areas.The rise of annual average temperature in the high-latitude zone was more obvious than that in the low-latitude zone.The annual rainfall overall presented decrease trend,and the tendency rate of annual precipitation had significant difference in the different areas.The decrease rates of rainfalls in the central and western areas were bigger than that in other areas.The annual sunshine hours overall presented decline trend.In most areas,the tendency rate of annual sunshine hours was negative.But there was certain difference in the different areas.The zones where the decrease amplitude was smaller scattered in the west,and included central Shaanxi,south of Shanxi and some areas in southeast of Shandong.The decrease amplitudes were bigger in south of Henan,northwest of Shandong and south of Hebei.[Conclusion] The research provided theoretical basis for understanding the historical evolution of climate in northern winter wheat zone.

Study on the Decision Support System for Northing of Winter Wheat Cultivation in Hebei Province

[Objective] This study was to provide methods to improve the scientificity and informatization level of agricultural decision-making system based on the study of Decision Support System for ＂Northing of Winter Wheat＂ in Hebei Province （DSS- NWWH）. [Method] The functions, development process, operation guidance as well as input and output modes of DSSNWWH were introduced, and the simulated results of the system were verified by comparing with the actual situations. [Result] The decision support system established in this study could predict whether a wheat variety could live through the winter in a certain area of northern Hebei Province, as well as the growth conditions based on the previous meteorological data or local weather forecast, and provided corresponding cultivation and management measures, making it possible for the user to determine whether the variety could be planted in the region based on the predictions. [Conclusion] The established DSSNWWH in this study can effectively help decision makers make decisions, providing scientific instructions for the northing of winter wheat.

The Possible Effect of Climate Warming on Northern Limits of Cropping System and Crop Yield in China

Significantly increasing temperature since the 1980s in China has become a consensus under the background of global climate change and how climate change affects agriculture or even cropping systems has attracted more and more attention from Chinese government and scientists. In this study, the possible effects of climate warming on the national northern limits of cropping systems, the northern limits of winter wheat and double rice, and the stable-yield northern limits of rainfed winter wheat-summer maize rotation in China from 1981 to 2007 were analyzed. Also, the possible change of crop yield caused by planting limits displacement during the periods 1950s-1981 and 1981-2007 was compared and discussed. The recognized calculation methods of agricultural climatic indices were employed. According to the indices of climatic regionalization for cropping systems, the national northern limits of cropping systems, winter wheat and double rice, and the stable-yield northern limits of rainfed winter wheat-summer maize rotation during two periods, including the 1950s-1980 and 1981-2007, were drawn with ArcGIS software. Compared with the situation during the 1950s- 1980, the northern limits of double cropping system during 1981-2007 showed significant spatial displacement in Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, and Liaoning provinces and Beijing municipality, China. The northern limits of triple cropping system showed the maximum spatial displacement in Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang provinces, China. Without considering variety change and social economic factors, the per unit area grain yield of main planting patterns would increase about 54-106% if single cropping system was replaced by double cropping system, which turned out to be 27- 58% if double cropping system was replaced by triple cropping system. In Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, and Qinghai provinces, Inner Mongolia and Ningxia autonomous regions, China, the northern limits of winter wheat during 1981-2007 moved northward and expanded westward in different degrees, compared with those during the 1950s-1980. Taking Hebei Province as an example, the northern limits of winter wheat moved northward, and the per unit area grain yield would averagely increase about 25% in the change region if the spring wheat was replaced by winter wheat. In Zhejiang, Anhui, Hubei, and Hunan provinces, China, the planting northern limits of double rice moved northward, and the per unit area grain yield would increase in different degrees only from the perspective of heat resource. The stable- yield northern limits of rainfed winter wheat-summer maize rotation moved southeastward in most regions, which was caused by the decrease of local precipitation in recent years. During the past 50 yr, climate warming made the national northern limits of cropping systems move northward in different degrees, the northern limits of winter wheat and double rice both moved northward, and the cropping system change would cause the increase of per unit area grain yield in the change region. However, the stable-yield northern limits of rainfed winter wheat-summer maize rotation moved southeastward due to the decrease of precipitation.

Simulation Mode Application in Winter Wheat North-moving

[Objective] The aim was to study the simulation mode application in winter wheat north moving.[Method] Based on meteorological data of many years collected in north of Hebei province,and arrangement of multi-location field experiment,mode against cold was constructed considering cold-resistance characteristics of wheat.[Result] Wheat overwintering was forecasted with the help of working mode,results were verified,and the safe northern boundary for wheat overwintering in Hebei was determined in regions below dam in the south of 41°N.[Conclusion] This study provided reference for exploration of dynamic rules of wheat growth,and growth influence by environment and plant technique.

豫北两熟区不同夏播作物对后茬冬小麦中后期群体微环境及产量的影响

为探讨不同夏播作物前茬对后茬冬小麦生长和产量的影响,在河南省新乡市获嘉县开展田间二因素试验,设置两个不同施肥水平(常规施肥和不施氮肥)和三种夏播作物前茬(玉米、大豆和花生),分析小麦拔节期至成熟期叶面积指数(LAI)、叶夹角(LA)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD)、叶绿素荧光(F_(v)/F_(m)),以及土壤含水量(SWC)、土壤温度(Ts)和土壤呼吸速率(Rs)变化,并在成熟期测定小麦产量及其构成因素。结果表明,与常规施肥(CK)相比,不施氮肥条件下不同前茬的小麦LA略增,而LAI、IPAR、SPAD、F_(v)/F_(m)、SWC、Ts和Rs均有所降低。不施氮肥条件下,花生前茬的小麦LAI、IPAR、SPAD、F_(v)/F_(m)、SWC、Ts和Rs均显著低于其他两种前茬(P<0.05),其中花生、大豆和玉米前茬的SWC较CK的降幅分别为13.56%、13.39%和10.77%。与CK相比,不施氮肥条件下,花生前茬的小麦LA较CK的增幅在3种前茬中居中,小麦株型较为紧凑,有利于改善植株下层光合辐射,为群体生长创造良好的光合和土壤条件,其产量较玉米和大豆前茬分别高20.0%和21.9%;玉米前茬的整体表现不如大豆和花生前茬,但其和花生前茬的小麦千粒重和群体数均较高,因而产量居中;大豆前茬的小麦结实小穗数和干物质量较高,但其小麦千粒重较低,最终籽粒产量也较低。综合来看,在两熟种植模式中,选用花生作为冬小麦的前茬作物是豫北地区一年两熟区作物配置的一种较优选择。

基于GYT双标图对北部冬麦区国审小麦品种的回溯分析

北部冬麦区是我国重要的小麦主产区之一,对该麦区历年国审小麦品种进行回溯分析有助于小麦品种资源的合理利用。本研究基于产量与熟期、穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、容重、品质指数、抗病指数和抗寒指数等性状的组合,采用品种-产量×性状组合(GYT,genotype by yield×trait)双标图方法对2003-2023年期间北部冬麦区47个国审小麦品种进行了综合分析和分类评价。结果表明,47个国审小麦品种可划分为4个特征显著的品种类型。其中,Ⅰ型品种综合表现优秀,在产量与早熟性、抗病性、抗寒性、千粒重和容重等性状组合上表现突出,在产量与穗数、穗粒数和品质指数组合上表现优良,在生产上推广应用价值最高,主要包括京麦179、京农16和津麦3118等8个品种。Ⅱ型品种综合表现优良,在产量与品质指数、穗数组合上表现突出,在产量与抗病指数、抗寒指数组合上表现稍差,在生产上推广应用价值较高,但应注意生产安全,主要包括京麦202、京农19和轮选158等13个品种。Ⅲ型品种的产量与抗病和抗寒指数组合最好,但在其余性状组合上表现差,综合生产应用价值有限,可作为抗性亲本。Ⅳ型品种综合表现较差,可选择单性状表现优良的品种作为育种亲本应用。根据各品种在GYT双标图ATA轴上的投影位置,筛选出综合表现优良的京麦179、京农16、津麦3118、京麦189、京麦202、京花12号、京农19、轮选158和中麦623等品种。本研究采用GYT双标图分析方法基于“产量-性状”组合水平对北部冬麦区小麦品种进行综合评价和分类研究,为其他作物和地区的类似研究提供了参考。

气候增暖背景下的冬小麦种植北界研究——以辽宁省为例

本文以辽宁省 1 991～ 1 999年冬小麦地理播种试验观测资料和现代气象观测资料为基础 ,系统研究了辽宁省冬小麦的种植北界问题。根据试验观测资料 ,利用灰色关联分析方法 ,揭示出越冬前积温、越冬前降水、越冬期负积温以及 5～ 6月份降水是影响冬麦种植的 4个关键性影响因子。通过对逐年越冬前活动积温所作的分析 ,得到了气候保证率在80 %以上的北界 ,并利用负地积温指标对所确定的北界进行了验证。结论是辽宁省冬麦可北移至本溪—抚顺—法库—彰武—阜新—北票—朝阳一线 (约 42 .5°N)

全球气候变暖对中国种植制度可能影响Ⅷ——气候变化对中国冬小麦冬春性品种种植界限的影响

【目的】全球气候变化背景下,中国20世纪80年代以后冬季温度升高明显,这一变化对冬小麦冬春性品种种植界限产生怎样的影响,为了回答这一科学问题,笔者以1981年为时间节点,将1951—2010年划分为两个时段,分析比较后一时段冬季温度升高对中国冬小麦的强冬性、冬性、弱冬性和春性4种类型品种种植北界和种植南界的空间位移及可种植面积的影响。【方法】依据制约冬小麦正常越冬的冻害指标和影响春化天数指标确定冬小麦不同品种种植的北界和南界;采用ArcGIS软件绘制冬小麦不同品种种植区域及种植面积变化。【结果】与1951—1980年相比,1981—2010年冬小麦强冬性品种种植北界在宁夏-甘肃及河北-辽宁北移趋势最明显,分别北移200 km和100 km,其种植南界东部地区北移趋势大于西部地区,在江苏和安徽等地移动90 km,强冬性品种可种植面积共增加36.24万km2;冬小麦冬性品种种植北界在山东-河北变化明显,向北移动310 km,种植南界在贵州毕节-习水地区向西推移趋势明显,西推95 km,冬小麦冬性品种可种植区域共增加17.75万km2;冬小麦弱冬性品种种植北界在安徽、江苏、河南和山东交互之处变化明显,北移120—370 km,西部地区变化趋势不明显,种植南界呈略微北推趋势,冬小麦弱冬性品种可种植面积共增加15.70万km2;冬小麦春性品种种植北界在江苏、安徽和河南变化明显,北移230 km,而西部地区不明显,春性品种可种植面积共增加23.44万km2。华北北部地区以强冬性品种为主,华南地区以春性品种为主,河南、山东和四川等地区冬小麦可种植冬春性品种类型较多,以冬性和弱冬性品种为主。【结论】由于中国冬季温度明显升高,较1951—1980年,1981—2010年冬小麦不同冬春性品种种植界限明显北移,北界北移趋势大于南界移动趋势,种植区域面积增大,其中强冬性品种种植界限及可种植区域移动最明显。

冬小麦北移种植的研究进展

就“冬麦北移”问题的提出和研究进展 ,以及“冬麦北移”中应注意的问题进行综述 ,旨为“冬麦北移”

北部冬麦区旱地小麦品种的演变规律

为了给北部冬麦区旱地小麦育种提供参考,利用1986-2015年国家北部冬麦区旱地小麦长治区试点参试品种的试验资料,研究其演变规律,并对产量和主要农艺性状进行相关和通径分析。结果表明,28年间北部冬麦区旱地小麦品种产量呈逐年递增趋势,年平均遗传进展分别为68.163kg·hm^(-2)或1.57%。主要农艺性状演变的总趋势是,有效穗数和千粒重增加,穗粒数略有减少,株高降低,抽穗期和成熟期提前,灌浆期延长,其年平均遗传进展分别为0.18%、0.26%、-0.03%、-0.26%、-0.12%、-0.05%、0.17%。从产量及主要农艺性状变化趋势和变异情况及区域布局、气候条件和育种现状分析,选育抗旱节水性好、高产稳产适应性广的品种是北部冬麦区旱地小麦育种面临的挑战和最终目标。为了适应当前耕作制度、生产条件和气候变化的影响,北部冬麦区旱地品种选育应在加强品种抗旱节水性选择的基础上,通过适当降低株高增强抗倒性来进一步增加穗数,通过选育穗子较大、小穗数适中、结实性好的品种来提高穗粒数,通过选择灌浆期长且灌浆速率高的品种来提高品种的千粒重。

辽宁省冬小麦种植北界研究

以辽宁省 1991～ 1999年冬小麦地理播种的田间试验观测资料和气象观测资料为基础 ,系统研究了冬小麦的种植界限北移问题。运用灰色关联分析方法 ,获得影响冬小麦种植的主要气候因子是越冬前活动积温。通过对越冬前活动积温系统分析 ,得到了气候保证率达 80 %以上的辽宁省冬小麦种植北移界限 ,并利用负地积温指标进行了验证。

未来气候情景下冬小麦潜在北移区农业气候资源变化特征

基于区域气候模式系统PRECIS输出的RCP4.5气候情景数据分析表明,相较于1981—2010年,至2071—2097年冬小麦种植北界将平均向北移动147.8 km,北移面积约1.86×10~5 km^2。选取代表光、温、水资源的9项农业气候资源指标,探究未来情景下,2021—2097年冬小麦潜在北移区内农业气候资源变化特征,结果表明:(1)相较于基准时段(1961—1990年),未来潜在北移区内光照资源变化呈减少趋势;热量资源呈明显增加趋势,在21世纪末的30年,波动性加大;降水资源整体增加趋势不明显,但波动性亦呈现增大趋势。(2)未来潜在北移区内,2030T(2021—2050年)、2050T(2041—2070年)和2070T(2061—2090年)时段光照资源在研究区域的东北部减少幅度较大,而在西南部较小;热量资源在研究区域的北部增加比南部明显;降水资源则主要在研究区域的东北部增加明显。

晚冬早春田间阶段性覆膜增温促进冬小麦产量提高

针对华北平原北部冬春温度变化与冬小麦生长发育所需适宜温度间的矛盾,以及由此造成的冬小麦相对低产问题,于2012—2013和2013—2014连续2个生长季,通过大田试验研究了晚冬早春搭建棚室阶段性升高田间温度对小麦产量的影响。结果表明,2月20日前后麦田塑膜覆盖每提前1周积温提高23.0~49.7℃,1月下旬至3月上旬的整个升温阶段内可增加积温167.7~176.8℃,从而小麦生长发育提前。塑膜揭除后形成的相对低温环境使后续各生育阶段持续时间延长4~10 d。与常规种植(对照)相比,最早增温处理的开花期干物质产量提高18.8%,叶面积指数提高14.7%,花后光合势增加43.6%,花后净光合速率高值持续期延长10 d以上;返青后各生育阶段的延长促进了干物质积累和向籽粒转移,有效穗数增加48~98万hm?2、单穗粒数增加3.9~4.5粒、千粒重增加2.5~5.6 g。在全生长季积温较少的2012—2013年度,最早增温处理的籽粒产量提高37.5%,在积温较多的2013—2014年度增产18.2%,并提前5 d成熟。晚冬早春农田阶段性覆膜增温是有效提高小麦籽粒产量的新型方法,提前并延长了生长发育和干物质累积的时间是改善小麦产量构成因素和获得高产的原因。

北移冬小麦生长发育及产量构成因素分析

对冬小麦品种北移 1号在原种植地 (太谷 )与北移区种植地 (应县 )两地生育差异的比较分析表明 ,冬麦北移后生育期的表现为冬前生长期短、返青拔节期短、拔节至抽穗期短、越冬期长、抽穗至成熟期长的‘三短两长’特点 ,致使营养生长有效期极大地缩短 ,营养生长至生殖生长的过渡期也相应缩短 ,而生殖生长期明显延长 ,导致株高降低、节间变短变细变实、强度明显提高 ,虽然单株分蘖几乎很少成穗 ,单株绿色营养面积也很小 ,但在较高的水肥与合理密植条件下 ,由于单茎穗粒重高、经济系数大 。

华北冬小麦降水亏缺变化特征及气候影响因素分析

为了探究气候变化背景下作物降水亏缺变化规律和影响因素,该文基于华北地区1971—1980年和2001—2010年气象数据和冬小麦生育期资料,研究了冬小麦生育期内降水亏缺变化特点,利用构建的敏感度分析模型探讨了降水亏缺量对主要气候要素的敏感性特征。研究结果表明,2001—2010年华北中部地区全生育期内干旱加重,降水亏缺面积略有增加;播种—返青期内降水亏缺程度自江苏徐州—河南许昌一线往北都有所加剧,返青—拔节期内降水亏缺程度缓解,拔节—抽穗期内降水亏缺程度加重,仅在山西中部太原地区降水略有盈余,抽穗—成熟期内降水亏缺有所缓解;冬小麦拔节—抽穗期降水亏缺量对日照时数高度正向敏感站点最多,主要分布在河北北部地区和安徽省,其次是风速,对温度和降水的高度正向敏感站点最少。该文为制定灌溉定额,农业水资源管理和缓解水资源供需矛盾提供科学依据。

全球气候变暖对中国种植制度可能影响:Ⅵ.未来气候变化对中国种植制度北界的可能影响

【目的】气候变化已是一个全球性的问题,中国未来气候将继续变暖,这一变化将对中国的农业生产造成一定的影响。本文旨在研究未来气候变化对中国种植制度北界、冬小麦种植北界、雨养冬小麦-夏玉米稳产种植北界以及热带作物种植北界的影响。【方法】依据全国种植制度气候区划指标、冬小麦种植北界指标、雨养冬小麦-夏玉米稳产种植北界指标以及热带作物种植北界指标,采用经典的农业气候指标计算方法,分析与1950s—1980年相比,未来30年(2011—2040年)及本世纪中叶(2041—2050年)全国种植制度界限北界、冬小麦种植北界、雨养冬小麦-夏玉米稳产的种植北界、以及热带作物的种植北界的变化。【结果】(1)与1950s—1980年相比,2011—2040年和2041—2050年的一年两熟带和一年三熟带种植北界都不同程度向北移动,其中一年一熟区和一年二熟区分界线,空间位移最大的省(市)为陕西省和辽宁省,且2041—2050年种植北界北移情况更为明显;一年两熟区和一年三熟区分界线,空间位移最大的区域在云南省、贵州省、湖北省、安徽省、江苏省和浙江省境内,且2041—2050年种植北移情况更为明显。在不考虑品种变化、社会经济等方面因素的前提下,这些区域由于气温升高种植制度由一年一熟变为一年两熟、由一年两熟变为一年三熟,区域内单位面积周年粮食产量可不同程度提高。(2)与1950s—1980年相比,2011—2040年和2041—2050年的冬小麦的种植北界在辽宁省、甘肃省和宁夏回族自治区都不同程度向北移动,在青海省冬小麦种植界限为西扩明显。在不考虑其它因素影响的前提下,该区域由于冬小麦替代春小麦可带来单位面积产量的提高。热带作物安全种植北界在广西省和广东省境内北移情况比较明显。而未来降水量的增加将使得大部分地区雨养冬小麦-夏玉米稳产种植北界向西北方向移动。【结论】到2011—2040年和2041—2050年,气候变化将会造成全国种植制度界限不同程度北移、冬小麦种植北界北移西扩、热带作物种植北界北移。而未来降水量的增加将使得大部分地区雨养冬小麦-夏玉米稳产种植北界向西北方向移动。

气候变暖对华北冬小麦种植界限及生育期的影响

为了揭示冬小麦的物候变化态势及其对气候变化的响应程度,以气温的空间变化替代其时间变化,分析了不同升温幅度对华北冬小麦生育期,尤其是对升温较为明显的秋冬季生育期的影响。结果表明,随着气候变暖,冬小麦冬前生育期呈推迟趋势,而越冬之后各生育期呈提早趋势,越冬期缩短。当气温升高1℃时,冬小麦播种时间将推迟4d左右,越冬开始时间由11月底推迟到12月中旬,返青时间由3月初提前到2月中旬,越冬开始至返青的间隔时间将缩短40d左右;当气温升高1.5℃时,播种时间将推迟10d左右,越冬时间将由11月底推迟到12月底,个别暖冬年份将推迟至第二年1月初,返青时间提前至2月上中旬,越冬开始至返青的间隔时间将缩短50d左右;若气温继续上升,越冬开始至返青的间隔时间可能仍会持续地缩短,但缩短的幅度将可能减小。

增温对北疆灌区冬小麦生长、光合和产量的影响

为了解北疆灌区冬小麦生理和产量对气温升高的响应,以自然生长为对照(CK),采用远红外辐射器模拟增温(FATI)的方法,从起身期后对冬小麦进行夜间增温(T12)、全天增温(T24)处理,分析了不同增温对冬小麦生长、光合和产量的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,增温后小麦株高和干物质总积累量变化不明显,绿叶面积在开花期前后分别增大和下降,穗部干物质的分配比例降低。增温虽然对小麦净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度有一定的影响,但缺乏规律性。增温后小麦穗粒数和千粒重均略有下降,T24和T12处理分别增加和减少了穗数,分别导致小麦产量下降1.7%和18.9%,其中T12处理减产效应明显。这说明增温会引起冬小麦功能叶片过早衰老,减少光合产物向穗部的输送,不利于产量形成。

北疆地区滴灌冬小麦农田蒸散特征

于石河子大学灌溉试验站运用大型称重式蒸渗仪和小型棵间蒸发器开展滴灌冬小麦田间控水试验,设置3个灌量处理(W1=375 mm、W2=600 mm、W3=750 mm),旨在探明北疆地区滴灌冬小麦生育期农田蒸散与棵间蒸发特征。结果表明:滴灌冬小麦产量随灌量的增加呈显著增加趋势,但W2(8 450 kg·hm^(-2))与W3(8 670kg·hm^(-2))处理间差异不显著;水分利用效率以W2处理最大(1.4 kg·m^(-3)),显著高于W3和W1处理;滴灌冬小麦全生育期蒸散量随灌量增加而增加,介于412.3~707.6 mm,其中棵间蒸发量占蒸散量的27.9%~29.1%。表层土壤含水率和叶面积指数对棵间土壤蒸发影响明显,二者与棵间土壤蒸发占耗水比例均有良好的指数函数关系。深入分析表明,北疆地区滴灌冬小麦高产高效实现背景下生育期内的耗水特征为:生育期内耗水强度播种~越冬为1.0mm·d^(^(-1))、越冬~返青为0.3 mm·d^(^(-1))、返青~拔节为2.6 mm·d^(^(-1))、拔节~抽穗为6.3 mm·d^(^(-1))、抽穗~乳熟为6.6mm·d^(^(-1))、乳熟~成熟为6.2 mm·d^(^(-1))。