Stability Analysis of Nonlinear Models of Nose Landing Gear Shimmy

Shimmy can reduce the service life of the nose landing gear, affect ride comfort, and even cause fuselage damage leading to aircraft crashes. Taking a light aircraft as the research object, the torsional freedom of landing gear around strut axis and lateral deformation of tire are considered. Since the landing gear shimmy is a nonlinear system, a nonlinear mechanical model of the front landing gear shimmy is established. Sobol index method is proposed to analyze the influence of structural parameters on the stability region of the nose landing gear, and Routh-Huritz criterion is used to verify the reliability of the analysis results of Sobol index method. We analyse the effect of torsional stiffness of strut, caster length, rated initial tire inflation pressure, rake angle, and vertical force on the stability region of theront landing gear. And the research shows that the optimization of the torsional stiffness of the strut and the caster length of the nose landing gear should be emphasized, and the influence of vertical force on the stability region of the nose landing gear should be paid attention to.

DESIGN OF NEW PASSIVE ADAPTIVE SHOCK ABSORBER OF LANDING GEAR AND STUDY OF ITS LANDING PERFORMANCE

A new passive adaptive shock absorber of the landing gear with double-cavity and dual-damping is studied. Its mathematical model and the virtual prototype are established based on the dynamics simulation software ADAMS. The landing dynamic characteristics and the effect of the parameters on the proposed adaptive shock absorber are analyzed. The results show that the proposed adaptive shock absorber has the slightly better landing performance at the normal load case and much less overload at the crudely landing case than the shock absorber with single-cavity and variable orifice. It also can be concluded that the overload of the proposed adaptive shock absorber can be reduced through increasing the volumes of both cavities or decreasing the pressure of the high pressure cavity or increasing the pressure of the low pressure cavity.

DYNAMIC RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF CARRIER-BASED AIRCRAFT DURING LANDING

In view of the complexity of landing on the deck of aircraft carrier,a systematic model,composed of sixdegree-of-freedom mathematic model of carrier-based aircraft,four-degree-of-freedom model of landing gears and six-degree-of-freedom mathematic model of carrier,is established in the Matlab-Simulink environment,with damping function of landing gears and dynamic characteristics of tires being considered.The model,where the carrier movement is introduced,is applicable for any abnormal landing condition.Moreover,the equations of motion and relevant parameter are also derived.The dynamic response of aircraft is calculated via the variable step-size RungeKuta algorithm.The effect of attitude angles of aircraft and carrier movement during the process of landing is illustrated in details.The analytical results can provide some reference for carrier-based aircraft design and maintenance.

ANALYSIS FOR AIRCRAFT TAXIING AT VARIABLE VELOCITY ON UNEVENNESS RUNWAY BY THE POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY METHOD

In this paper a novel approach for the analysis of non stationary response of aircraft landing gear taxiing over an unevenness runway at variable velocity is explored, which is based on the power spectral density method. A concerned analytical landing gear model for simulating actual aircraft taxiing is formulated. The equivalent linearization results obtained by probabilistic method are inducted to treat landing gear non linear parameters such as shock absorber air spring force, hydraulic damping and Coulomb friction, tire stiffness and damping. The power spectral density for non stationary analysis is obtained via variable substitution and then Fourier transform. A representative response quantity, the overload of the aircraft gravity center, is analyzed. The frequency response function of the gravity overload is derived. The case study demonstrates that under the same reached velocity the root mean square of the gravity acceleration response from constant acceleration taxiing is smaller than that from constant velocity taxiing and the root mean square of the gravity acceleration response from lower acceleration taxiing is greater than that from higher acceleration.

Dynamics Analysis of Carrier-Based Aircraft with Off-Center Catapult Launch

In order to enhance the safety of the catapult launch of the carrier-based aircraft,the catapult launch multibody dynamic model is established aiming at the problem of off center catapult launch.The whole catapult process including four stages which are buffering,tensioning,releasing and taxiing is taken into consideration and the body dynamics of the off-center catapult during each stage is analyzed.The catapult launch dynamic differences between the conditions only considering taxiing and that considering four stages are compared,and the effects of the different initial off center distances considering four stages on the attitude,landing gear load and acceleration of the carrier based aircraft during catapult launch are discussed.The results show that only considering taxiing may underestimate the dynamics of the carrier-based aircraft substantially.When taking four stages into consideration,the initial off-center distance has small influence on the aircraft dynamic characteristics during buffering and tensioning but has larger influence on that during releasing and taxiing.The increase of the off-center distance will cause the enhancement of the aircraft rolling and yawing,which may lead to the load difference between the left and right landing gears and the increase of the aircraft lateral acceleration.The establishment and simulation of the catapult launch multi body dynamic model founded on buffering,tensioning,releasing and taxiing provide reference for the carrier-based aircraft design and analysis of the catapult launch dynamics.

All-Electric Aircraft Nose Wheel Steering System with Two Worm Gears

As all-electric aircraft has many advantages,an aircraft nose wheel steering system would be developed to the all-electric direction.Concerning the control demand of the nose wheel steering system,based on the basic principles of nose wheel steering system and the design technique of mechanotronics,an all-electric aircraft nose wheel steering system,composed of a nose wheel steering mechanism of two worm gear and a control servo system of fly-by-wire with both steering and anti-shimmy functions is designed to meet the demand for operation control in the nose wheel steering system.Then,based on the LMS-AMESim software,the simulation model of the system is established to simulate the dynamics for the verification of its steering function.The simulation results indicate that the nose wheel steering system is reasonable,and can meet the requirements of the general project.Furthermore,the prototypes of the steering mechanism and control system are studied to validate the design,and the steering test bench is prepared to test the designed system.The test results,such as steer angle,rotate speed of motor are analyzed in details and compared with the theoretical results.The analysis and comparison results show that the design is reasonable and the property of the prototype can achieve the design objectives.

Dynamics Model of Carrier-based Aircraft Landing Gears Landed on Dynamic Deck

In order to study the carrier-based aircraft landing laws landed on the carrier, the dynamics model of carrier-based aircraft landing gears landed on dynamic deck is built. In this model, the interactions of the carrier-based aircraft landing attitude and the damping force acting on landing gears are considered, and the influence of dynamic deck is introduced into the model through the deck normal vectors. The wheel-deck coordinate system is put forward to solve the complex simulation problem of force-onwheel which comes from the dynamic deck. At last, by simulation, it is demonstrated that the model can be applied to landing attitude when the carrier-based aircraft is landing on the dynamic deck, it is also proved that the model is comprehensive and suitable for any abnormal landing situation.

基于ADAMS/Aircraft的摇臂式起落架落震动力学仿真分析

本文以某型摇臂式起落架为研究对象,建立起落架缓冲系统力学模型,并进行受力分析,利用ADAMS/Aircraft模块对起落架缓冲支柱力和轮胎力进行建模,构建起落架落震动力学仿真模型,分别在带和不带前飞速度情况下,仿真分析比较不同下沉速度时起落架的落震性能。仿真结果表明,此型起落架具有较好的缓冲性能,利用ADAMS/Aircraft可有效完成摇臂式起落架的落震动力学仿真分析。

飞机牵引滑行工况下前起落架疲劳寿命仿真分析

为使机场运行更加高效经济,提出一种由牵引车将飞机高速牵引滑行至跑道起飞端的新模式。在牵引滑行工况下,前起落架要承受长时间长距离的高速重载荷牵引,同时受牵引车的加速和制动特性的影响,可能导致前起落架疲劳寿命降低。于是,针对飞机前起落架在该工况下的载荷分析以及疲劳寿命验证十分重要。通过Adams软件建立多体动力学模型,模拟真实工况,对不同牵引滑行速度下的牵引车-飞机系统仿真,获取到前起落架的载荷谱信息。结合前起落架有限元模型静力学分析和载荷谱,通过频域寿命分析法,在nCode软件中计算得到前起落架的疲劳寿命。结果表明,高速牵引滑行工况产生的大载荷加剧前起落架疲劳损伤,疲劳损伤从减震支柱凸耳向下阻力臂延展,疲劳寿命缩短3个数量级,需要对前起落架下阻力臂进行结构优化。本文中的研究可以为新牵引滑行模式下前起落架的疲劳寿命结构优化提供参考。

基于ANSYS的飞机起落架用金属关节轴承静力学分析

以某大型飞机起落架用金属关节轴承作为研究分析对象,基于ANSYS构建了有限元分析模型,并面向不同工况下的金属关节轴承进行了静力学与热力耦合分析。结果表明,受极限载荷作用影响,端面沟槽底部发生了应力集中现象,而且相较于材料自身的屈服强度,外圈的最大等效应力更大,很容易引发塑性变形;受双向载荷作用影响,相较于径向载荷作用下的应力,金属关节轴承的最大等效应力和最大接触应力更大;基于极限载荷作用时金属关节轴承启动时会摩擦生热,但是在双向载荷作用时摩擦温升速度相较于单径向载荷作用时的温升速度更快,且保持于倾斜位置状态时摩擦温升更为显著;可科学合理设计润滑结构,以减小轴承摩擦因数,减小摩擦生热。

舰载机前起落架缓冲性能参数敏感性研究

为了同时满足缓冲和突伸性能,舰载机前起落架常采用双腔缓冲器设计。以某型机前起落架为研究对象,建立前起落架缓冲性能分析动力学模型,并将仿真计算结果与试验结果进行验证对比,验证理论模型的有效性和正确性。对缓冲器高、低压腔初始压力以及体积占比进行参数敏感性分析。结果表明,高、低压腔初始充填压力和体积占比对起落架缓冲性能的影响有别于它们对突伸性能的影响,所以对舰载机前起落架缓冲器的设计需不断优化,同时兼顾缓冲和突伸性能。

考虑协作度的双人异步并行拆卸序列规划

为降低飞机运营中维修成本,减少拆卸时间,使双人拆卸更加灵活、高效,提出协作度概念,建立了考虑协作度的双人异步并行拆卸序列规划模型。使操作者在优先约束下产生的闲置时间加入另一操作者进行协作。设计适用的算子编码、解码方案以及进化规则,提出了适用于模型求解的遗传-粒子群算法;最后以起落架拆卸为例,在MATLAB软件上进行算例验证,与文献方法进行对比,计算结果表明采用考虑协作度的双人异步并行拆卸序列耗时更短,本文建立的模型可有效减少民航业大量的维修工作在拆卸中所耗时间,降低人力成本。

基于改进LSSVM算法的柔性飞机起落架智能半主动控制技术

提出了基于改进LSSVM算法的柔性飞机起落架智能半主动控制技术。充分考虑柔性飞机结构振动模态,构建飞机起落架智能半主动控制力学模型。根据半主动控制起落架结构,采用剪枝算法构造最小二乘支持向量机优化函数,使控制过程具有稀疏性。计算双气室缓冲器的气体弹力、油孔液压阻尼力和轮胎压力,分析飞机落下、滑跑在动力学模型中的非线性动力学特征。构造起落架二次型性能指标函数,用线性二次型调节器设计起落架最优控制结构,导出最优控制律。由实验结果可知:该技术在缓冲距离为0.25 m时功量达到最大为0.9×10^(5)N,与实际着陆功量控制效果一致;最大位移为0.47 m,仅与实际存在最大为0.01 m的误差,使飞机在平衡位置减少振动响应,保持飞机起落稳定。

宽体飞机地面主轮协同转弯控制律设计

主轮协同转弯技术能有效提高飞机的地面机动性,降低主起落架在转弯过程中受到的附加侧向扭矩,减小重载飞机地面转弯半径,但目前实现此技术的前主轮转角控制律设计方法尚不明确。提出以主起落架受力为约束条件,计算不同滑行速度下的前主轮转角关系,在全速度范围内进行分段选择并离散化,据此设计前主轮协同转弯控制律,以原理样机为对象进行仿真分析,验证了该控制律能有效降低两侧主起落架扭矩和的峰值。提出的设计方法对多轮系地面运载装备的复合转弯控制律设计具有一定的理论指导意义。

双轮支柱式起落架刹车振动分析与减振优化

以某型双轮支柱式起落架为研究对象,对飞机刹车诱导低频振动问题进行了研究,首先建立了完备的飞机着陆刹车滑跑整机六自由度数学模型,并在Simulnk中完成模型的搭建,用以分析了刹车控制律的部分参数对抖振的影响。其次,以轮轴中心航向加速度的RMS值作为振动量化指标,与结合系数效率一同设置为优化目标,基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法对液压刹车控制系统参数进行多目标优化设计,得到了优化变量的Parato最优前沿面和TOPSIS方法折衷最优解。最后,根据得到的优化设计方案对比分析优化前后的轮轴中心振动响应,并设置多组仿真工况检验了优化方案对不同着陆环境的适应性。结果显示优化后的起落架轮轴中心加速度Rms值最大降幅能达到14.53%,结合系数效率最大增幅为3.65%,表明所提出的起落架减振优化设计方法具有良好的实现性。

飞机前起落架模型的Hopf分岔及控制研究

以一类单轮式飞机前起落架动力学模型为研究对象,将非光滑项进行光滑拟合后,通过坐标变换将系统转化为规范形.运用Hopf分岔理论计算了系统的极限环曲率系数,根据它的符号判断Hopf分岔的类型,并通过数值模拟验证了理论推导的正确性.对系统施加线性反馈控制器,分析控制参数对系统Hopf分岔行为的影响;对系统施加非线性立方反馈控制器,通过幅值计算公式,讨论控制参数对极限环幅值的影响.结果表明,线性控制器能使系统的Hopf分岔点后移,从而减小Hopf分岔的不稳定区域;非线性控制器在不改变系统Hopf分岔点的情况下,能减小Hopf分岔产生的极限环的幅值.该结果可以为飞机前起落架系统的结构优化提供一定理论指导.

小车式起落架地面载荷与漂浮性分析

飞机起落架与道面的相容性对飞机的地面运动能力具有重要影响。针对某大型飞机计算不同工况下其起落架载荷及轮胎载荷分配,采用基于韦斯特加德层板理论的波特兰水泥协会法和基于加利福尼亚承载比的美国陆军工程兵团方法,计算不同着陆工况、地面机动工况、轮胎数量、轮胎泄气工况、轮胎间距对飞机等级数的影响,分析刚性道面和柔性道面下的飞机漂浮性。结果表明:垂直过载和机轮泄气带来的轮胎载荷增大与载荷分配不均,都会在不同程度上减弱飞机的漂浮性,尤其是转弯和机尾下沉着陆工况需要予以限制;轮胎数量和轮胎间距的增加可以改善漂浮性,需同时考虑结构设计、强度裕度等来优化设计小车式起落架构造。

大型飞机地面转弯载荷分析

为了得到大型飞机小车式起落架在地面转弯过程中各轮胎载荷大小,建立了飞机地面转弯运动模型,通过分析不同滑跑速度和不同前轮转向角下飞机运动特点,得到了各个轮胎受到的载荷大小以及相应的载荷比。研究结果表明:飞机右转弯时,转弯外侧轮胎垂向载荷较转弯内侧大,转弯外侧轮胎侧向力较转弯内侧小;随着转弯角度的增加,车架绕支柱的扭转越来越激烈,导致主起落架前轮侧向力方向改变。

DA-42飞机减震器逆向重建与外载荷计算

为了逆向重建DA-42飞机起落架减震器,首先通过拆解测量实物,进行减震器的结构模型设计;然后根据飞机总体参数和减震器结构模型,结合经验公式和Adams软件开展减震器载荷的理论计算和仿真分析,得到飞机在三点着陆工况、俯仰角为2°、6°、10°及与各俯仰角分别对应的右滚转角为0°、1°、2°、3°的工况下的载荷结果及减震器最大轴向力变化规律;最后通过与整机实验的对比证明了计算结果的可靠性。研究结果为DA-42飞机起落架减震器国产化提供一定的支持。

飞机牵引车制动操作对前起落架影响的分析

为保障无拖把飞机牵引车在制动工况作业下能够安全稳定地进行,避免对飞机前起落架造成永久性损坏,以GTL160型号国产无拖把飞机牵引车和波音737-800型民航客机为研究对象,受力分析后,由Soildworks建立车-机3D模型,导入Adams进行动力学仿真,研究了直线和转弯运动制动操作时前起落架所受到的最大限度载荷。结果表明:由于制动力增加,前起落架各部件冲击及所受载荷增加。可见在实际操作工况下,飞机前起落架不可超过其部件的最大受载。