Decoding the evolution and transmissions of the novel pneumonia coronavirus(SARS-CoV-2/HCoV-19)using whole genomic data

The outbreak of COVID-19 started in mid-December2019 in Wuhan, China. Up to 29 February 2020,SARS-CoV-2(HCoV-19/2019-nCoV) had infected more than 85 000 people in the world. In this study,we used 93 complete genomes of SARS-CoV-2 from the GISAID EpiFlu TM database to investigate the evolution and human-to-human transmissions of SARS-CoV-2 in the first two months of the outbreak.We constructed haplotypes of the SARS-CoV-2 genomes, performed phylogenomic analyses and estimated the potential population size changes of the virus. The date of population expansion was calculated based on the expansion parameter tau(τ)using the formula t=τ/2 u. A total of 120 substitution sites with 119 codons, including 79 non-synonymous and 40 synonymous substitutions, were found in eight coding-regions in the SARS-CoV-2 genomes.Forty non-synonymous substitutions are potentially associated with virus adaptation. No combinations were detected. The 58 haplotypes(31 found in samples from China and 31 from outside China)were identified in 93 viral genomes under study and could be classified into five groups. By applying the reported bat coronavirus genome(bat-RaTG13-CoV)as the outgroup, we found that haplotypes H13 and H38 might be considered as ancestral haplotypes,and later H1 was derived from the intermediate haplotype H3. The population size of the SARS-CoV-2 was estimated to have undergone a recent expansion on 06 January 2020, and an early expansion on 08 December 2019. Furthermore,phyloepidemiologic approaches have recovered specific directions of human-to-human transmissions and the potential sources for international infected cases.

Novel coronavirus"Omicron subtype variant strain BA.2":The latest research progress

Since the outbreak of COVID-19,with the emergence of a series of novel coronavirus variants of different types,COVID-19 has continued to spread across the globe,posing a huge threat to the lives and health of people around the world and posing a severe challenge to global public health security.Recently,the World Health Organization(WHO)announced that novel coronavirus variant strain"Omicron"subtype variant strain BA.2 has been found in 57 countries and regions.It has higher vaccine and antibody tolerance and is more infectious than omicron(B.1.1.529).In this paper,we briefly review the recent studies on the omicron subtype variant strain BA.2.

The novel coronavirus outbreak:what can be learned from China in public reporting?

The new coronavirus outbreak gets everyone’s attention.China’s national actions against the outbreak have contributed great contributions to the world.China has been learning from practice for better reporting and is fast to adapt itself.In this article we discuss China’s practice in public reporting and its implications to global health.Confirmed cases,dynamic suspected cases,recovered cases,and deaths have been reported both in accumulative numbers and their daily updates.Some ratio indictors reporting(fatality rate,recovery rate,etc.),trend reporting,and global surveillance have been applied as well.Some improvements can still be made.It is necessary to further explore the influential factors behind the indicators for interventions.Recommendations are made to the World Health Organization and other countries for better public reporting and surveillance.

Clinical features and potential mechanism of coronavirus disease 2019-associated liver injury

Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,has posed a serious threat to global public health security.With the increase in the number of confirmed cases globally,the World Health Organization has declared the outbreak of COVID-19 an international public health emergency.Despite atypical pneumonia as the primary symptom,liver dysfunction has also been observed in many clinical cases and is associated with the mortality risk in patients with COVID-19,like severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome.Here we will provide a schematic overview of the clinical characteristics and the possible mechanisms of liver injury caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection,which may provide help for optimizing the management of liver injury and reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients.

Hepatobiliary system and intestinal injury in new coronavirus infection(COVID-19):A retrospective study

BACKGROUND An important area of effective control of the coronavirus disease 19(COVID-19)pandemic is the study of the pathogenic features of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection,including those based on assessing the state of the intestinal microbiota and permeability.AIM To study the clinical features of the new COVID-19 in patients with mild and moderate severity at the stage of hospitalization,to determine the role of hepatobiliary injury,intestinal permeability disorders,and changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microbiota in the development of systemic inflammation in patients with COVID-19.METHODS The study was performed in 80 patients with COVID-19,with an average age of 45 years,19 of whom had mild disease,and 61 had moderate disease severity.The scope of the examination included traditional clinical,laboratory,biochemical,instrumental,and radiation studies,as well as original methods for studying microbiota and intestinal permeability.RESULTS The clinical course of COVID-19 was studied,and the clinical and biochemical features,manifestations of systemic inflammation,and intestinal microbiome changes in patients with mild and moderate severity were identified.Intestinal permeability characteristics against the background of COVID-19 were evaluated by measuring levels of proinflammatory cytokines,insulin,faecal calprotectin,and zonulin.CONCLUSION This study highlights the role of intestinal permeability and microbiota as the main drivers of gastroenterological manifestations and increased COVID-19 severity.

Healthy neonate born to a SARS-CoV-2 infected woman:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)is a newly discovered coronavirus that has generated a worldwide outbreak of infections.Many people with coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19)have developed severe illness,and a significant number have died.However,little is known regarding infection by the novel virus in pregnant women.We herein present a case of COVID-19 confirmed in a woman delivering a neonate who was negative for SARS-CoV-2 and related it to a review of the literature on pregnant women and human coronavirus infections.CASE SUMMARY The patient was a 36-year-old pregnant woman in her third trimester who had developed progressive clinical symptoms when she was confirmed as infected with SARS-CoV-2.Given the potential risks for both the pregnant woman and the fetus,an emergency cesarean section was performed,and the baby and his mother were separately quarantined and cared for.As a result,the baby currently shows no signs of SARS-CoV-2 infection(his lower respiratory tract samples were negative for the virus),while the mother completely recovered from COVID-19.CONCLUSION Although we presented a single case,the successful result is of great significance for pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection and with respect to fully understanding novel coronavirus pneumonia.

Pay attention to situation of SARS-CoV-2 and TCM advantages in treatment of novel coronavirus infection

Since the outbreak of the new coronavirus epidemic,novel coronavirus has infected nearly 100,000 people in more than 110 countries.How to face this new coronavirus epidemic outbreak is an important issue.Basic reproduction number(R0)is an important parameter in epidemiology;The basic reproduction number of an infection can be thought of as the expected number of cases directly generated by one case in a population where all individuals are susceptible to infection.Epidemiology dynamics is a mathematical model based on a susceptibility-infection-recovery epidemic model.Researchers analyzed the epidemiological benefits of different transmission rates for the establishment of effective strategy in prevention and control strategies for epidemic infectious diseases.In this review,the early use of TCM for light and ordinary patients,can rapidly improve symptoms,shorten hospitalization days and reduce severe cases transformed from light and normal.Many TCM formulas and products have wide application in treating infectious and non-infectious diseases.The TCM theoretical system of treating epidemic diseases with TCM and the treatment scheme of integrated Chinese and Western medicine have proved their effectiveness in clinical practice.TCM can cure COVID-19 pneumonia,and also shows that the role of TCM in blocking the progress of COVID-19 pneumonia.

Characterization of the receptor-binding domain(RBD)of 2019 novel coronavirus:implication for development of RBD protein as a viral attachment inhibitor and vaccine

The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19)has posed a serious threat to global public health,calling for the development of safe and effective prophylactics and therapeutics against infection of its causative agent,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),also known as 2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV).The CoV spike(S)protein plays the most important roles in viral attachment,fusion and entry,and serves as a target for development of antibodies,entry inhibitors and vaccines.Here,we identified the receptor-binding domain(RBD)in SARS-CoV-2 S protein and found that the RBD protein bound strongly to human and bat angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2)receptors.SARS-CoV-2 RBD exhibited significantly higher binding affinity to ACE2 receptor than SARS-CoV RBD and could block the binding and,hence,attachment of SARS-CoV-2 RBD and SARS-CoV RBD to ACE2-expressing cells,thus inhibiting their infection to host cells.SARS-CoV RBD-specific antibodies could crossreact with SARS-CoV-2 RBD protein,and SARS-CoV RBD-induced antisera could cross-neutralize SARS-CoV-2,suggesting the potential to develop SARS-CoV RBD-based vaccines for prevention of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infection.

Why lockdown?Why national unity?Why global solidarity?Simplified arithmetic tools for decision-makers,health professionals,journalists and the general public to explore containment options for the 2019 novel coronavirus

As every country in the world struggles with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic,it is essential that as many people as possible understand the epidemic containment,elimination and exclusion strategies required to tackle it.Simplified arithmetic models of COVID-19 transmission,control and elimination are presented in user-friendly Shiny and Excel formats that allow non-specialists to explore,query,critique and understand the containment decisions facing their country and the world at large.Although the predictive model is broadly applicable,the simulations presented are based on parameter values representative of the United Republic of Tanzania,which is still early enough in its epidemic cycle and response to avert a national catastrophe.The predictions of these models illustrate(1)why ambitious lock-down interventions to crush the curve represent the only realistic way for individual countries to contain their national-level epidemics before they turn into outright catastrophes,(2)why these need to be implemented so early,so stringently and for such extended periods,(3)why high prevalence of other pathogens causing similar symptoms to mild COVID-19 precludes the use of contact tracing as a substitute for lock down interventions to contain and eliminate epidemics,(4)why partial containment strategies intended to merely flatten the curve,by maintaining epidemics at manageably low levels,are grossly unrealistic,and(5)why local elimination may only be sustained after lock down ends if imported cases are comprehensively excluded,so international co-operation to conditionally re-open trade and travel between countries certified as free of COVID-19 represents the best strategy for motivating progress towards pandemic eradication at global level.The three sequential goals that every country needs to emphatically embrace are contain,eliminate and exclude.As recently emphasized by the World Health Organization,success will require widespread genuine national unity and unprecedented global solidarity.

Pushing past the tipping points in containment trajectories of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)epidemics:A simple arithmetic rationale for crushing the curve instead of merely flattening it

Countries with ambitious national strategies to crush the curve of their Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)epidemic trajectories include China,Korea,Japan,Taiwan,New Zealand and Australia.However,the United States and many hard-hit European countries,like Ireland,Italy,Spain,France and the United Kingdom,currently appear content to merely flatten the curve of their epidemic trajectories so that transmission persists at rates their critical care services can cope with.Here I present a simple set of arithmetic modelling analyses that are accessible to non-specialists and explain why preferable crush the curve strategies,to eliminate transmission within months,would require only a modest amount of additional containment effort relative to the tipping point targeted by flatten the curve strategies,which allow epidemics to persist at supposedly steady,manageable levels for years,decades or even indefinitely.

Current efforts and challenges facing responses to 2019-nCoV in Africa

The novel coronavirus is a pandemic that has started to creep into Africa thus making the virus a truly global,health security threat.The number of new 2019-nCoV cases has been rising in Africa,though currently lower than the cases reported outside the region.African countries have activated their Emergency Operations Centres to coordinate responses and preparedness activities to the pandemic.A series of measures such as restricting travel,case detection and contact tracing,mandatory quarantine,guidance and information to the public among other efforts are being implemented across Africa.However,the presence of porous borders,the double burden of communicable and noncommunicable diseases,poverty,poor health literacy,infodemic and family clustering,and most of all,weak health systems,may make containment challenging.It is important for African countries to continue to intensify efforts and address the challenges to effectively respond to the uncertainty the pandemic poses.

Increased alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic:A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has significantly impacted health,mental well-being,and societal functioning,particularly for individuals with psychiatric conditions and substance use disorders.Recent evidence highlights a concerning increase in alcohol consumption during the pandemic,with a study spanning 2015-2020 indicating heightened usage,especially among young and middle-aged adults,for relaxation and tension relief.Additionally,addressing challenges exacerbated by the pandemic,another study underscored persistent barriers to healthcare access,resulting in increased alcohol and tobacco use rates and limited healthcare options.These findings shed light on the unique vulnerabilities exposed by the pandemic,emphasizing the need to investigate further its impact on alcohol consumption in diverse non-urban American communities.AIM To investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on alcohol abuse using socioeconomic and medical parameters in diverse non-urban community in America.METHODS Based on a cross-sectional analysis of 416 participants the United States in 2021,the study utilized The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition criteria to categorize alcohol consumption levels.Participants aged 21 years and above were surveyed through an online platform due to COVID-19 challenges.The survey was conducted from January 14 to January 31,2022,recruiting participants via social media and ensuring anonymity.Informed consent was secured,emphasizing the voluntary nature of participation,and participants could only take the survey once.RESULTS Out of 416 survey respondents,396 met eligibility criteria,with 62.9%reporting increased alcohol consumption during COVID-19.Males(68.8%)and ages 21-29 years(34.6%)predominated.Low alcohol consumption decreased by 2.8%(P=0.237),moderate by 21.4%(P<0.001),and heavy increased by 14.9%(P<0.001).Alcohol abuse rose by 6.5%(P=0.0439),with a 7%increase in self-identified alcohol abusers/alcoholics.Seeking treatment during COVID-19 rose by 6.9%.Easier alcohol access(76.0%)was reported,while 80.7%found it harder to access medical care for alcohol-related issues.These findings highlight the pandemic's impact on alcohol consumption and healthcare access,emphasizing the need for targeted interventions during public health crises.CONCLUSION The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated alcoholism and abuse,with increased heavy consumption(P<0.001)and abuse(P=0.0439).Access to medical programs for addressing alcohol abuse declined,highlighting the need for targeted intervention.

Long, thin transmission chains of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 may go undetected for several weeks at low to moderate reproduction numbers: Implications for containment and elimination strategy

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 1(SARS-CoV-1)infections almost always caused overt symptoms,so effective case and contact management enabled its effective eradication within months.However,Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)usually causes only mild symptoms,so transmission chains may grow to include several individuals before at least one index case becomes ill enough to self-report for diagnosis and care.Here,simple mathematical models were developed to evaluate the implications of delayed index case detection for retrospective contact tracing and management responses.Specifically,these simulations illustrate how:(1)Contact tracing and management may effectively contain most but not all large SARS-CoV-2 clusters arising at foci with high reproduction numbers because rapidly expanding transmission chains ensure at least one overtly symptomatic index case occurs within two viral generations a week or less apart.(2)However,lower reproduction numbers give rise to thinner transmission chains extending through longer sequences of non-reporting asymptomatic and paucisymptomatic individuals,often spanning three or more viral generations(2 weeks of transmission)before an overtly symptomatic index case occurs.(3)Consequently,it is not always possible to fully trace and contain such long,thin transmission chains,so the community transmission they give rise to is underrepresented in surveillance data.(4)Wherever surveillance systems are weak and/or transmission proceeds within population groups with lower rates of overt clinical symptoms and/or self-reporting,case and contact management effectiveness may be more severely limited,even at the higher reproduction numbers associated with larger outbreaks.(5)Because passive surveillance platforms may be especially slow to detect the thinner transmission chains that occur at low reproduction numbers,establishing satisfactory confidence of elimination may require that no confirmed cases are detected for two full months,throughout which presumptive preventative measures must be maintained to ensure complete collapse of undetected residual transmission.(6)Greater scope exists for overcoming these limitations by enhancing field surveillance for new suspected cases than by improving diagnostic test sensitivity.(7)While population-wide active surveillance may enable complete traceability and containment,this goal may also be achievable through enhanced passive surveillance for paucisymptomatic infections,combining readily accessible decentralized testing with population hypersensitization to self-reporting with mild symptoms.Containment and elimination of SARS-CoV-2 will rely far more upon presumptive,population-wide prevention measures than was necessary for SARS-CoV-1,necessitating greater ambition,political will,investment,public support,persistence and patience.Nevertheless,case and contact management may be invaluable for at least partially containing SARS-CoV-2 transmission,especially larger outbreaks,but only if enabled by sufficiently sensitive surveillance.Furthermore,consistently complete transmission chain containment may be enabled by focally enhanced surveillance around manageably small numbers of outbreaks in the end stages of successful elimination campaigns,so that their endpoints may be accelerated and sustained.

Updating the diagnostic criteria of COVID-19 “suspected case” and “confirmed case” is necessary

On 6 February 2020,our team had published a rapid advice guideline for diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV)infection,and this guideline provided our experience and make well reference for fighting against this pandemic worldwide.However,the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is a new disease,our awareness and knowledge are gradually increasing based on the ongoing research findings and clinical practice experience;hence,the strategies of diagnosis and treatment are also continually updated.In this letter,we answered one comment on our guideline and provided the newest diagnostic criteria of"suspected case"and"confirmed case"according to the latest Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines for COVID-19(seventh version)that issued by the National Health Committee of the People’s Republic of China.

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients in Hengyang,Hunan Province,China

BACKGROUND In December 2019,an ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)was first identified in Wuhan,China.The characteristics of COVID-19 patients treated in local hospitals in Wuhan are not fully representative of patients outside Wuhan.Therefore,it is highly essential to analyze the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in areas outside Wuhan or Hubei Province.To date,a limited number of studies have concentrated on the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with different genders,clinical classification,and with or without basic diseases.AIM To study the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients in Hengyang(China)and provide a reliable reference for the prevention and control of COVID-19.METHODS From January 16 to March 2,2020,a total of 48 confirmed cases of COVID-19 were reported in Hengyang,and those cases were included in this study.The diagnostic criteria,clinical classification,and discharge standard related to COVID-19 were in line with the Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia(Trial Version 7)released by National Health Commission and National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine.The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in pharyngeal swab specimens was detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.All the data were imported into the excel worksheet and statistically analyzed by using SPSS 25.0 software.RESULTS A total of 48 cases of COVID-19 were collected,of which 1 was mild,38 were moderate,and 9 were severe.It was unveiled that there were 31(64.6%)male patients and 17(35.4%)female patients,with a female-to-male ratio of 1.82:1.The range of age of patients with COVID-19 was dominantly 30-49 years old[25(52.1%)of 48],followed by those aged over 60 years old[11(22.9%)].Besides,29.2%(14 of 48)of patients had basic diseases,and 57.2%(8 of 14)of patients with basic diseases were aged over 60 years old.The occupations of 48 COVID-19 patients were mainly farmers working in agricultural production[15(31.5%)of 48],rural migrant workers from Hengyang to Wuhan[15(31.5%)],and service workers operating in the service sector[8(16.7%)].The mean latent period was 6.86±3.57 d,and the median was 7[interquartile range(IQR):4-9]d.The mean time from onset of symptoms to the first physician visit was 3.38±2.98(95%CI:2.58-9.18)d,with a median of 2(IQR:1-5)d,and the mean time from hospital admission to confirmed diagnosis was 2.29±2.11(95%CI:1.18-6.42)d,with a median of 2(IQR:1-3)d.The main symptoms were fever[43(89.6%)of 48],cough and expectoration[41(85.4%)],fatigue[22(45.8%)],and chills[22(45.8%)].Other symptoms included poor appetite[13(27.1%)],sore throat[9(18.8%)],dyspnea[9(18.8%)],diarrhea[7(14.6%)],dizziness[5(10.4%)],headache[5(10.4%)],muscle pain[5(10.4%)],nausea and vomiting[4(8.3%)],hemoptysis[4(8.3%)],and runny nose[1(2.1%)].The numbers of peripheral blood leukocytes,lymphocytes,and eosinophils were significantly reduced in the majority of the patients.The levels of C-reactive protein,fibrinogen,blood glucose,lactate dehydrogenase,Ddimer,alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),gamma-glutamyl transferase(γ-GT),myoglobin(MB),and creatine kinase(CK)were increased in 64.6%,44.7%,43.2%,37.0%,29.5%,22.9%,20.8%,21.6%,13.6%,and 12.8%of patients,respectively.The incidence of ALT elevation in male patients was remarkably higher than that in females(P<0.01),while the incidences of AST,CK,and blood glucose elevations in severe patients were remarkably higher than those in moderate patients(P<0.05,respectively).Except for the mild patients,chest computed tomography showed characteristic pulmonary lesions.All the patients received antiviral drugs,38(79.2%)accepted traditional Chinese medicine,and 2(4.2%)received treatment of human umbilical-cord mesenchymal stem cells.On March 2,2020,48 patients with COVID-19 were all cured and discharged.CONCLUSION Based on our results,patients with COVID-19 often have multiple organ dysfunction or damage.The incidences of ALT elevation in males,and AST,CK,and blood glucose elevations in severe patients are remarkably higher.

Liver injury in COVID-19: A minireview

In December 2019,an outbreak of unexplained pneumonia was reported in Wuhan,China.The World Health Organization officially named this disease as novel coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Liver injury was observed in patients with COVID-19,and its severity varied depending on disease severity,geographical area,and patient age.Systemic inflammatory response,immune damage,ischemia-reperfusion injury,viral direct damage,drug induce,mechanical ventilation,and underlying diseases may contribute to liver injury.Although,in most cases,mild liver dysfunction is observed,which is usually temporary and does not require special treatment,the importance of monitoring liver injury should be emphasized for doctors.The risk of COVID-19 infection of liver transplantation recipients caused more and more concerns.In this article,we aimed to review the available literature on liver injury in COVID-19 to highlight the importance of monitoring and treating liver injury in COVID-19.

Editorial commentary on special issue of COVID-19 pandemic

This special issue of The Journal of Biomedical Research presents rigorous empirical analysis related to COVID-19 research in responding to the current global COVID-19 pandemic.Selected articles from different disciplines not only offer broader perspectives on combating the outbreaks,but also disseminate the most updated findings on this new challenge for human being to the field.

COVID-19 vaccine candidates and vaccine development platforms available worldwide

The pandemic caused by the worldwide spread of the coronavirus,which first appeared in 2019,has been named coronavirus disease 19(COVID-19).More than 4.5 million deaths have been recorded due to the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),according to the World Health Organization.COVID-19 Dashboard in September 2021.Apart from the wildtype,other variations have been successfully transmitted early in the outbreak although they were not discovered until March 2020.Modifications in the SARS-CoV-2 genetic material,such as mutation and recombination,have the ability to modify the viral life span,along with transitivity,cellular tropism,and symptom severity.Several processes are involved in introducing novel vaccines to the population,including vaccine manufacturing,preclinical studies,Food and Drug Administration permission or certification,processing,and marketing.COVID-19 vaccine candidates have been developed by a number of public and private groups employing a variety of strategies,such as RNA,DNA,protein,and viral vectored vaccines.This comprehensive review,which included the most subsequent evidence on unique features of SARS-CoV-2 and the associated morbidity and mortality,was carried out using a systematic search of recent online databases in order to generate useful knowledge about the COVID-19 updated versions and their consequences on the disease symptoms and vaccine development.

General Considerations for the Practice of Pediatric Dentistry in the Period of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review

Context: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) has been identified in December 2019. Since then, it has been spreading around the world and has caused a pandemic. Strict safety protocols should be followed to resume dental treatments. Evidence Acquisition: A comprehensive search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Medline and google scholar databases using the MeSH words of COVID-19, SARS-COV-2, Dentistry, and Child from December 2019 until July 2020. Results: Among COVID-19 patients, asymptomatic patients still are considered to be serious carriers of the COVID-19 which can play a key role in transmission of the virus. Children are reported to be less than 2 percent of the infected population and are considered as serious potential carriers. Telemedicine can take a key part in educating parents regarding this matter. Chronic and rare diseases such as Kawasaki Disease (KD) might show acute and more frequent symptoms amongst COVID-19 patients. Salivary testing can be a convenient chairside way for COVID-19 and it has been shown to be effective in identifying critically ill patients. Dry mouth and amblygeustia have been reported to be the oral symptoms of the COVID-19. Conclusions: Dentists must make tough decisions in prioritizing patient’s needs in the period of pandemic. They should frequently get updated as the situation is fluid and the protocols might change.

The Only Way to Eradicate COVID-19 Pandemic from the World

The novel Coronavirus disease or COVID-19 is a new contagious, dangerous, and deadly viral/immunological systemic disorder with predominantly respiratory features caused by human infection with SARS-CoV-2, which is rapidly spreading from person-to-person all around the world as a pandemic. If the COVID-19 pandemic is not controlled, and then eradicated, it will probably cause the extinction of the human race in the coming years or decades! It shows the fastest multiple genetic mutation for SARS-CoV-2 in the development of the disease. According to the author of this article, an effective vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 will not be made any time soon or may never be made. If it is made, due to the need to use the vaccine several times a year, the staggering cost of vaccine production, its potentially insufficient effect in preventing COVID-19, its possible side effects, and the complexity of its equitable distribution worldwide, it cannot be a significant success in preventing the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, the only way to eradicate COVID-19 pandemic is: simultaneous, synchronized, and universal quarantine for at least 40 days for all the people of the planet as staying at home for 99% of them and staying at workplace for another 1%, that because of the need for their key job, they need to be present at work. By applying the COVID-19 Referral System for screening people infected with SARS-CoV-2 and Persian Gulf Criteria for diagnosis of COVID-19, we recommend home isolation for mild cases of COVID-19 and hospitalization in Corona Center for severe cases. Also, along with these, more and more SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic tests should be performed using highly sensitive kits, and the principles of prevention of becoming infected with the SARS-CoV-2 should be followed carefully and as soon as possible. By applying all the above, success in controlling and suppressing the SARS-CoV-2 epidemics is anticipated.