Formation,evolution,reconstruction of black shales and their influence on shale oil and gas resource

Black shales are important products of material cycling and energy exchange among the lithosphere,atmosphere,hydrosphere,and biosphere.They are widely distributed throughout geological history and provide essential energy and mineral resources for the development of human society.They also record the evolution process of the earth and improve the understanding of the earth.This review focuses on the diagenesis and formation mechanisms of black shales sedimentation,composition,evolution,and reconstruction,which have had a significant impact on the formation and enrichment of shale oil and gas.In terms of sedimentary environment,black shales can be classified into three types:Marine,terrestrial,and marine-terrestrial transitional facies.The formation processes include mechanisms such as eolian input,hypopycnal flow,gravity-driven and offshore bottom currents.From a geological perspective,the formation of black shales is often closely related to global or regional major geological events.The enrichment of organic matter is generally the result of the interaction and coupling of several factors such as primary productivity,water redox condition,and sedimentation rate.In terms of evolution,black shales have undergone diagenetic evolution of inorganic minerals,thermal evolution of organic matter and hydrocarbon generation,interactions between organic matter and inorganic minerals,and pore evolution.In terms of reconstruction,the effects of fold deformation,uplift and erosion,and fracturing have changed the stress state of black shale reservoirs,thereby having a significant impact on the pore structure.Fluid activity promotes the formation of veins,and have changed the material composition,stress structure,and reservoir properties of black shales.Regarding resource effects,the deposition of black shales is fundamental for shale oil and gas resources,the evolution of black shales promotes the shale oil and gas formation and storage,and the reconstruction of black shales would have caused the heterogeneous distribution of oil and gas in shales.Exploring the formation mechanisms and interactions of black shales at different scales is a key to in-depth research on shale formation and evolution,as well as the key to revealing the mechanism controlling shale oil and gas accumulation.The present records can reveal how these processes worked in geological history,and improve our understanding of the coupling mechanisms among regional geological events,black shales evolution,and shale oil and gas formation and enrichment.

Control Factors and Diversities of Phase State of Oil and Gas Pools in the Kuqa Petroleum System

Based on the analysis of the hydrocarbon geochemical characteristics in the Kuqa petroleum system of the Tarim Basin, this study discusses the causes and controlling factors of the phase diversities and their differences in geochemical features. According to the characteristics and differences in oil and gas phase, the petroleum system can be divided into five categories： oil reservoir, wet gas reservoir, condensate gas-rich reservoir, condensate gas-poor reservoir and dry gas reservoir. The causes for the diversities in oil and gas phases include diversities of the sources of parent material, maturity of natural gas and the process of hydrocarbon accumulation of different hydrocarbon phases. On the whole, the Jurassic and Triassic terrestrial source rocks are the main sources for the hydrocarbon in the Kuqa Depression. The small differences in parent material may cause diversities in oil and gas amount, but the impact is small. The differences in oil and gas phase are mainly affected by maturity and the accumulation process, which closely relates with each other. Oil and gas at different thermal evolution stage can be captured in different accumulation process.

Depositional process of hyperpycnal flow deposits:A case study on Lower Cretaceous Sangyuan outcrop in the Luanping Basin,Northeast China

Sedimentary process research is of great significance for understanding the distribution and characteristics of sediments.Through the detailed observation and measurement of the Sangyuan outcrop in Luanping Basin,this paper studies the depositional process of the hyperpycnal flow deposits,and divides their depositional process into three phases,namely,acceleration,erosion and deceleration.In the acceleration phase,hyperpycnal flow begins to enter the basin nearby,and then speeds up gradually.Deposits developed in the acceleration phase are reverse.In addition,the original deposits become unstable and are taken away by hyperpycnal flows under the eroding force.As a result,there are a lot of mixture of red mud pebbles outside the basin and gray mud pebbles within the basin.In the erosion phase,the reverse deposits are eroded and become thinner or even disappear.Therefore,no reverse grading characteristic is found in the proximal major channel that is closer to the source,but it is still preserved in the middle branch channel that is far from the source.After entering the deceleration phase,normally grading deposits appear and cover previous deposits.The final deposits in the basin are special.Some are reverse,and others are normal.They are superimposed with each other under the action of hyperpycnal flow.The analysis of the Sangyuan outcrop demonstrates the sedimentary process and distribution of hyperpycnites,and reasonably explain the sedimentary characteristics of hyperpycnites.It is helpful to the prediction of oil and gas exploration targets in gravity flow deposits.

Analysis of Supply Chain Sustainability Drivers in the Oil and Gas Industry under Covid-19 Pandemic

The supply chain of many industries,including Oil and Gas,was significantly affected by the disruption caused by the Covid pandemic.This,in turn,had a knock-on effect on other industries around the globe.Sustaining the impact of the disruption posed a major challenge for the industry.This study contributes to the existing literature by identifying and analyzing the most significant drivers that affected the sustainability of the Oil and Gas supply chain during the Covid pandemic.Fifteen drivers were identified based on an extensive literature review and a survey conducted with experts working in the Oil and Gas industry.Multi-criteria decision-making methodologies were used to analyze these drivers.The analysis from the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process found that the most important drivers for the sustainability of the Oil and gas supply chain during the pandemic were"Risk management capacity","Government regulation"and"Health and safety of employees".On the other hand,the driver"Community Pressure"was found to be of the least importance.Furthermore,the study integrated the results of the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process with the fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution to calculate the supply chain sustainability index.A case example was demonstrated to rank the industries based on such calculations.This study can support the governmental institutions in benchmarking the Oil and Gas industry based on its sustainability index.Additionally,the outcomes of the study will help industrial decision makers prioritize the drivers the company should focus and devise strategies based on the priority to improve the sustainability of their supply chain during severe disruption.This will be crucial as the World health organization has cautioned that the world may encounter another pandemic in the near future.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LONGITUDINAL SUBMERGED ARC WELDED STEEL PIPES USED FOR GAS PIPELINE OF OFFSHORE OIL

Since the development of offshore oil and gas, increased submarine oil and gas pipelines were installed. All the early steel pipes of submarine pipelines depended on importing because of the strict requirements of comprehensive properties, such as, anti-corrosion, resistance to pressure and so on. To research and develop domes- tic steel pipes used for the submarine pipeline, the Longitudinal-seam Submerged Arc Welded （LSAW） pipes were made of steel plates cut from leveled hot rolled coils by both the JCOE and UOE （the forming process in which the plate like the letter “J”, “C”, “0” or “U” shape, then expansion） forming processes. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the pipe base metal and weld metal were tested, and the results were in accordance with the corresponding pipe specification API SPEC 5L or DNV- OS-FI01, which showed that domestic LSAW pipes could be used for submarine oil and gas pipelines.

GC-MS Analysis and Antibacterial Activity Study of Volatile Oil from 11 Kinds of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus Processed Products

[Objectives]To study the volatile components and antibacterial effects of 11 kinds of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus processed products.[Methods]11 kinds of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus processed products were obtained according to the traditional processing method,the volatile oil was extracted by steam distillation,and the composition of volatile oil in the 11 kinds of processed products was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).the relative percentage content of each component in these 11 kinds of processed products was determined using the peak area normalization.The drug sensitivity activity of the volatile oil of these 11 kinds of processed products was tested using the K-B paper diffusion method and the minimum inhibition volume fraction of volatile oil of these 11 kinds of processed products was tested using the microdilution method.[Results]The highest yield of volatile oil of 11 kinds of these processed products was baking(5.193%),and the lowest was stir-bake to scorch(1.998%).A total of 36 chemical components were identified from the volatile oils of these 11 kinds of processed products.The components with the most volatile oil were stir-bake to scorch(24 kinds),and the components with the least volatile oil were the method of processing with rice-washed water(15 kinds).They contain 8 kinds of common chemical components,such as limonene,linalool,myrcene,α-pinene.The highest content of limonene came from processing with honey(60.93%),the lowest came from processing with rice-washed water(55.25%);the highest content of linalool came from processing with rice-washed water(7.139%),the lowest came from processing with honey(5.436%);the highest content of myrcene came from processing with honey(1.899%),the lowest came from stir-bake to scorch(1.632%);the highest content ofα-pinene came from raw Aurantii Fructus Immaturus(2.355%),and the lowest came from stir-bake to scorch(1.618%).The volatile oil of these 11 kinds of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus processed products has good antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.[Conclusions]The oil yields of volatile oils of 11 kinds of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus processed products are different,the content of limonene is significantly different,and the changes of other chemical components and their contents are not significantly different.The volatile oil of 11 kinds of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus processed products has certain antibacterial effect.

Empirical Investigation of Treatment of Sour Gas by Novel Technology: Energy Optimization

The sour gas sweetening is one of the main processes in gas industries. Gas sweetening is done through chemical processes. Therefore, it requires high cost and energy. The results show that increasing the operating temperature increases the mass transfer coefficient and increases the mass transfer rate. Theoretical and experimental data show that sulfur removal in 4.5 W magnetic field is desirable. The increase in sulfur removal percentage in the magnetic field of 4.5 W and 6.75 W is about 16.4% and 15.2%, respectively. According to the obtained results, the effect of temperature increase from 18.8°C to 23.4°C is more evident than the effect of temperature change from 23.4°C to 32.2°C. Because more thermal energy is needed to provide higher temperatures. Therefore, the temperature of 23.4°C is reported as the optimal temperature. The results of this research show that the percentage of sulfur removal is also high at this temperature.

Risk assessment of oil and gas pipelines hot work based on AHP-FCE

A new quantitative risk assessment method for hot work is proposed based on the analytic hierarchy process(AHP)and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation(FCE).It can help pipeline companies realize the risk management of hot work and further ensure the safe operation of oil and gas pipelines.Taking one natural gas pipeline in China as an example,this paper evaluates the risk of a single hot work in the spring of one natural gas pipeline in a high consequence region.First of all,the risk factors are determined with reference to the job safety analysis(JSA),and then experts were invited to fill out a questionnaire to collect their opinions.According to the results of the questionnaire,AHP is used to calculate the weight coefficients of the evaluation indicators,and FCE is used to evaluate the risk level of hot work.After calculation,the comprehensive risk score of hot work is 40.888.It belongs to a"general risk".This method can not only quantitatively evaluate the risk levels of hot work,but also reasonably sort the importance of various risk factors.It is helpful for the effective management of hot work and provides suggestions for implementing control measures.

油气处理终端分区延时泄放动态模拟研究

最大泄放量是火炬系统设计的关键参数,合理确定火炬系统处理负荷是整个油气处理终端安全运行的保障。为了降低火炬系统设计峰值泄放流量、有效降低火炬系统规模,可将工艺单元按照一定原则划分为多个较小防火区,各防火区按设定逻辑依次开启泄放,从而实现工艺装置的分区延时泄放。GB 50251—2015《输气管道工程设计规范》、SY/T 10043—2002《卸压和减压系统指南》、API STD 521—2020 Pressure-relieving and Depressuring Systems、DEP 80.45.10.10-Gen Pressure Relief,Emergency Depressuring,Flare and Vent Systems对防火区的划分提出了相关要求。本文结合国外某油气处理终端项目,对厂区装置进行分区延时泄放动态模拟,对比研究了分区延时泄放与同时泄放的泄放量变化与压降规律,有效减小最大泄放量,减小火炬系统规模,为项目设计提供依据。

Process and mechanism for oil and gas accumulation, adjustment and reconstruction in Puguang Gas Field, Northeast Sichuan Basin, China

With the discoveries of a series of large gas fields in the northeast of Sichuan Basin, such as Puguang and Longgang gas fields, the formation mechanism of the gas reservoir containing high H2S in the ancient marine carbonate formation in superposition-basin becomes a hot topic in the field of petroleum geology. Based on the structure inversion, numerical simulation, and geochemical research, we show at least two intervals of fluid transfer in Puguang paleo-oil reservoir, one in the forepart of late Indo-Chinese epoch to early Yanshan epoch and the other in the metaphase of early Yanshan epoch. Oil and gas accumulation occurred at Puguang structure through Puguang-Dongyuezhai faults and dolomite beds in reef and shoal facies in Changxing Formation (P2ch) - Feixianguan Formation (T1f) in the northwest and southwest directions along three main migration pathways, to form Puguang paleo-oil reservoir. Since crude oil is pyrolysised in the early stage of middle Yanshan epoch, Puguang gas reservoir has experienced fluid adjusting process controlled by tectonic movement and geochemical reconstruction process controlled by thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR). Middle Yan-shan epoch is the main period during which the Puguang gas reservoir experienced the geochemical reaction of TSR. On one hand, TSR can recreate the fluid in gas reservoir, which makes the gas drying index larger and carbon isotope heavier. On the other hand, the reciprocity between fluid regarding TSR (hydrocarbon, H2S, and water) and reservoir rock induces erosion of the reservoir rocks and anhydrite alteration, which improves reservoir petrophysical properties. Superimposed by later tectonic movement, the fluid in Puguang reservoir has twice experienced adjustment, one in the late Yanshan epoch to the early Himalayan epoch and the other time in late Himalayan epoch, after which Puguang gas reservoir is finally developed.

Improvement of the prediction performance of a soft sensor model based on support vector regression for production of ultra-low sulfur diesel

A novel data-driven, soft sensor based on support vector regression （SVR） integrated with a data compression technique was developed to predict the product quality for the hydrodesulfurization （HDS） process. A wide range of experimental data was taken from a HDS setup to train and test the SVR model. Hyper-parameter tuning is one of the main challenges to improve predictive accuracy of the SVR model. Therefore, a hybrid approach using a combination of genetic algorithm （GA） and sequential quadratic programming （SQP） methods （GA-SQP） was developed. Performance of different optimization algorithms including GA-SQP, GA, pattern search （PS）, and grid search （GS） indicated that the best average absolute relative error （AARE）, squared correlation coefficient （R2）, and computation time （CT） （AARE = 0.0745, R2 = 0.997 and CT = 56 s） was accomplished by the hybrid algorithm. Moreover, to reduce the CT and improve the accuracy of the SVR model, the vector quantization （VQ） technique was used. The results also showed that the VQ technique can decrease the training time and improve prediction performance of the SVR model. The proposed method can provide a robust, soft sensor in a wide range of sulfur contents with good accuracy.

Application of the Fuzzy Comprehensive Assessment Technique to Optimal Selection of Pipeline Design Alternative

s: Regarding the influencing factors in an optimal selection of pipeline design alternative as fuzzy variables with different weights, a fuzzy comprehensive assessment was applied to an optimal selection of the design alternative. Giving the Lanzhou-Chengdu pipeline as an example to explain the process, the result shows that this method is acceptable.

Analyzing the energy intensity and greenhouse gas emission of Canadian oil sands crude upgrading through process modeling and simulation

This paper presents an evaluation of the energy intensity and related greenhouse gas/CO2 emissions of integrated oil sands crude upgrading processes. Two major oil sands crude upgrading schemes currently used in Canadian oil sands operations were investigated： cokingbased and hydroconversion-based. The analysis, which was based on a robust process model of the entire process, was constructed in Aspen HYSYS and calibrated with representative data. Simulations were conducted for the two upgrading schemes in order to generate a detailed inventory of the required energy and utility inputs： process fuel, steam, hydrogen and power. It was concluded that while hydroconversion-based scheme yields considerably higher amount of synthetic crude oil （SCO） than the cokerbased scheme （94 wt-% vs. 76 wt-%）, it consumes more energy and is therefore more CO2-intensive （413.2kg CO2/m3sco vs. 216.4kg CO2/m^3sco）. This substantial difference results from the large amount of hydrogen consumed in the ebullated-bed hydroconverter in the hydroconversion-based scheme, as hydrogen production through conventional methane steam reforming is highly energy-intensive and therefore the major source of CO2 emission. Further simulations indicated that optimization of hydroconverter operating variables had only a minor effect on the overall CO2 emission due to the complex trade-off effect between energy inputs.

Science and Technology of China Onshore Petroleum Industry Towards 21st Century（Part 4）

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油气终端处理厂生活污水回用技术应用

海上油气田将采出的天然气经过初步处理后送至终端处理厂进行进一步处理,处理合格后的天然气被送往下游用户进行利用,因此终端处理厂起到了连接海上油气田与油气用户间的关键作用。某终端处理厂生活污水(48 m^(3)/d)采用“厌氧调节-接触氧化-MBR”一体化处理装置,考察分析了停留时间、溶解氧及膜运行等对处理效果的影响,在最优参数情况下,装置COD去除率超过90%,氨氮去除率超过85%,出水满足GB/T 18920—2020《城市污水再利用城市杂用水水质》绿化回用标准,实现终端厂生活污水零排放。

用于油库VOCs治理末端的膜法油气回收工艺

为应对愈发严格的环保排放标准,使用新型膜分离技术回收轻质油品蒸发出来的油气。介绍了膜分离工艺的基本原理、系统组成、工艺特点等。以橡胶态膜作为核心分离组件,自行设计了"膜法+吸附法"油气回收工艺,在油库搭建了500 m3/h的膜法油气回收装置。现场应用结果表明,装置运行可靠,工艺简单,占地面积小,安全性高,能够较好地满足国家各项标准的要求。

浅谈Smart 3D在油码头消防及给排水设计中的应用

本文以纳米比亚某油码头项目为依据,介绍了Smart3D在油码头消防及给排水设计中的流程,包括:数据库的建立、管道建模、碰撞检查、生成轴测图、统计材料。并对使用过程中遇到的问题及解决方案进行了分析,总结了Smart3D在类似油码头项目消防及给排水设计中应用的优势。

中小型成品油库含油污水多级处理工艺的选择及应用

根据中小型成品油库含油污水的性质和排放标准,介绍了含油污水处理工艺的选择,分析了多级处理工艺的原理、流程设置和各功能单元的作用,以及在某油库的应用效果。

移动式装卸臂在液体粮油码头装卸系统中的应用

根据天津临港工业区某粮油码头工程实例,着重分析在粮油码头上应用移动式装卸臂的可行性,结合粮油码头装卸工艺系统的总体布置情况,介绍移动式装卸臂的主要技术参数和移动式装卸臂的配置情况,并通过与软管装卸方式的对比论述采用移动式装卸臂的优势,可供同类码头工程参考。

低碳策略在油气处理领域的应用研究

在石油和天然气领域实施低碳策略,对提高能源利用率,降低碳排放具有重要的现实意义。文章概括了我国石油和天然气领域的碳排放现状,结合油气处理终端现状,初步探讨了燃气轮机尾气余热利用的思路和方案,阐述了根据油气生产流程的需求和特点进行预热能量转化的路线,在减少高温排放和碳排放的同时,实现了减少天然气消耗、提高天然气利用率、增加燃气轮机发电功率等目的。结果表明,该研究为全面推动低碳策略在油气生产单位的实际应用奠定了基础。