Variability in Quantity and Salinity of Produced Water from an Oil Production in South Kuwait

Produced water (PW) is the largest waste stream in the oil and gas industry. Water remains trapped for millions of years in the reservoir with oil and gas. When a hydrocarbon reservoir is infiltrated by a production well, the produced fluids commonly contain water. The understanding of this water’s constituents and volumes is vital for the sustainable continuity of production operations, as PW has a number of negative impacts on the infrastructure integrity of the operation. On the other hand, PW can be an alternative source of irrigation water as well as of industrial salt. Interestingly, both the quantity as well as the quality of PW do not remain constant but can vary, both progressively and erratically, even over short periods of time. This paper discusses such a situation of variable PW in an oil and gas operation in the State of Kuwait.

Optimization of the Algorithm for Increasing Injection Rate in Water Injection Wells for Pressure Optimization in P Oilfield

In today’s society, with the continuous growth of energy demand, Bohai Oilfield, as an important offshore oil resource base in China, is facing increasingly severe challenges while contributing to national energy security. In order to improve the quality of water injection in the oilfield and gradually achieve efficient and stable production, Bohai Oilfield has launched a water injection well pressure optimization project, focusing on improving the efficiency and quality of water injection in the water injection wells, in order to achieve the optimal water injection plan. In practical work, P Oilfield continues to promote the development of water injection well pressure optimization projects, emphasizing practical exploration and continuous optimization of work plans. However, during the project implementation process, there were some problems, one of which was that the statistics of cumulative injection volume were not scientific enough, resulting in a more comprehensive and accurate presentation of the actual results of pressure optimization work. In the context of continuous improvement work, after careful analysis and research, P Oilfield has decided to optimize the cumulative injection rate algorithm to guide the oilfield’s water injection work in a more refined way, ensuring sufficient and good water injection, and enhancing the oilfield’s production efficiency and comprehensive competitiveness.

Method of Phase Diagrams for the Analysis of Seism-Acoustical Spatial-Time Monitoring Data in Oil Wells

Experimental and theoretical studies of the mechanisms of vibration stimulation of oil recovery in watered fields lead to the conclusion that resonance oscillations develop in fractured-block formations. These oscillations, caused by weak but long-lasting and frequency-stable influences, create the conditions for ultrasonic wave’s generation in the layers, which are capable of destroying thickened oil membranes in reservoir cracks. For fractured-porous reservoirs in the process of exploitation by the method of water high-pressure oil displacement, the possibility of intensifying ultrasonic vibrations can have an important technological significance. Even a very weak ultrasound can destroy, over a long period of time, the viscous oil membranes formed in the cracks between the blocks, which can be the reason for lowering the permeability of the layers and increasing the oil recovery. To describe these effects, it is necessary to consider the wave process in a hierarchically blocky environment and theoretically simulate the mechanism of the appearance of self-oscillations under the action of relaxation shear stresses. For the analysis of seism acoustic response in time on fixed intervals along the borehole an algorithm of phase diagrams of the state of many-phase medium is suggested.

Diagnostic Method and Adaptability Analysis of Multiple Water Breakthroughs in Horizontal Well in Combined Well Pattern

The combined well pattern has been widely used in reservoir development, with a common pattern being a horizontal well in the center for oil production and multiple vertical wells around for water injection. For this type of well pattern, determining the horizontal well is affected by which injection wells, especially when the injecting water breaks through, accurately determining the direction of water inflow will provide an important basis for targeted water well measures. Based on the production performance data of horizontal wells, the semi logarithmic relationship curves of water-oil ratio, derivative water-oil ratio, and cumulative production were used for the first time to determine the breakthrough problem of water injection in the surrounding water injection wells of horizontal wells based on their response characteristics. The adaptability of this method under different influencing factors was analyzed. Introducing the parameter of cumulative production not only preserves the variation trend of the derivative of water-oil ratio with time, but also facilitates the processing of actual production data.

Remaining Oil Distribution Law and Potential Tapping Strategy of Horizontal Well Pattern in Narrow Oil Rim Reservoir with Gas Cap and Edge Water

For thin oil rim reservoir with gas cap and edge water, it is helpful to improve the development effect to find out the distribution law of remaining oil in this kind of reservoirs. For this reason, taking the narrow oil rim reservoir with gas cap and edge water of Oilfield A in Bohai Sea as a case, the main controlling factors, including reservoir structure, fault, gas cap energy, edge water energy and well pattern, affecting the distribution of residual oil in this kind of reservoir were analyzed by using the data of core, logging, paleogeomorphology and production. Then, the distribution law of remaining oil was summarized. Generally, the remaining oil distribution is mainly potato-shaped or strip-shaped in plane. Vertically, it depends on the energy of gas cap and edge water. For the reservoir with big gas gap and weak edge water, the remaining oil mainly lies in the bottom of oil column. And for the reservoir with small gas gap and strong edge water, the remaining oil mainly locates at the top of oil column. Aiming at different distribution modes of remaining oil, the corresponding potential tapping strategies of horizontal wells are put forward: in the late stage of development, for the reservoir with big gas gap and weak edge water, the remaining oil concentrates at the bottom of the oil column, and the position of horizontal well should be placed at the lower 1/3 to the lower 1/5 of the oil column;for the reservoir with small gas cap and strong edge water, the remaining oil locates at the top of the oil column, and the position of horizontal well should be put at the upper 1/5 to the upper 1/3 of the oil column height, vertically. Based on the study on remaining oil of Oilfield A, a potential tapping strategy of well pattern thickening and vertical position optimization of horizontal well was proposed. This strategy guided the efficient implementation of the comprehensive adjustment plan of the oilfield. Moreover, 18 infill development wells were implemented in Oilfield A, and the average production of the infill wells is 2.1 times that of the surrounding old wells. It is estimated that the ultimate recovery factor of the oilfield will reach 33.9%, which is 2.3% higher than that before infilling wells. This study can be used for reference in the development of similar reservoirs.

Prediction of wax precipitation region in wellbore during deep water oil well testing

During deep water oil well testing, the low temperature environment is easy to cause wax precipitation, which affects the normal operation of the test and increases operating costs and risks. Therefore, a numerical method for predicting the wax precipitation region in oil strings was proposed based on the temperature and pressure fields of deep water test string and the wax precipitation calculation model. And the factors affecting the wax precipitation region were analyzed. The results show that: the wax precipitation region decreases with the increase of production rate, and increases with the decrease of geothermal gradient, increase of water depth and drop of water-cut of produced fluid, and increases slightly with the increase of formation pressure. Due to the effect of temperature and pressure fields, wax precipitation region is large in test strings at the beginning of well production. Wax precipitation region gradually increases with the increase of shut-in time. These conclusions can guide wax prevention during the testing of deep water oil well, to ensure the success of the test.

Geological Model of Pre-Jurassic Heterogeneous Basement and Hydrocarbon Productivity Prediction of “Oil-and-Gas Bearing Contact Zone Horizon” Between Paleozoic and Mesozoic Deposits of Ostaninskoye and Severoostaninskoye Oil-and-Gas Fields(Western Siberi

This work is devoted to the analysis of the formation conditions and geologic model of Paleozoic basement rocks of a number of oil-and-gas fields, located in Tomsk region(South of West-Siberian Oil-and-Gas Province,Russia).The research is based on integrated data interpretation of seismic exploration, well logging and deep drilling.The study is at the interfaces between exploration geophysics

Experiments on the influences of well pattern on water flooding characteristics of dissolution vug-cave reservoir

Based on the similarity criterion, volcanic rock samples were taken from outcrops to make experimental models. Water flooding experiments of five-spot well pattern, nine-spot well pattern, five-spot to nine-spot well pattern, the relationship between relative well and fracture positions, and injection rate in dissolution vug-cave reservoirs with/without fractures were carried out to analyze variation regularities of development indexes, find out development characteristics of water flooding with different well patterns and sort out the optimal water flooding development mode. For dissolution vug-cave reservoirs without fractures, five-spot well pattern waterflooding has very small sweeping area, serious water channeling and low oil recovery. When the well pattern was adjusted from five-spot to nine-spot well pattern, oil recovery could be largely improved, but the corner well far from the injector is little affected. In dissolution vug-cave reservoirs with fractures, when the injector and producer are not connected by fractures, the fractures could effectively connect the poorly linked vugs to improve the development effect of water flooding. Whether there are fractures or not in dissolution vug-cave reservoirs, the development effect of nine-spot well-pattern is much better than that of five-spot well pattern and five-spot to nine-spot well pattern, this is more evident when there are fractures, and the edge well has better development indexes than corner well. At the high-water cut stage of water flooding with nine-spot well pattern, the oil recovery can be further improved with staggered line-drive pattern by converting the corner well into injection well. It is helpful to increase the oil production of corner well of nine-spot well pattern by increasing the injection rate, and improve ultimate oil recovery, but the water-free production period would be greatly shortened and water-free recovery would decrease.

高含水油井关停后剩余油再富集速度研究

高含水断块油藏开发末期构造高部位油井在关井一段时间后,会产生剩余油再富集现象。目前关于剩余油再富集速度的研究中,对剩余油运移过程的影响因素考虑不够全面,影响计算精度。针对该问题,在对运移中剩余油再富集受力分析的基础上建立小油滴状和柱状剩余油再富集速度模型,通过正交试验确立2种剩余油再富集速度的主要敏感因素,并建立了2种剩余油再富集速度及再富集时间图版。研究结果表明:存在驱替压差时,储层渗透率为影响2种剩余油再富集速度的主控因素;当储层渗透率一定,驱替压差的增大和原油黏度的减小有利于2种剩余油再富集速度的增大;同一注采井距位置处的小油滴距离孔隙中滞留柱状剩余油越近,聚集过程中剩余油再富集时间越长,但数值上增加不多。该研究对高含水油藏剩余油再富集潜力区评价具有借鉴意义。

复杂压力系统薄互层致密油藏水平井钻井关键技术

南堡凹陷高柳区块沙三3段V油组属于典型的砂泥薄互层致密油藏,因多年压裂注水开发导致地层压力系统复杂、人工缝网分布密集,水平井钻井过程中井漏、油水侵与井壁垮塌复杂情况同时存在、矛盾突出。结合高柳区块地层特征阐述了水平井安全钻井技术难点,明确了钻井液漏失、井壁垮塌原因,优选纳微米级乳化防塌剂、石墨微球与微米级柔性封堵剂、超细钙构建了封堵承压井壁稳定油基钻井液体系,该体系有效降低滤液对泥岩地层的侵入,对泥岩强度保持能力提高5倍以上,使中高渗砂岩封堵承压能力达到18 MPa;针对油基钻井液漏失问题提出了油基桥接堵漏技术与油基固化堵漏技术。现场试验解决了高柳区块复杂压力系统致密油藏水平井安全钻井难题,十余口应用井无井壁垮塌情况发生,漏失井堵漏后漏失层承压能力提高5.4 MPa,满足后续钻井施工要求。

应用测井资料小波变换与伪成像技术精细划分深部隔夹层

隔夹层影响流体渗流,控制油水及剩余油分布,深层取心成本高,常规测井曲线分辨率低且薄互层信号模糊,深部隔夹层识别难度大。通过对关键井岩心研究,得出了隔夹层敏感测井曲线及其响应特征,采用小波分解和重构,对常规敏感测井曲线进行了高分辨率处理,降低了邻层平滑效应,突出了薄层界面测井响应特征,薄层识别分辨率提高了近1倍。综合利用隔夹层地层倾角矢量模式和伪成像特征,确立了深部隔夹层判识划分方法,应用实例表明,该方法可精细识别隔夹层,相比常规方法,隔夹层辨识能力显著提升,井间小层对比精度提高38%,解释了油水界面倾斜问题,得出了剩余油分布规律。

对FETKOVICH(费特科维奇)典型曲线的质疑与评论

FETKOVICH(费特科维奇,以下简称为费氏)于1971年和1980年,分别提出的有限水域水侵量方程和定压典型曲线,受到国内外专家的重视和引用。由于费氏典型曲线可以通过实际数据的拟合,确定井的驱动半径和驱动面积,因此,受到业内专家的青睐。通过推导表明,费氏有限水域水侵量方程,是一个指数递减方程。费氏将该方程直接应用于定容封闭边界油井的产量递减分析,并基于初始递减率的关系式,得到了费氏典型曲线的无因次时间。费氏利用无因次压力的倒数作为无因次产量,得到了典型曲线的无因次产量。然而,由于费氏典型曲线的无因次时间和无因次产量之间没有直接的函数关系,无法建立费氏的无因次典型曲线,因此,对费氏的有限水域水侵量方程和典型曲线的无因次时间和无因次产量进行了推导,并对存在的问题提出了质疑和评论。

无线射频压裂滑套系统模拟试验研究

将无线射频识别(RFID)技术应用到油水井压裂中,能够很好地解决现有压裂滑套存在的压裂级数受限、操作非智能等诸多问题。因井下工况复杂,理论分析与实际应用差别较大,为进一步系统地探究井下无线射频系统的开发应用,使用三维软件设计无线射频滑套模拟试验台,对标签的运动状态进行理论分析,并建立室内模拟试验平台,系统地进行井下相关试验。试验结果表明:标签选择有铁氧体磁芯,且天线绕制形式选用单层螺线管线圈,可以提高整个系统的性能;在系统电感值相同的情况下,单层螺线管天线轴向长度对阅读器模块能识别的标签最大通过速度有积极的影响;标签天线线圈与阅读器天线线圈平面之间的角度也会影响标签的识别率。研究结果对井下无线射频系统的开发应用具有一定的指导作用。

苏北盆地页岩油注水吞吐增产实践与认识

苏北盆地金湖凹陷BG区块页岩油压裂后产量递减快、开发效果差,衰竭开发后期如何有效提高单井评估的最终可采储量是能够效益开发的关键。国内外通常采用CO_(2)吞吐的方法进行后期增产,但由于成本较高,效果差异较大,并未广泛使用。在结合BG区块地质特征的基础上,通过岩心核磁、扫描电镜、试井分析等方法开展页岩油注水吞吐增产机理研究,明确了注水吞吐具有大幅提高渗吸动用孔隙(1~100nm)中页岩油、改善页岩油储层孔渗条件的作用,结合苏北盆地页岩油较好的亲水性、含油性、储层裂缝较为发育三大特点,提出页岩油注水吞吐技术手段,并开展矿场试验。截至目前,2口试验井累计增油量超过7600t,具有较好的应用前景和经济效益,对苏北盆地页岩油衰竭开采后期低成本效益增产具有指导意义。

胜利油田稠油油藏开发技术进展

针对胜利油田不同类型稠油油藏的地质特点及开发矛盾,形成了一套较为完善的稠油油藏开发技术系列,并取得了显著的开发效果。从各项技术的理论基础和矿场应用2个方面,总结了不同类型稠油油藏开发技术进展。对于高轮次吞吐后的稠油油藏,基于非达西渗流理论,形成了井网加密技术;对于敏感性稠油油藏,形成了近热远防理论,降低了水敏对开发的不利影响;对于特超稠油油藏,通过HDCS技术的协同降黏、膨胀增能作用,解决了“注不进、采不出”的开发难题;对于低效水驱稠油油藏,通过转蒸汽驱,达到加密角井流线、水井流线逆向的目的,从而提高该类油藏的采收率;对于深层稠油油藏,以气热协同保热强热、热剂协同接替助驱、气剂协同均衡热前缘的协同增效作用机理认识为基础,形成了多元热复合驱油理论,实现了深层稠油的有效动用;对于薄层稠油油藏,通过热+水平井复合开发模式,提高了油藏的吸汽能力和动用范围;对于浅薄层超稠油油藏,通过HDNS技术增能降黏扩波及,实现了该类油藏的高效开发。胜利油田稠油油藏开发技术系列的应用,为胜利油田稠油效益开发、绿色开发提供了技术支撑。

大庆SN油田东部过渡带油水边界综合确定

为确定大庆SN油田东部过渡带油水界面,综合钻井、测井、地震资料,结合岩心含油产状分析和老井油水层二次解释,基于双相介质理论的叠后属性油气检测以及基于叠前地震波形指示反演的流体识别等技术,探讨构造油气藏外扩区油水边界的综合确定方法。研究区油水边界具有以下特征:岩心含油产状为油斑以上;测井解释外推为油层或油水同层;叠后属性低高频能量比大于0.85;叠前反演预测含水饱和度小于75%。因此,以“井点定深度、地震定边界、动态来验证”为原则,从“点—线—面—空”,经过综合分析,确定最终油水边界位置。研究成果有效指导了研究区外扩评价部署,对同类型构造油田油水边界研究具有参考意义。

延迟成胶弹性硅酸凝胶堵水剂及其性能研究

针对现有硅酸凝胶堵水剂普遍存在成胶时间短、成胶后脆性大的问题,结合L油田油藏条件,通过考察活化剂类型及用量,弹性改善剂类型及用量,以及水玻璃用量对成胶时间和弹性模量的影响,得出了一种延迟成胶弹性硅酸凝胶堵水剂。其配方为:6%水玻璃+0.85%活化剂三元弱酸一铵GL-1+0.1%弹性改善剂正电胶,该配方在油藏温度65℃下,成胶强度达到E级的时间为72 h,成胶后的弹性模量为589.46 Pa。采用填砂管实验评价了堵水剂的注入性及封堵性,结果表明堵水剂在L油田中具有良好的注入性及封堵性,在渗透率为1168.06×10^(-3)~5061.57×10^(-3)μm^(2)的填砂管中,注入0.8 PV的最高注入压力仅有0.72 MPa,封堵率均>96%。该堵水剂可用于L油田的油井堵水。

用于稠油热采井的耐温凝胶堵剂研制与评价——以春光油田为例

针对河南春光油田稠油热采水平井水窜严重的问题,通过耐高温凝胶堵剂配方研究及性能评价,配套双封定位封堵工艺,实现了水平井不同水窜位置的有效封堵。所研制的耐高温凝胶堵剂,具有耐温耐盐性能好和封堵强度高的特点,耐盐1.00×10^(5)mg/L,耐温达到350℃,高温60 h后突破真空度仍保持在0.065 MPa以上,现场实施后有效延缓了稠油水平井水窜速度,改善了稠油热采水平井开发效果。

近油基钻井液在文23储气库水平井的应用

中原文23储气库沙四段采用φ235.00 mm钻头,利于注气,但水平井钻井存在以下难题:泥岩含量高,井壁易失稳;非常规井眼携岩带砂难度大;短半径水平井模式,狗腿度大,定向易托压。采用机理和性能与油基钻井液相当的环保型近油基钻井液有助于解决以上难题,现场应用2口井,结果表明:(1)该钻井液对沙四段泥岩井壁稳定周期长;(2)润滑性好,定向无托压,起下钻摩阻低;(3)钻井液携岩能力强,井眼清洁效果好。缩短了钻完井周期,降低了钻井成本,对文23储气库部署具有重大意义。

介休井水位异常变化特征分析

根据山西介休井水位2007年数字化观测以来的数据变化,梳理归纳该井水位观测曲线的正常变化形态、同震变化以及影响介休井水位变化的人为干扰和自然环境干扰因素;同时对2023年7月27日介休井水位出现的突降异常,从井区构造环境、周边地震活动、地球物理观测异常变化等方面,与典型震例前的异常变化进行对比分析,认为该异常与山西中南部中等地震前的异常在时、空、强特征方面具有较高的相似性,表明山西南部区域的构造活动、应力水平在逐步增强。