Effect of dissolved-oxygen on the flotation behavior of pyrite at high altitude area

With the continuous development of mineral resources to high altitude areas,the study of sulfide ore flotation in unconventional systems has been emphasized.There is a consensus that moderate oxidation of sulfide ore is beneficial to flotation,but the specific suitable dissolved oxygen value is inconclusive,and there are few studies on sulfide ore flotation under low dissolved oxygen environment at high altitude.In this paper,we designed and assembled an atmosphere simulation flotation equipment to simulate the flotation of pyrite at high altitude by controlling the partial pressure of N_(2)/O_(2) and dissolved oxygen under atmospheric conditions.X-ray photoelectron spec-troscopy(XPS),atomic force microscope(AFM),Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FT-IR),UV-vis spectrophotometer,zeta po-tential,and contact angle measurements were used to reveal the effects of surface oxidation and agent adsorption on pyrite at high altitude(4600 m dissolved oxygen(DO)=4.0 mg/L).The results of pure mineral flotation indicated that the high altitude and low dissolved oxy-gen environment is favorable for pyrite flotation.Contact angle measurements and XPS analysis showed that the high altitude atmosphere nslows down the oxidation of pyrite surface,facilitates S_(n)^(2-)/S^(0) production and enhances surface hydrophobicity.Electrochemical calcula-tions and zeta potential analysis showed that the influence of atmosphere on the form of pyrite adsorption is small,and the different atmo-spheric conditions are consistent with dixanthogen electrochemical adsorption,with lower Zeta potential under high altitude atmosphere and significant potential shift after sodium isobutyl xanthate(SIBX)adsorption.The results of FT-IR,UV-vis,and AFM analysis showed that SIBX adsorbed more on the surface of pyrite under high altitude atmosphere and adsorbed on the surface in a mesh structure com-posed of column/block.The results of the experimental study revealed the reasons for the easy flotation of sulfide ores at high altitude with less collector dosage,and confirmed that the combined DO-pH regulation is beneficial to achieve more efficient flotation of pyrite.

Modification of streamer-to-leader transition model based on radial thermal expansion in the sphere-plane gap discharge at high altitude

Historically,streamer-to-leader transition studies mainly focused on the rod-plane gap and low altitude analysis,with limited attention paid to the sphere-plane gap at high altitude analysis.In this work,sphere-plane gap discharge tests were carried out under the gap distance of 5 m at the Qinghai Ultra High Voltage(UHV)test base at an altitude of 2200 m.The experiments measured the physical parameters such as the discharge current,electric field intensity and instantaneous optical power.The duration of the dark period and the critical charge of streamer-toleader transition were obtained at high altitude.Based on radial thermal expansion of the streamer stem,we established a modified streamer-to-leader transition model of the sphere-plane gap discharge at high altitude,and calculated the stem temperature,stem radii and the duration of streamer-to-leader transition.Compared with the measured duration of sphere-plane electrode discharge at an altitude of 2200 m,the error rate of the modified model was 0.94%,while the classical model was 6.97%,demonstrating the effectiveness of the modified model.From the comparisons and analysis,several suggestions are proposed to improve the numerical model for further quantitative investigations of the leader inception.

Study on Skin Care Efficacy of the Active Ingredients in Camellia Japonica Flowers at High and Low Altitudes

The active ingredients of Camellia japonica flowers(CJF)at high and low altitudes,as well as their skin care efficacy were compared.The dried red CJF at high and low altitudes were ultrasonically extracted with 70%ethanol,and these extracts were concentrated and then diluted to a constant volume.The content of total flavonoids,total polyphenols and total proteins was tested and analyzed.In addition,DPPH free radical scavenging,inhibition of the formation of advanced glycation end products,and inhibitory activity against elastase was measured to compare their skin care efficacy in anti-oxidation,anti-glycation,anti-wrinkling and firming.The results showed that,based on the dry weight of CJF,the content of total flavonoids and total proteins of the CJF at high altitude was approximately 1.5 times of the CJF at low altitude,while the content of total polyphenols was approximately 2.4 times that of the CJF at low altitude.The skin care efficacy of CJF at high altitude was significantly better than that of the CJF at low altitude.This work could provide theoretical basis for the selection and application of Camellia japonica flowers in the field of cosmetics.

Technologies of oxygen supply for life support during the development of mineral resources in high altitude areas

In order to fulfill the needs of life-support oxygen supply during the development of plateau mineral resources,four oxygen supply patterns suitable for the plateau mine in specific environment were developed:tunnel face diffusive oxygen supply,tunnel oxygen-bar car,carried oxygen cylinder and portable oxygen generator. Through the study of safety oxygen supply experiments in low- pressure plateau areas,the mathematical relationship between maximum integration of secure oxygen volume and altitude has been achieved. Oxygen supply safety control should follow this relationship in plateau mines during the time of executing tunnel face or in room air diffusive oxygen supply. The application results of life-support oxygen supplement technologies in the development of mineral resources in high altitude areas show that the oxygen supply for tunneling miners in plateau mines can not only effectively enhance the oxygen saturation,reduce the pulse rate and the breath rate per minute,but also improve various symptoms caused by altitude hypoxia and high-intensity physical labor.

High Altitude Adaptation and Phylogenetic Analysis of Tibetan Horse Based on the Mitochondrial Genome

To investigate genetic mechanisms of high altitude adaptations of animals living in the Tibetan Plateau, three mitochondrial genomes （mt-genome） of Tibetan horses living in Naqu （4,500 m） of Tibetan, Zhongdian （3,300 m） and Deqin （3,100 m） of Yunnan province were sequenced. The structures and lengths of these three mt-genomes are similar to the Cheju horse, which is related to Tibetan horses, but little shorter than the Swedish horse. The pair-wise identity of these three horses on nucleotide level is more than 99.3%. When the gene encoding the mitochondrial protein of Tibetan horses was analyzed, we found that NADH6 has higher non-synonymous mutation rate in all of three Tibetan horses. This implies that NADH6 may play a role in Tibetan horses＇ high altitude adaptation. NADH6 is one of the subunits of the complex I in the respiratory chain. Furthermore, 7 D-loop sequences of Tibetan horse from different areas were sequenced, and the phylogeny tree was constructed to study the origin and evolutionary history of Tibetan horses. The result showed that the genetic diverse was high among Tibetan horses. All of Tibetan horses from Naqu were clustered into one clade, and Tibetan horses from Zhongdian and Deqin were clustered into others clades. The first molecular evidence of Tibetan horses indicated in this study is that Tibetan horse population might have multiple origins.

Initial Analysis on the Effect of High-low Altitude Jet Stream on Heavy Precipitation in Guangxi

By using the routine observation data,a heavy precipitation process which happened in Guangxi on May 27,2006 was analyzed.The results that this heavy precipitation occurred in the common coordination weather system which included the high-altitude trough,the shear line and the ground cold front.The ascent branch of subtropical longitude circle circulation and the polar front jet stream longitude circle circulation had the important role for the formation of rainstorm area.The coupling effect of southerly jet,low-altitude westerly jet and high-altitude westerly jet in the boundary layer was the important reason of rainstorm occurrence.

The cardiovascular system at high altitude:A bibliometric and visualization analysis

BACKGROUND When exposed to high-altitude environments,the cardiovascular system undergoes various changes,the performance and mechanisms of which remain controversial.AIM To summarize the latest research advancements and hot research points in the cardiovascular system at high altitude by conducting a bibliometric and visualization analysis.METHODS The literature was systematically retrieved and filtered using the Web of Science Core Collection of Science Citation Index Expanded.A visualization analysis of the identified publications was conducted employing CiteSpace and VOSviewer.RESULTS A total of 1674 publications were included in the study,with an observed annual increase in the number of publications spanning from 1990 to 2022.The United States of America emerged as the predominant contributor,while Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia stood out as the institution with the highest publication output.Notably,Jean-Paul Richalet demonstrated the highest productivity among researchers focusing on the cardiovascular system at high altitude.Furthermore,Peter Bärtsch emerged as the author with the highest number of cited articles.Keyword analysis identified hypoxia,exercise,acclimatization,acute and chronic mountain sickness,pulmonary hypertension,metabolism,and echocardiography as the primary research hot research points and emerging directions in the study of the cardiovascular system at high altitude.CONCLUSION Over the past 32 years,research on the cardiovascular system in high-altitude regions has been steadily increasing.Future research in this field may focus on areas such as hypoxia adaptation,metabolism,and cardiopulmonary exercise.Strengthening interdisciplinary and multi-team collaborations will facilitate further exploration of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cardiovascular changes in high-altitude environments and provide a theoretical basis for standardized disease diagnosis and treatment.

Serum testosterone levels and excessive erythrocytosis during the process of adaptation to high altitudes

Populations living at high altitudes （HAs）, particularly in the Peruvian Andes, are characterized by a mixture of subjects with erythrocytosis （16 g dl-1〈haemoglobin （Hb）≤21 gdl-1） and others with excessive erythrocytosis （EE） （Hb〉21 g dl-1）. Elevated haemoglobin values （EE） are associated with chronic mountain sickness, a condition reflecting the lack of adaptation to HA. According to current data, native men from regions of HA are not adequately adapted to live at such altitudes if they have elevated serum testosterone levels. This seems to be due to an increased conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate （DH EAS） to testosterone. Men with erythrocytosis at HAs show higher serum androstenedione levels and a lower testosterone/androstenedione ratio than men with EE, suggesting reduced 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase （17beta-HSD） activity. Lower 17beta-HSD activity via A4-steroid production in men with erythrocytosis at HA may protect against elevated serum testosterone levels, thus preventing EE. The higher conversion of DHEAS to testosterone in subjects with EE indicates increased 17beta-HSD activity via the A5-pathway. Currently, there are various situations in which people live （human biodiversity） with low or high haemoglobin levels at HA. Antiquity could be an important adaptation component for life at HA, and testosterone seems to participate in this process.

Aerobic bacterial flora of the normal conjunctiva at high altitude area of Shimla Hills in India:a hospital based study

AIM:To study the normal aerobic conjunctival flora in lower to mid Himalayan region of Shimla Hills.METHODS:Samples from normal conjunctiva of 200 individuals above the age of 13 years who visited Indira Gandhi Medical College Hospital Shimla for refraction or cataract surgery were taken by anaesthetising the conjunctival sac with sterile 4% Xylocaine solution.Samples were obtained by gently rubbing lower fornix with a sterile cotton wool swab moistened with normal saline and keeping the eye lids wide apart to avoid contamination from lid margins.It was immediately inoculated in Brain Heart infusion and subjected to standard aerobic culture and identification techniques.RESULTS:Totally,72 eyes(36%) conjunctival sacs were sterile.Predominant aerobes isolated were Staphylococcus spp.in 120(60%) followed by Haemophilus in 16(8%),diphtheroids in 10(5%),and Escherichia coli(E.coli) in 4(2%).A single aerobe was isolated from 98 eyes(49%) while 30 eyes(15%) yielded more than 1 aerobe.Staphylococcus epidermidis(S.epidermidis) was the most common bacterium,found alone in 58 eyes(29%) and in combination with another aerobe in 30 eyes(15%),followed by Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus) in 18(9%) and 10 eyes(5%) respectively.CONCLUSION:S.epidermidis is the most common commensal organism followed by Haemophilus species.diphtheroids occupied the third position which otherwise are found more abundantly in literature.Pathogens like S.aureus,Staphylococcus citreus and E.coli were also found.Therefore,preoperative administration of topical broad spectrum antibiotics is extremely important in prophylaxis against ocular infection.The variation in microflora of normal conjunctiva in this part of world can be attributed to geographical,climatic and ethnic characteristics of the population under study.

Regular Observation of De-Acclimatization and Randomized Controlled Research of Diagnostic Criteria of High Altitude De-Acclimatization Syndrome among Different Plateau Migrants Crowd after Their Return to the Plain

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the diagnostic methods of high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome and to formulate diagnostic criteria. Methods: This study was conducted using epidemiological surveys and a multi-center randomized controlled clinical trial. A total of 3011 subjects were studied, and the following indices were collected after their return to low altitude areas from the plateau: general health status, blood, urine and stool samples, myo-cardial enzyme levels, liver and kidney function, nerve function, sex hormone levels, microalbuminuria, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, pulmonary function, and hemorheological markers. These data were compared to those of randomized healthy subjects in the same age range who lived at the same altitude to determine the characteristics of high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome. Based on these characteristics, diagnostic criteria for high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome were formulated. Results: This study demonstrated that the incidence of high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome was 84.36%. Sixty percent of the cases were mild, 30% were medium, and 10% were severe. The incidence was higher among those who returned to a place of lower altitude, resided at a high altitude for a longer period of time, or engaged in heavy labor while at high altitude. Patients with high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome manifested hematological abnormalities and abnormal ventricular function, notably a right ventricular diastolic function, which recovered to baseline function after one to five years. Exposure to long-term hypoxia often caused obvious changes in cardiac morphology, i.e., left and right ventricular hypertrophy, particularly within the right ventricle. In addition, patients with high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome often presented with low blood pressure, low pulse pressure, and microalbuminuria. A few patients presented with occult blood in their feces. The diagnosis of high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome can be made if a patient who recently returns to the plain from the plateau complains of dizziness, weakness, sleepiness, chest tightness, edema, memory loss, and other symptoms and signs that do not alleviate under short-term rehabilitation or symptomatic treatment, and if organic diseases of the heart, lung, kidney, and other organs have been excluded. Conclusion: The diagnosis of high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome should be made after a comprehensive analysis of the patient’s clinical symptoms and signs.

Expression of HIF-1α and Its Target Genes in the Nanorana parkeri Heart：Implications for High Altitude Adaptation

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha（HIF-1α） and its target genes vascular endothelial growth factor（VEGF） and transferrins（TF） play an important role in native endothermic animals＇ adaptation to the high altitude environments. For ectothermic animals – especially frogs – it remains undetermined whether HIF-1α and its target genes（VEGF and TF） play an important role in high altitude adaptation, too. In this study, we compared the gene sequences and expression of HIF-1α and its target genes（VEGF and TF） between three Nanorana parkeri populations from different altitudes（3008 m a.s.l., 3440 m a.s.l. and 4312 m a.s.l.）. We observed that the c DNA sequences of HIF-1A exhibited high sequence similarity（99.38%） among the three altitudinally separated populations; but with increasing altitude, the expression of HIF-1A and its target genes（VEGF and TF） increased significantly. These results indicate that HIF-1α plays an important role in N. parkeri adaptation to the high altitude, similar to its role in endothermic animals.

Environmental Impact of High Altitudes on the Operation of PEM Fuel Cell Based UAS

Fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy in the reactants into the electrical energy after steps of sequential electrochemical processes with no significant impact on the environment. For high altitude long endurance (HALE) of unmanned aircraft system (UAS) where fuel cell operates as a prime source of power, the operation and performance of a PEM fuel cell at different level of altitudes is vitally important. In this paper, the impact of direct using extracted air from high altitudes atmosphere in order to feed the stack is investigated, and the governing equations of the supplied air and oxygen to the PEM fuel cell stack are developed. The impact of high altitudes upon the operation and the consumption of air are determined in order to maintain certain level of delivered power to the load. Also the implications associated with operating the PEM fuel cell stack at high altitudes and different technical solutions are proposed. Various modes of Integral, Proportional-Integral, and Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller are introduced and examined for different time setting responses in order to determine the most adequate trade-off choice between fast response and reactants consumption which provides the necessary optimization of the air consumption for the developed model of PEM fuel cell used for UAS operation.

The physiological effects of resveratrol and its potential application in high altitude medicine

Resveratrol, as a natural polyphenolic compound, has a wide range of beneficial effects, which includes anti-tumor, cardiovascular protection, anti-oxidant and estrogen-like effects, and so on. Its various physiological properties are closely related to the therapeutic principle for prevention and treatment of high altitude hypoxia injury. Resveratrol may play an important role in relieving or curing high altitude diseases, especially high altitude polycythemia(HAPC). However, the literature about study and application of resveratrol in plateau medicine field is rarely reported up to now. In this review, we summarized the physiological effects of resveratrol, discussed the possible main principle of resveratrol for HAPC therapy, and looked forward to resveratrol's perspective or potential application in high altitude medicine.

Effective administration of cranial drilling therapy in the treatment of fourth degree temporal,facial and upper limb burns at high altitude:A case report

BACKGROUND Fourth degree burns damage the full thickness of the skin and affect underlying tissues.Skin grafting after debridement is often used to cover the wounds of salvageable severe burns.A granulation wound can be formed by drilling the skull to the barrier layer to solve the problem of skull exposure.Low oxygen levels present at high altitudes aggravate ischemia and hypoxia which can negatively impact wound healing.The impaired healing in such cases can be ameliorated by hyperbaric oxygen therapy.CASE SUMMARY We describe a patient who presented with fourth degree burns to the left temporal and facial regions upon admission in December 2018.The periosteum of the skull and the deep fascia of the face were exposed.After the first stage of debridement and skin grafting,the temporal skin did not survive well.Granulation was induced by cranial drilling,and then a local flap was transferred to cover the wound.The left temporal and facial wounds were completely covered and the patient recovered well.CONCLUSION Skin grafting and flap transfer after early debridement to cover the wound and control infection were of great significance.In the later stages of the patient's treatment,survival of the skin graft and skin flap was observed.The second stage repair was performed to achieve successful skin grafting by cranial granulation.Granulation was formed by drilling the skull,and then the wound was closed,which is suitable for cases with skull exposure and wounds with poor blood supply.We consider that hyperbaric oxygen treatment and improving tissue oxygen supply were beneficial in this patient.

Prevalence of Congenital Heart Disease at Extremely High Altitudes in Tibet and the Establishment of a New Free Treatment Model

Background: This study aimed to illustrate the prevalence of CHD by screening children in extremely high-altitudeareas (over 4000 m to even 5000 m above sea level) and explore an aid model for early diagnosis and treatmentfor the Tibetan population. Methods: A total of 2242 students from different schools in Ngamring County,Xigaze City, Tibet from September 2019 to September 2020 were selected for screening. The students were examinedthrough the inquiry of their current medical history and family history, cardiac auscultation and a physicalexamination, in order to screen out the suspected cases of CHD, and then the suspected cases were confirmed bycardiac color ultrasound examinations. After that, positive patients were be transferred to Shandong Province forfree treatment. Results: The prevalence of CHD among children in Ngamring County was 3.70% (83 cases),which is the highest incidence rate ever reported. The most common type of CHD was patent ductus arteriosus(PDA), accounting for 55.42% of the total number of cases screened, followed by atrial septal defect (ASD) andventricular septal defect (VSD), accounting for 28.92% and 12.05%, respectively. The prevalence of CHD in childrenat high altitude was significantly higher than that in children at low altitude. The children with CHD weretransferred to Shandong Province for surgery, the operations were successful and their recoveries went well.Conclusions: The results show that high altitude is closely related to the prevalence of CHD, and the incidencein Ngamring County is much higher than that in previous reports.

Attitude control allocation strategy of high altitude airship based on synthetic performance optimization

This paper presents a method for solving the attitude control problem of high altitude airship (HAA) with aerodynamic fin and vectored thruster control. The algorithm is based on the synthetic optimization of dynamic performance and energy consumption of airship. Firstly, according to the system overall configuration, the dynamic model of HAA was established and the HAA linearized model of longitudinal plane motion was obtained. Secondly, using the classic PID control theory, the HAA attitude control system was designed. Thirdly, through analyzing the dynamic performance of airship with fin or vectored thruster control, the synthetic performance index function with different weighting functions was determined. By means of optimizing the obtained performance index function, the attitude control of high altitude airship with good dynamic performance and low energy consumption was achieved. Finally, attitude control allocation strategy was designed for the airship station keeping at an altitude of 22 km. The simulation experiment proved the validity of the proposed algorithm.

Prevalence and Spectrum of Complex Congenital Heart Disease in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at High Altitude in China

Background:Previous studies from high altitudes have reported significantly higher prevalence of congenital heart disease(CHD),consisting almost solely of simple CHD.Little is known about the occurrence of complex CHD.Neonates with complex CHD are likely admitted to NICU.We examined the prevalence and spectrum of complex CHD in NICU in order to depict a truer picture of CHD at high altitude.Methods:We reviewed charts of 4,214 neonates admitted to NICU in Qinghai province(average altitude 3,000 m).Echocardiography was performed in 1,943 babies when CHD was suspected based on clinical examinations.Results:CHD was diagnosed in 1,093(56.3%of echoed babies).Mild CHD in 96.8%(1058 babies).Moderate CHD in 0.8%(9)included 1(0.1%)large secundum atrial septal defect,3(0.3%)moderate pulmonary stenosis,2(0.2%)aortic stenosis and 3(0.3%)partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection.Severe CHD in 2.4%(26)included 6(0.5%)complete atrioventricular septal defect,5(0.5%)complete transposition of the great arteries,5(0.5%)hypoplastic right heart,3(0.3%)hypoplastic left heart,3(0.3%)double outlet right ventricle,3(0.3%)tetralogy of Fallot,2(0.2%)truncus arteriosus,2(0.2%)total anomalous pulmonary venous connection,2(0.2%)severe aortic stenosis,2(0.2%)interrupted aortic arch and 2(0.2%)severe pulmonary stenosis and 1(0.1%)single-ventricle abnormality.At two-years follow-up in 737(67.4%)patients,18(90%)with severe CHD and 38(5.3%)with mild and moderate CHD died,and 15 underwent cardiac surgery with 1 early death.Conclusions:At high altitude,a wide spectrum of CHD exists,with many heretofore unreported complex CHD.There is urgent need for routine echocardiography and early interventions in newborns particularly in NICU.

Statistical Modeling of the High Altitude Platform Dual-Polarized MIMO Propagation Channel

In order to investigate the benefit of multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) technique applying to the high altitude platform(HAP), a 2×2 MIMO statistical model, which can accurately describe the channel between HAP and high-speed train, is presented. And dual polarization diversity is particularly considered. Based on first-order three-state Markov chain, the single-input single-output(SISO) channel, a subset of the MIMO channel is first established. The ray tracing approach applied to the digital relief model(DRM) which covers the railway between Xi'an and Zhengzhou is used to obtain the state probability vector and matrix of the state transition probability. The proposed model considers both Doppler shift and temporal correlation, and the polarization correlation and spatial correlation statistical properties of large-scale fading and smallscale fading are analyzed. Moreover, useful numerical results on the MIMO HAP channel outage capacity are provided based on which, significant capacity gains with respect to the conventional SISO case are illustrated. Such statistical channel model can be applied to the future wireless communication system between HAP and high-speed train.

A rat model of high altitude polycythemia rapidly established by hypobaric hypoxia exposure

Objective To investigate the effects of simple hypobaric hypoxia on parameters of hematology and blood rheology in order to establish a rat model of simulated high altitude polycythemia(HAPC) for the study of pathophysiologic mechanisms and medical prevention and treatment of HAPC.Methods Fortyeight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three normal control groups and three hypoxia model groups.Normal control group rats were bred in normoxia conditions,and hypoxia group rats were subjected to hypoxic exposure for 8 hours per day at simulated 5 500 m high altitude in a hypobaric chamber.After hypoxic exposure for 2,4,12 weeks,one group of normal control and hypoxia model rats were killed and blood was collected,respectively.Then parameters of erythrocyte and blood rheology were examined.Results Mucous membrane of hypoxia model rats showed obviously cyanosis after 2 weeks hypoxic exposure.Hemoglobin concentration of hypoxia model rats were beyond 210 g/L after 2 weeks,4 weeks and 12 weeks hypoxia exposure and significantly increased than that of normal control rats respectively.Besides,RBC counts,hematocrit,whole blood viscosity,erythrocyte aggregation index of hypoxia model rats were all notably higher than those of normal control rats respectively.Conclusion A rat model of high altitude polycythemia can be rapidly established by hypobaric hypoxia exposure at simulated 5 500 m high altitude for 8 hours daily.

High-altitude hypoxia induces disorders of the brain- endocrine-immune network through activation of corticotropin-releasing factor and its type- 1 receptors

High-altitude hypoxia can induce physiological dysfunction and mountain sickness,but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood.Corticotrophin-releasing factor(CRF) and CRF type-1 receptors(CRFR1) are members of the CRF family and the essential controllers of the physiological activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal(HPA) axis and modulators of endocrine and behavioral activity in response to various stressors.We have previously found that high-altitude hypoxia induces disorders of the brain-endocrine-immune network through activation of CRF and CRFR1 in the brain and periphery that include activation of the HPA axis in a time-and dose-dependent manner,impaired or improved learning and memory,and anxiety-like behavioral change.Meanwhile,hypoxia induces dysfunctions of the hypothalamo-pituitary-endocrine and immune systems,including suppression of growth and development,as well as inhibition of reproductive,metabolic and immune functions.In contrast,the small mammals that live on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau alpine meadow display low responsiveness to extreme high-altitudehypoxia challenge,suggesting well-acclimatized genes and a physiological strategy that developed during evolution through interactions between the genes and environment.All the findings provide evidence for understanding the neuroendocrine mechanisms of hypoxia-induced physiological dysfunction.This review extends these findings.