It is already five years since the 10-year-old experimental law on the organization of villagers committees adopted in November 1987 by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress was made permanent, end...It is already five years since the 10-year-old experimental law on the organization of villagers committees adopted in November 1987 by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress was made permanent, ending an intense political debate about how much independence villagers committees should be given to manage village affairs and to what extent villagers should be allowed to choose their leaders. It is five years in which the implementation of villagers autonomy as defined by the law proceeded the fastest and the achievements were the most fruitful. Local laws Over the past five years, all places展开更多
In the performance experiment of organic Rankine cycle power generation experimental system, the loadresistance-regulation method is one of the most important regulation methods. However, the regulation law has not be...In the performance experiment of organic Rankine cycle power generation experimental system, the loadresistance-regulation method is one of the most important regulation methods. However, the regulation law has not been clear enough to guide the experiment, which is unfavorable to the experimental research on organic Rankine cycle. In this paper the regulation law of turbine and generator by the load-resistance-regulation method is studied theoretically and experimentally. The results show that when the thermal cycle parameters keep constant, the turbine speed increases with the increase of load resistance and there is a maximum value of transmission-generator efficiency with the variation of the turbine speed; when the turbine speed and generator speed keep constant, the transmissiongenerator efficiency decreases and gradually tends to zero with the increase of load resistance.展开更多
China＇s high-speed railway industry achieved dazzling development over the years, but not much research has been devoted to this industry from the perspeetive of competition policy. This paper focuses on the industri...China＇s high-speed railway industry achieved dazzling development over the years, but not much research has been devoted to this industry from the perspeetive of competition policy. This paper focuses on the industrial organization of China＇s high-speed railway industry and the applicability of the Anti-Monopoly Law. We intend to answer the following questions： （l） Why is the high-speed railway industry not an industry of natural monopoly？ Which segments of the industry have elements of natural monopoly？ （2） At the level of corporate organization, what is the legal and economic rationale behind the patterns of China＇s high-speed railway undertakings evolving from government-affiliated enterprises to special legal person enterprises and then shareholding companies？ （3） The applicability of the Anti-Monopoly Law to the high-speed railway industry. Our conclusions from the perspective of competition policy are worth referencing for similar industries such as electric power, telecommunications, and water and gas supply.展开更多
The relationship between trace elements in coal and organic functional groups of coal, also some of aromatic structure, was investigated by using curve fitting of infrared spectra. Cluster analysis was also performed ...The relationship between trace elements in coal and organic functional groups of coal, also some of aromatic structure, was investigated by using curve fitting of infrared spectra. Cluster analysis was also performed according to the degree of affinity of organic groups to the trace elements. The results show that there is a possibility that trace elements, especially LREE, were bound to peripheral organic functional groups of middle rank coal macromolecule. The most possible functional group that binds trace element is the hydroxyl, and to the less degree, the asymmetric -CH3 and 〉CH2 stretching, -CH3 stretching, etc. The degree of affinity of trace elements to different functional groups varies. The tendency obeys the natural structural changing law of trace elements-- the periodic law. The deviation of some trace elements from this regular trend is attributed to the deviation of intrinsic ＂confusion degree＂ （conventional molar entropy） of the matter system of coal basin, which is affected by the inner and outer factors during the evolution.展开更多
Established within the framework of the World Trade Organization （WTO）, the Trade Policy Review Mechanism （TPRM） reviews periodically the trade policies of all WTO Members. The review includes many aspects of food...Established within the framework of the World Trade Organization （WTO）, the Trade Policy Review Mechanism （TPRM） reviews periodically the trade policies of all WTO Members. The review includes many aspects of food safety regulation. China＇s trade policy is reviewed every two years. This paper analyses in detail the reviews of China＇s trade policy in 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014. It focuses in particular on food safety laws and types of standards, alignment of domestic standards with international standards, the role of different domestic institutions, transparency and notification of food safety measures under the WTO agreements on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures （SPS） and on Technical Barriers to Trade （TBTAgreement）, import and export, and geographical indications （GIs）. It concludes that the WTO TPRM can contribute, within its mandate, to reform of Chinese food safety laws and improvement of food safety in China. it notes that China has already undertaken substantial reforms of its system for regulating food safety. It recommends that China should continue to participate actively in the TPRM, follow its own path with regard to alignment and learn selectively from other WTO Members.展开更多
Combining the science of complexity with ore geology, the author puts forward a new theory of metallogenesis: “complexity and self organized criticality of metallogenic dynamic systems”, and three fundamental theor...Combining the science of complexity with ore geology, the author puts forward a new theory of metallogenesis: “complexity and self organized criticality of metallogenic dynamic systems”, and three fundamental theories are raised for it. The ore genesis and regularity of ore formation of four metallogenic districts around the Yangtze craton in China are studied with this theory. It is found that “metallogenic districts of Yangtze cratonic rim are all at the edge of chaos”. This proposition is expounded by four determinative criteria of the edge of chaos for metallogenic districts of Yangtze cratonic rim.展开更多
The process of new-type urbanization in China has changed the rural financial demand pattern,for which the peasant household is the subject,and caused its financial demand to change and increase at the same time. As t...The process of new-type urbanization in China has changed the rural financial demand pattern,for which the peasant household is the subject,and caused its financial demand to change and increase at the same time. As the subject of the rural financial supply, rural financial organizations have to accelerate their institutional innovation and innovation of financial products and services,only through which can they break the financial bottleneck in the process of urbanization. Legislation is the only route for the rural financial organizational system construction and perfection in China. The formation of legal system of rural financial organizations is influenced by factors such as politics,economy and system,as well as the real demand of the rural financial subject,so the value orientation takes on a paradoxical movement of coexistence,competition and integration,which is in great need of more value consensus through system practice and enhancement of management concept for rural financial organizations.展开更多
The claim that there exists a transition of earthquake energy distribution between small and large earthquakes is checked using broadband radiated energy of earthquakes for global seismicity. Scattering of the relatio...The claim that there exists a transition of earthquake energy distribution between small and large earthquakes is checked using broadband radiated energy of earthquakes for global seismicity. Scattering of the relation between the magnitude and the broadband radiated energy makes it necessary to use the energy data directly. Rank-ordering statistics is applied to enhance the resolution in retrieving the power law distribution with undersampled data, namely, a few tens of events. Seen in the perspective of broadband radiated energy with higher resolution, there is no evidence for the kink in the frequency-energy distribution for large and small earthquakes. Instead, a single power law can well explain the data. For earthquakes with energy larger than 10<sup>14</sup> J, we find that the number N of events with energy E depends on E via N ∝ E-B, with the scaling constant B = 0.64 ± 0.04, corresponding to b = 0.95± 0.06.展开更多
Shale acoustic logging response law is complex due to the multiple minerals and pores,which limits the application of acoustic logging in shale reservoir parameter evaluation,therefore clarifying the shale acoustic lo...Shale acoustic logging response law is complex due to the multiple minerals and pores,which limits the application of acoustic logging in shale reservoir parameter evaluation,therefore clarifying the shale acoustic logging response law is of great importance.Different petrophysical models are adopted for the equivalence of organic matter,clay,matrix minerals,and fractures,in Wufeng-Longmaxi shale formation in the Jiaoshiba area.Finally,the self-consistent approximation model is used to combine different components,and a shale petrophysical model with a complex pore structure is constructed.The model verification results show it has good predictability for shale.Based on the model,the effect of different mineral compositions and different types of pores are studied.The results show that:1)The effect of clay and organic matter is very complex,and the variation laws of layered clay(organic matter)and dispersed clay(organic matter)on the acoustic wave are consistent.2)Layered clay or organic matter leads to the formation anisotropy increase,which makes the acoustic time difference greater than that of containing dispersed clay(organic matter).3)The fracture is the main control factor of anisotropy,and the anisotropy of gas-bearing fracture is higher than that of water/oil fracture.展开更多
Volatile organic compounds （VOCs） are widely used in various industrial processes and generate water pollutions. VOCs removal from raw water is an important task for waterworks to guarantee drinking water security. ...Volatile organic compounds （VOCs） are widely used in various industrial processes and generate water pollutions. VOCs removal from raw water is an important task for waterworks to guarantee drinking water security. The removal of VOCs such as chlorobenzene （CB） and ethylbenzene （EB） from raw water by air stripping was investigated under various conditions, inciuding the variation of temperature （5-30~C）, pH （3.5-10.5）, and air/water ratio （10-60）. The air stripping removal efficiency of VOCs decreased with VOCs concentration declining in water. And Henry＇s law constant was demonstrated as an indicator of the estimation of VOCs removal efficiency for air stripping. The effects of temperature and the ratio of air and water were found to play a great role in VOCs removal, but the effect of pH seemed to be negligible. This study demonstrates that air stripping provides a promising opportunity in removing VOCs in drinking water treatment, especially for the relatively high concentration of VOCs.展开更多
The evolution characteristics of bedload transport feature of paroxysm debris flow have been studied by means of both theory analysis and experimental data.The analysis based on the flume experiment data of a sand pil...The evolution characteristics of bedload transport feature of paroxysm debris flow have been studied by means of both theory analysis and experimental data.The analysis based on the flume experiment data of a sand pile model as well as a large amount of field data of debris flow clearly shown that the statistical distribu- tion for the main variable of the sand pile made of non-uniform sand (according the sand pile experiment,φ≥2.55) conform to the negative power law,that means the non-uniform sand syste...展开更多
文摘It is already five years since the 10-year-old experimental law on the organization of villagers committees adopted in November 1987 by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress was made permanent, ending an intense political debate about how much independence villagers committees should be given to manage village affairs and to what extent villagers should be allowed to choose their leaders. It is five years in which the implementation of villagers autonomy as defined by the law proceeded the fastest and the achievements were the most fruitful. Local laws Over the past five years, all places
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51306198)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(No.20110032110046)
文摘In the performance experiment of organic Rankine cycle power generation experimental system, the loadresistance-regulation method is one of the most important regulation methods. However, the regulation law has not been clear enough to guide the experiment, which is unfavorable to the experimental research on organic Rankine cycle. In this paper the regulation law of turbine and generator by the load-resistance-regulation method is studied theoretically and experimentally. The results show that when the thermal cycle parameters keep constant, the turbine speed increases with the increase of load resistance and there is a maximum value of transmission-generator efficiency with the variation of the turbine speed; when the turbine speed and generator speed keep constant, the transmissiongenerator efficiency decreases and gradually tends to zero with the increase of load resistance.
文摘China＇s high-speed railway industry achieved dazzling development over the years, but not much research has been devoted to this industry from the perspeetive of competition policy. This paper focuses on the industrial organization of China＇s high-speed railway industry and the applicability of the Anti-Monopoly Law. We intend to answer the following questions： （l） Why is the high-speed railway industry not an industry of natural monopoly？ Which segments of the industry have elements of natural monopoly？ （2） At the level of corporate organization, what is the legal and economic rationale behind the patterns of China＇s high-speed railway undertakings evolving from government-affiliated enterprises to special legal person enterprises and then shareholding companies？ （3） The applicability of the Anti-Monopoly Law to the high-speed railway industry. Our conclusions from the perspective of competition policy are worth referencing for similar industries such as electric power, telecommunications, and water and gas supply.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(Nos.41172143 and 40872101)Developmental Plan of Basic Research on Natural Science of Shanxi Province(20012JM5005)Science Research Plan of Shanxi education department(12JK0483)
文摘The relationship between trace elements in coal and organic functional groups of coal, also some of aromatic structure, was investigated by using curve fitting of infrared spectra. Cluster analysis was also performed according to the degree of affinity of organic groups to the trace elements. The results show that there is a possibility that trace elements, especially LREE, were bound to peripheral organic functional groups of middle rank coal macromolecule. The most possible functional group that binds trace element is the hydroxyl, and to the less degree, the asymmetric -CH3 and 〉CH2 stretching, -CH3 stretching, etc. The degree of affinity of trace elements to different functional groups varies. The tendency obeys the natural structural changing law of trace elements-- the periodic law. The deviation of some trace elements from this regular trend is attributed to the deviation of intrinsic ＂confusion degree＂ （conventional molar entropy） of the matter system of coal basin, which is affected by the inner and outer factors during the evolution.
基金Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, ChinaPeking University School of Transnational Law, China
文摘Established within the framework of the World Trade Organization （WTO）, the Trade Policy Review Mechanism （TPRM） reviews periodically the trade policies of all WTO Members. The review includes many aspects of food safety regulation. China＇s trade policy is reviewed every two years. This paper analyses in detail the reviews of China＇s trade policy in 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014. It focuses in particular on food safety laws and types of standards, alignment of domestic standards with international standards, the role of different domestic institutions, transparency and notification of food safety measures under the WTO agreements on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures （SPS） and on Technical Barriers to Trade （TBTAgreement）, import and export, and geographical indications （GIs）. It concludes that the WTO TPRM can contribute, within its mandate, to reform of Chinese food safety laws and improvement of food safety in China. it notes that China has already undertaken substantial reforms of its system for regulating food safety. It recommends that China should continue to participate actively in the TPRM, follow its own path with regard to alignment and learn selectively from other WTO Members.
文摘Combining the science of complexity with ore geology, the author puts forward a new theory of metallogenesis: “complexity and self organized criticality of metallogenic dynamic systems”, and three fundamental theories are raised for it. The ore genesis and regularity of ore formation of four metallogenic districts around the Yangtze craton in China are studied with this theory. It is found that “metallogenic districts of Yangtze cratonic rim are all at the edge of chaos”. This proposition is expounded by four determinative criteria of the edge of chaos for metallogenic districts of Yangtze cratonic rim.
文摘The process of new-type urbanization in China has changed the rural financial demand pattern,for which the peasant household is the subject,and caused its financial demand to change and increase at the same time. As the subject of the rural financial supply, rural financial organizations have to accelerate their institutional innovation and innovation of financial products and services,only through which can they break the financial bottleneck in the process of urbanization. Legislation is the only route for the rural financial organizational system construction and perfection in China. The formation of legal system of rural financial organizations is influenced by factors such as politics,economy and system,as well as the real demand of the rural financial subject,so the value orientation takes on a paradoxical movement of coexistence,competition and integration,which is in great need of more value consensus through system practice and enhancement of management concept for rural financial organizations.
文摘The claim that there exists a transition of earthquake energy distribution between small and large earthquakes is checked using broadband radiated energy of earthquakes for global seismicity. Scattering of the relation between the magnitude and the broadband radiated energy makes it necessary to use the energy data directly. Rank-ordering statistics is applied to enhance the resolution in retrieving the power law distribution with undersampled data, namely, a few tens of events. Seen in the perspective of broadband radiated energy with higher resolution, there is no evidence for the kink in the frequency-energy distribution for large and small earthquakes. Instead, a single power law can well explain the data. For earthquakes with energy larger than 10<sup>14</sup> J, we find that the number N of events with energy E depends on E via N ∝ E-B, with the scaling constant B = 0.64 ± 0.04, corresponding to b = 0.95± 0.06.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)Basic Research Program on Deep Petroleum Resource Accumulation and Key Engineering Technologies(Grant No.U19B6003-04-03-03)The Key Project of Sinopec Ministry of Science and Technology(Grant No.PE19012-1)the National Research Council of Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2016ZX05060-001-012)。
文摘Shale acoustic logging response law is complex due to the multiple minerals and pores,which limits the application of acoustic logging in shale reservoir parameter evaluation,therefore clarifying the shale acoustic logging response law is of great importance.Different petrophysical models are adopted for the equivalence of organic matter,clay,matrix minerals,and fractures,in Wufeng-Longmaxi shale formation in the Jiaoshiba area.Finally,the self-consistent approximation model is used to combine different components,and a shale petrophysical model with a complex pore structure is constructed.The model verification results show it has good predictability for shale.Based on the model,the effect of different mineral compositions and different types of pores are studied.The results show that:1)The effect of clay and organic matter is very complex,and the variation laws of layered clay(organic matter)and dispersed clay(organic matter)on the acoustic wave are consistent.2)Layered clay or organic matter leads to the formation anisotropy increase,which makes the acoustic time difference greater than that of containing dispersed clay(organic matter).3)The fracture is the main control factor of anisotropy,and the anisotropy of gas-bearing fracture is higher than that of water/oil fracture.
基金National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 program)(No.2008AA06A414)Major Science and Technology Proyran for Water Pollution Control and Treatment,China(No.2008ZX07421-003)
文摘Volatile organic compounds （VOCs） are widely used in various industrial processes and generate water pollutions. VOCs removal from raw water is an important task for waterworks to guarantee drinking water security. The removal of VOCs such as chlorobenzene （CB） and ethylbenzene （EB） from raw water by air stripping was investigated under various conditions, inciuding the variation of temperature （5-30~C）, pH （3.5-10.5）, and air/water ratio （10-60）. The air stripping removal efficiency of VOCs decreased with VOCs concentration declining in water. And Henry＇s law constant was demonstrated as an indicator of the estimation of VOCs removal efficiency for air stripping. The effects of temperature and the ratio of air and water were found to play a great role in VOCs removal, but the effect of pH seemed to be negligible. This study demonstrates that air stripping provides a promising opportunity in removing VOCs in drinking water treatment, especially for the relatively high concentration of VOCs.
基金Supported by the National Natureal Science Foundation of China (5040901240025103)
文摘The evolution characteristics of bedload transport feature of paroxysm debris flow have been studied by means of both theory analysis and experimental data.The analysis based on the flume experiment data of a sand pile model as well as a large amount of field data of debris flow clearly shown that the statistical distribu- tion for the main variable of the sand pile made of non-uniform sand (according the sand pile experiment,φ≥2.55) conform to the negative power law,that means the non-uniform sand syste...
