Influence of Diversity of Prototypical Ethnic Culture in Diversity of Glutinous Rice in Southeast of Guizhou

There were quite abundant prototypical ethnic cultures and plant diversity in Qiandongnan （ Southeast of Guizhou） ,where the primitive natural ecology was also perfectly conserved. It was honored by World Native Culture Fund as One of the Eighteen Ecological and Cultural Conservations in the World. The prototypical ethnic culture of Southeast of Guizhou, as a stable life-style and economic culture type of the local people, came into being in the process of the local minorities＇ communicating, blending and struggling against the natural environment in the long course of history. It could be seen from this research that there were our preliminary research that there are quite abundant resources in Southeast of Guizhou in terms of prototypical ethnic cultures and genetic diversity of glutinous rice. A full reflection of the culture of Glutinous Rice could be seen in the local minority people＇s daily life, production, custom, religious belief, etc. These showed that the formation and great vitality of the genetic diversity of glutinous rice was not only determined by the diversity of local prototypical ethnic cultures but also to its own biotic condition and its adaptation to natural ecology. It was showed that prototypical ethnic cultures had positive impact on the conservation and utilization of Glutinous Rice diversity.

The Historical Status of Guizhou Province on Glutinous Rice Cultivation Sphere of China

Guizhou Province is part of the glutinous rice cultivation sphere in our country.Its rice production and germplasm resources play an important role.The southeast region is the centre of the Guizhou glutinous rice cultivation and characterized by waxy wo,which is treasure of the original farming culture of southeast Guizhou region and an important symbol for ethnic cultural identity of the region.

Analysis on Genetic Similarity of Japonica Rice Variety from Different Origins of Geography in the World

The genetic similarity and genetic difference among improved japonica rice varieties from different countries （or regions and organizations） were detected. The aim is to provide genetic basis to the breeding of japonica rice varieties. The genetic similarity and cluster of 313 improved japonica varieties from 20 countries （or regions and organizations） were analyzed using the SSR marker. With 34 SSR primers which were polymorphic and uniformly distributed in rice genome, totally 198 alleles were detected among these improved varieties with the average number of alleles per pair of primers of 5.8235. RM320, RM531, RM1, RM21, and RM336 located more alleles, which were 16, 13, 12, 10, and 10 respectively. RM320, RM336, RM286, RM531, and RM21 showed higher genetic diversity indexes, which were 2.3668, 2.0041, 1.9684, 1.9508, and 1.7203, respectively. The genetic similarity for improved japonica varieties among different countries （or regions and organizations） were ranged from 0.279 to 0.918, and the mean value was 0.653. The rice varieties from countries whose latitude and geography position were all nearer were clustered together with higher genetic similarity indexes. The rice varieties from countries who had more different latitude and far geography position were clustered separately with lower genetic similarity indexes. The results indicated the genetic similarity indexes among improved japonica varieties had a close relationship with the geographical position, especially with the latitude.

A study on Emei mantle plume activity and the origin of high-As coal in southwestern Guizhou Province

The Emei mantle plume activity lasted for a long period of time ranging from the whole Late Paleozoic to Mesozoic. The large-scale Emeishan basalt eruption marked the summit period of mafic magmatic activity between Early and Late Permian. Lots of Au, As, Hg, Sb and other trace elements, in the form of extreme dispersion, found their way into coal seams of the Longtan Formation in the transitional zone between platform facies and slope facies at the margin of the platform around the areas of Xingyi, Anlong, Xingren and Zhenfeng in southwestern Guizhou Province. During the Yanshanian Emei mantle plume activity, large amounts of ore-forming elements such as As, Au, Hg, Sb, etc. were extracted from the Emeishan basalt and coal seams by hydrothermal solutions, followed by their mobilization and transport. When the hydrothermal solutions passed through the coal measures of the Longtan Formation, the element As was enriched locally to form high-As coal.; The intensive Emei plume activity provided the material source of As and dynamic source for the formation of high-As coal in southwestern Guizhou Province.

Modes of Occurrence and Geological Origin of Beryllium in Coals from the Pu'an Coalfield, Guizhou, Southwest China

The concentration, modes of occurrence and geological origin of beryllium in five workable coal beds from the Pu＇an Coalfield of Guizhou were studied using the inductively coupled-plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS）, floating and sinking experiments （FSE） and sequential chemical extraction procedures （SCEP）. The results show that the average concentration of beryllium in coals from the Pu＇an Coalfield is 1.54 μg/g, much lower than that in most Chinese and worldwide coals. Beryllium in the Pu＇an coals was not significantly enriched. However, it should be noted that the No. 8 coal bed from the study area has a high concentration of beryllium, 6.89 μg/g, three times higher than the background value of beryllium in coal. Beryllium in coal mainly occurs as organic association and has predominantly originated from coal-forming plants when its concentration is relatively low. The concentration of beryllium occurring as organic association is close to that distributed in inorganic matter when beryllium concentration of coal is similar to its background value, and in addition to coal-forming plants, beryllium is mainly derived from detrital materials of terrigenous origin. When beryllium is anomalously enriched in coal, it mainly occurs as organic association and is derived from volcanic tonsteins leached for a long geological time and then adsorbed by organic matter in peat mire.

Palaeokarst-Lateritic Origin of Bauxite in Northern Guizhou

The bauxite in northern Guizhou is shown by its unique palaeokarst forms and weathering textures andstructures to be of palaeokarst-weathering origin. On the basis of detailed studies of the sections of the bauxitedeposits, the genetic types of minerals, the hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopic composition of diaspore andcompositions of parent materials, the writer has revealed that Early Carboniferous laterization was the mainmineralizing stage of the bauxite, and the various mineralizing processes dominated by desilication andiron-separation created an excellent time-space environment for the formation of the bauxite.

The Four Stages in the Origin of Rice Agriculture

In recent years,due to the widespread application of flotation,a large number of plant remains related to the origin of rice agriculture have been found in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.Through the study of these new findings,it has been discovered that the origin of rice agriculture was a long and gradual process lasting for thousands of years.This process can be divided into four stages:the stage of gestation took place around 10,000 years ago—human society was still in the hunting and gathering phase,but archaeological evidence of human-used or even cultivated Oryza plants from that time has been discovered;the early stage of transition took place around 9000–7000 years ago—archaeological evidence of rice farming from that time has been found,such as villages,domesticated rice,farming tools,etc.,but subsistence then was still mainly based on hunting and gathering,whereas rice farming and pig breeding,which fall into the agricultural production category,were only auxiliary production activities;the late stage of transition took place around 7000–5000 years ago,when the proportion of subsistence attained by hunting and gathering gradually declined while the proportion of rice farming increased day by day;and the stage of completion took place about 5000 years ago,when hunting and gathering was replaced by rice agriculture in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River successively.

Emission Flux and Carbon Isotopic Composition of Methane from Rice Paddies in Guizhou Province

Methane emission flux from rice paddies in Guizhou Province shows obvious three-stage diurnal variations: it is relatively low from the morning to the noon, then successively in-creases in the afternoon and at night, and finally folows a gradual decrease. Theδ13C values oftrace methane emitted from rice paddies in Guizhou Province range from-64. 5‰. to - 54.1‰ with an average of - 60. 7‰, very close to the reported values from America or Kenya.

Impact of country-of-origin image of Guizhou province on brand trust of green agricultural products

Brand building of agricultural products is the key for agricultural enterprises to gain competitive advantage and occupy the market. Guizhou province is rich in green agricultural products resources and has superior natural resources, but it is at a disadvantage in the market competition. The constraint factor is that the brand is not enough to obtain consumer trust. In order to provide countermeasures and suggestions for Guizhou provincial government and agricultural enterprises to shape green agricultural products brand, this paper explores the influence path of country-of-origin image of Guizhou province on brand trust of green agricultural products. Therefore, based on the theory of Country-of-origin effects this study conducts an empirical research. Taking the country-of-origin image, including natural conditions,technological conditions, brand supervision norms, technology input, government marketing promotion and government policies as antecedent variables, and green agricultural brand trust, including brand competence trust and brand quality trust as dependent variables, the structural equation model was constructed. Through data collection and empirical analysis by using structural equation model, this study found that natural conditions have a positive impact on brand competence trust, and technical conditions have a positive impact on brand quality trust. The brand supervision norms, technology input, government marketing promotion and government policy will all promote consumers to have a positive impact on brand trust in green agricultural products.

Relationship between Rice Cultural Diversity and Ecological Environment in Yunnan Province of China

[Objective] This paper aims to confirm that Yunnan is one origin center of rice and human in the world.[Method] The complicated and unique ecological environment in Yunnan makes Yunnan Province the largest center of genetic diversity and cultural diversity of rice and human being as well as the cradle of human childhood.[Result] The genetic diversity and cultural diversity of rice and human being is closely related to the ecosystem diversity.Rice civilization in Yunnan can be divided into four types,including the diversity center region of rice civilization in southwestern Yunnan,diffusion region of rice civilization of Hani-Zhuang in southern Yunnan,rice civilization region of water-drought rotation in central Yunnan and poverty region of rice civilization in northern Yunnan.Southwestern Yunnan is not only the center of genetic ecological diversity and rice cultural diversity,but also the center of origin and diversity of crop genetic diversity.It is not only a transitional region among East Asia continent,South Asian sub-continent and Indo-China Peninsula,but also a core integration area of Chinese culture,Indian culture and Mid-south Peninsula culture which all merge with the local culture.[Conclusion] Yunnan is one common sphere where the origin of human evolution is closely related to the origin of rice evolution.

Origin and cultivation history of rice in China

cies of cultivated rice in ancient China is possibly more northward than in the modern times. The earliest rice grains unearthed from the Neolithic sites existed along the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze River. The later ones were found in Yunnan Province, South China and along the Yellow River reaches. Primitive rice cropping in the Taihu Lake region which is on the lower reach of the Yangtze River has already a 6,000-7,000 years history and the primitive tribes growing rice there are ancestors of the Yue Nationality since the beginning of the history, hence the Yue Nationality is the most important one for rice cropping in China. During the periods of Spring-Autumn and Warring States to Qin and Han Dynasties (from 722 B.C. to A.D.220 ), Yue people disseminated rice to Japan, Korea and other Southeast Asian countries by sea. In the period of over 3,000 years since the recorded history,the rice development in China has experienced changes from north to south and from south to north. As Chinese c

Genetic Diversity and Relationship of Weedy Rice in Taizhou City, Jiangsu Province, China

Microsatellite markers and morphological characteristics were used to explore the genetic diversity and possible origin of weedy rice in Taizhou City, Jiangsu Province, China. Fifty-two weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) accessions were compared with two wild rice, four hybrid rice and five cultivars using 22 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer pairs. A total of 107 fragments were amplified, averaging 5.6 alleles per primer pair. The polymorphic index content (PIC) values ranged from 0.3077 to 0.7951, averaging at 0.5870. The average genetic distance of all samples ranged from 0.02 to 0.46 with an average of 0.262. The genetic distance among Taizhou weedy rice ranged from 0.03 to 0.44 with an average of 0.224. Cluster analysis showed that all the weedy rice accessions from Taizhou City were indica, and could be subdivided into different genotypes. The majority (86%) of weedy rice was most closely related to hybrid rice. The Taizhou weedy rice accessions were morphologically similar, but still could be delineated into indica or japonica group by some morphological traits. It is suggested that the levels of genetic and morphological diversities of weedy rice in Taizhou City are low and these weedy rice plants originated from the segregating progenies of hybrid rice that had naturally introgressed with cultivated rice.

Rice From Mercury Contaminated Areas in Guizhou Province Induces c-jun Expression in Rat Brain

Objective Mercury (Hg), as one of the priority pollutants and also a hot topic of frontier environmental research in many countries, has been paid higher attention in the world since the middle of the last century. Guizhou Province (at N24°30′-29°13′, E103°1′-109°30′, 1 100 m above the sea level, with subtropical humid climate) in southwest China is an important mercury production center. It has been found that the mercury content in most media of aquatics, soil, atmosphere and in biomass of corns, plants and animals, is higher than the national standard.The present study aims to explore the influence of mercury pollution on the health of local citizens. Methods The effect of rice from two mercury polluted experimental plots of Guizhou Province on the expression of c-jun mRNA in rat brain and c-jun protein in cortex, hippocampus and ependyma was observed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunocytochemical methods. Results The results showed that the mercury polluted rice induced expression of c-jun mRNA and its protein significantly. Selenium can reduce Hg uptake, an antagonism between selenium and mercury on the expression of c-jun mRNA and c-jun protein. Conclusion c-jun participates in the toxicity process of brain injury by mercury polluted rice, the expression of c- jun mRNA in brain, and c-jun protein in rat cortex and hippocampus can predict neurotoxicity of mercury polluted rice. People should be advised to be cautious in eating any kind of Hg-polluted foods. To reveal the relationship between c-jun induction and apoptosis, further examinations are required.

Conservation and Utilization of Genetic Resources of Wild Rice in China

The abundant genetic resources of wild rice in China represent a key gene pool for modern rice breeding,contributing to food production and agricultural development in China and worldwide.Between the 1970s and the 2010s,two national wild rice surveys were carried out in China.More than 20000accessions of three species Oryza rufipogon,O.officinalis and O.meyeriana have been conserved ex situ.An in situ conservation system has also been set up to protect notable and endangered populations.This review summarized the geographical distribution of wild rice in China,the current status of conservation,the discovery of elite genes,and the application of research into the origin and domestication of rice.

Allele Types of Rc Gene of Weedy Rice from Jiangsu Province, China

Weedy rice （Oryza sativa f. spontanea）, the predominant type of which has a red pericarp, seriously inhibits growth and yield of direct-seeded rice in Jiangsu Province, China. In this study, we randomly selected 10 weedy rice accessions from 10 plots in Jiangsu, and then sequenced the full lengths of their Rc genes （approximately 6.4 kb）. In addition, we collected 166 different full-length Rc genes in the Oryza genus from the literature and from GenBank. A collinearity sequence analysis showed that the 10 weedy rice accessions from Jiangsu all had the same wild-type allele of the Rc gene. Single nucleotide polymorphisms indicated that the nucleotide polymorphisms （π= 0.19） and the proportion of segregation sites （ew = 0.28） of the Rc genes in the 10 weedy rice accessions from Jiangsu were higher than those in 56 weedy rice accessions from USA （π = 0.09 and θw = 0.07）. Haplotype and phylogenetic analyses showed that the Rc genes of weedy rice accessions from Jiangsu were not revertants of the rc gene found in Asian cultivated rice （O. sativa） varieties with white pericarp. In addition, Rc gene sequences of the rice varieties Lvdao from Lianyungang, Jiangsu and Tangdao from Anhui were more similar to those of cultivated rice than to the weedy rice from Jiangsu. These findings support the continued quarantine of weedy rice and clarify the evolutionary mechanism of the red pericarp found in the weedy rice of Jiangsu.

Total Mercury Concentration of Guizhou Rice and Human Health Risk Assessment

The mercury content of cultivated land in Guizhou is higher than other provinces in China. An investigation of the total mercury concentration of rice in Guizhou and human health risk assessment was done for the high level of mercury in agricultural soil of Guizhou. This result can provide a scientific basis for food risk inspection management in Guizhou. The samples were detected from 9 zones in Guizhou, and all the samples were local rice. The mercury concentration in rice was detected by the atomic fluorescence spectrometry according to GB/T 5009.17-2003, and the U.S. EPA＇s health risk assessment model was used in the research. The results indicate that a maximum of 0.024 4 mg/kg in the rice samples can be detected, and the exceeding rate is 4.85%, and no mercury can be found in 22 samples. Personal lifetime risk coefficient of mercury health hazard is 1.97 ×10^-3, which belongs to the first level risk （slight risk）. It poses no risk to the exposure population.

Elemental Assessments in Paddy Soil for Geographical Traceability of Rice from Peninsular Malaysia

This investigation aimed to establish the geographical traceability of Malaysian rice by assessing the elemental composition in paddy soil.Multi-element determination in combination with a chemometric approach was applied to evaluate the elemental concentrations of paddy soil from granaries cultivated with the same rice variety and to assess the relationship between elements in the soil and rice(SAR) system.A total of 29 elements(aluminum,arsenic,barium,bromine,calcium,chlorine,cobalt,chromium,cesium,europium,iron,gallium,hafnium,potassium,lanthanum,lutetium,magnesium,manganese,sodium,rubidium,antimony,scandium,samarium,thorium,titanium,uranium,vanadium,ytterbium and zinc) were successfully determined in paddy soil from Kedah,Selangor and Langkawi by neutron activation analysis.A significant difference(P < 0.05) between 18 elements in the soil samples was obtained.The chemometric approaches of principal component and linear discriminant analyses demonstrated clear discrimination and highly corrected classification(100%) of the soil samples.A high classification(98.1%) was also achieved by assessing 10 elements(aluminum,arsenic,bromine,chlorine,potassium,magnesium,manganese,sodium,rubidium and zinc),which similarly applied to rice geographical origin determination.Similar elements in SAR were also observed for differences in the pattern of correlation and bioaccumulation factor between the granaries.Furthermore,the generalized Procrustes analysis showed a 98% consensus between SAR and clear differences between the studied regions.The canonical correlation analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between the chemical profile of SAR(r~2 = 0.88,P < 0.001).Therefore,the current work model provides a reliable assessment to establish rice provenance.

Rice vs.Wheat:How Rice Farming Shaped Informal Finance in China

China’s financial system is characterized by the coexistence of both formal and informal finance,and informal finance appears to be more prevalent in the south of the country compared to the north.In this paper,we use the historical demarcation of rice-farming regions and the percentage area of rice sown to ascertain the regional distribution of rice farming in the south and wheat farming in the north in order to analyze the role of rice farming in the evolution of different types of financial institutions in China.We find that rice cultivation has a positive effect on informal financial development,though its impact on formal finance is insignificant.Unlike wheat farming,rice cultivation requires farmers to collaborate during busy farming seasons and necessitates the construction of irrigation systems.Such collaboration helped enhance an acquaintance society,in which both parties to transactions enforced the rules and contract terms of their own initiative,paving the way for informal finance.This paper not only demonstrates the cultural roots of the regional financial disparities in China but also expands the research on the ways in which farming practices from the past have shaped the development of China’s present financial markets.

Profiling the ionome of rice and its use in discriminating geographical origins at the regional scale, China

Element profile was investigated for their use to trace the geographical origin of rice （Oryza sativa L.） samples. The concentrations of 13 elements （calcium （Ca）, potassium （K）, magnesium （Mg）, phosphorus （P）, boron （B）, manganese （Mn）, iron （Fe）, nickel （Ni）, copper （Cu）, arsenic （As）, selenium （Se）, molybdenum （Mo）, and cadmium （Cd）） were determined in the rice samples by inductively coupled plasma optical emission and mass spectrometry. Most of the essential elements for human health in rice were within normal ranges except for Mo and Se. Mo concentrations were twice as high as those in rice from Vietnam and Spain. Meanwhile, Se concentrations were three times lower in the whole province compared to the Chinese average level of 0.088 mg/kg. About 12% of the rice samples failed the Chinese national food safety standard of 0.2 mg/kg for Cd. Combined with the multi-elemental profile in rice, the principal component analysis （PCA）, discriminant function analysis （DFA） and Fibonacci index analysis （FIA） were applied to discriminate geographical origins of the samples. Results indicated that the FIA method could achieve a more effective geographical origin classification compared with PCA and DFA, due to its efficiency in making the grouping even when the elemental variability was so high that PCA and DFA showed little discriminatory power. Furthermore, some elements were identified as the most powerful indicators of geographical origin： Ca, Ni, Fe and Cd. This suggests that the newly established methodology of FIA based on the ionome profile can be applied to determine the geographical origin of rice.

Origin of the Chinese cultivated rice(Oryza sativa L.)

The following new research progresses are summarized and discussed, which are related to 3 main problems in origin of rice cultivation in China: 1. new hypothesis of rice cultivation in Chinamiddle Yangtze River and upper Huai River regions; 2. primitive cultivated rice and the strengthen period of domestication; 3. genetic diversity centers of cultivated rice in China; 4. China and South Asia might be two independent systems of origin and differentiation of Asian cultivated rice; 5. morphological classification of common wild rice of China; 6. primitive progenitor of common wild rice; 7. direct progenitor of cultivated rice; 8. present or not the annual wild rice in China; 9. differentiation or not the common wild rice into Indica and Japonica; 10. origin and differentiation of Indica and Japonica.