The Volga River Is Russia’s Lifeline and in Need of Maintenance, Mitigation and Restoration

The Volga River flows entirely through Russia and the watershed includes three of the country’s ten largest cities. The river is the longest in Europe and western Russia’s principal waterway. The Volga River basin is home to approximately half of Russia’s population and occupies almost two-fifth of European Russia. It covers much of the Volga region and stretches 3530 kilometers from its source in the Valdai Hills to the Caspian Sea, the world’s largest inland water body. Its economic, cultural, and historic importance makes it one of the world’s greatest rivers. The Volga basin makes up 8 percent of the Russian territory. Stalingrad, located on the banks of the Volga River, has been described as the site of the greatest de-feat in the history of the German Army. It is often identified as the turning point on the Eastern Front of WWII, in the war against Germany, and in the entire WWII. The meeting point of the Eurasian Civilization was historically the Volga River. The river has some of the world’s largest reservoirs and is a major source of livelihood for millions of people. Many factories and cities empty their waste including sewage, industrial waste, fertilizers, and pesticides into the Volga River. Pollutants tend to settle in the reservoirs and contain several meters of heavily contaminated muck. The primary objectives are to assess lessons learned, manage, and restore the Volga River system lifeline in Russia.

Projecting the global impact of fossil fuel production from the Former Soviet Union

Detailed projections of the Former Soviet Union(FSU)fossil fuel production has been created.Russian production has been modelled at the region(oblast)level where possible.The projections were made using the Geologic Resource Supply-Demand Model(GeRS-DeMo).Low,Best Guess and High scenarios were created.FSU fossil fuels are projected to peak between 2027 and 2087 with the range due to spread of Ultimately Recoverable Resources(URR)values used.The Best Guess(BG)scenario anticipates FSU will peak in 2087 with production over 170 EJ per year.The FSU projections were combined with rest of the world projections(Mohr et al.2015b),the emissions from the High scenario for the world are similar to the IPCC A1 AIM scenario.

The Revolution’s Result: The Change of Cuban-American Relations During the 1959-1962 Period

Cuban-American relations have become one of the most attractive bilateral relations since the Cold War era.With historical methods and international relations theory,this paper aims to discuss the Cuban Revolution and the change of Cuban-American relations through two issues.One is the Cuban Revolution and the gradual rupture of traditional Cuban-American ties,demonstrating that since Castro’s radical reform of nationalization deeply violated the economic interests of the United States,conflicts and confrontations had already been incurred.At the same time,with Moscow’s intervention,the Cuban Revolution gradually became complicated and sensitive to deal with from Washington’s perspective.The other one is the evolution of confrontation between the Castro revolutionary regime and the United States government during the 1959-1962 period.The Bay of Pigs Invasion rapidly caused political tensions in Cuban-American relations,and soon,the Cuban Missile Crisis institutionalized the escalating confrontation and deeply worsened bilateral relations.As a result,the Castro regime had no choice but to rely on Soviet assistance to maintain a delicate balance with the United States for several decades,which indicated the tragedy of the small nations’destiny.

A Glimpse of the Initial Conditions for the Development of Science and Technology and Soviet Specialists in the PRC:1949–1955

This article aims to analyze the so-called“starting point”when modern scientific and technological successes in China were in their infancy,and to provide the reader with insight on how various challenges were overcome in their development.The period under review is 1949–1955.The information about this period was obtained from Soviet archives and special literature.The first part of the article describes the state of affairs in the People’s Republic of China(PRC)in the early years of its formation,focusing on education,science,industry(including military),communications,and rail transport.The second part turns to the Soviet specialists working in the PRC during these years,focusing on their profession,number,cities of residence and living conditions.Issues regarding Chinese specialists’internship in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR)are also touched upon.The article selects several lesserknown areas in which professional competencies were established in this very weak post-war country to discover the origins of the most important science and technology in the contemporary PRC,thereby contributing to readers’understanding of the initial conditions for the development of science and technology in China.

Briefing of the Research on the Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons in Soviet Russia in the 20th Century

The study of Dragon-Carving and the Literary Mind in Russia began around 1918.The Chapter“Tracing the origin of the Dao”translated by B.M.Alexeyev,the founder of modern Russian Sinology,is the earliest Russian translation of this book.He proposed a lot of problems inspiring future generations to think about,standardizing the direction for the future researchers of“Dragon Study”in Soviet Russia.L.D.Bozdneeva’s textbook Medieval Eastern Literature(1970),K.I.Grekina’s Monograph Chinese Literary Theory in the Early19-20th century(1971),V.A.K'ri'vzo'v’s paper Discussion on Liu Xie’s Aesthetic Views(1978),I.S.Lisevich’s Monograph Ideology of Chinese Literature at the Turn of the Ancient and the Middle Ages(1979),and Li Fuqing’s paper published after the dissolution of the Soviet Union,Genre of Chinese Medieval Literature(1994),have made a useful discussion of the concept and terminology,literary theory and aesthetic ideology of the Dragon-Carving and the Literary Mind.In the monograph Tai Chi:the Global Model in Chinese Literature and Culture in the 1-13th Century,published by K.I.Gorekina in 1995,Dragon-Carving and Literary Mind was interpreted by universe ontology,which reflects the rising of new academic trend in the research of“Dragon Study”in Russia.In recent years,young talents begin to join in Russian Dragon-Carving and Literary Mind research,and doctoral thesis focused on it have been published,showing a good situation that this research has qualified successors.

Central Asia’s Foreign Relations:A Comparison Between the Soviet and Post-Soviet Era

Central Asia’s pivotal geographical position allowed it to play an essential role in relations among nations of Eurasia in the Middle Ages,as the bridge between China and Europe.Yet,during the Russian and then the Soviet rule on Central Asia,the region’s republics had no independent position in international community as foreign relations were formed and managed by central government in Moscow.The collapse of the Union of Soviet in 1991 made salient the geopolitical,economic,and cultural importance of the five former Soviet Central Asian republics.Accordingly,the republics reemerged as independent actors in the global interstate system and could play a role in international affairs during the last three decades.This paper aims to compare Central Asia’s foreign relations in the Soviet and Post-Soviet era.

Former Soviet Union's Intelligence Agency KGB's Activities

In this study, former Soviet Union’s secret service, Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti (KGB) has been investigated by limited aspects. As the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)’s intelligence agency, KGB was the ordinary primary secret service in the world. This paper has been investigated USSR’s secret service, KGB’s secret activities in all over the world. It is popularity was extra ordinary before the Cold War 1990.

Violence in the Political Construction of Trotskyism

Often the most brutal explosions of violence are admissions of impotence.Keeping this in mind,the author would like to bring to light the political terror of Joseph Stalin which was systematically disseminated on the Socialist Opposition lead by Leon Trotsky.In order to understand the brutal nature of the false trials and the numerous murders in the name of revolution,it is imperative to understand the degeneracy of the Soviet Union which has been analyzed very dialectically by Leon Trotsky.Paul Le Blanc notes that the socialism in one country perspective caused for all practical purposes a downgrade in the seriousness with which the Communist International was taken.Initially,established by Lenin and his comrades to build parties in countries all over the world,this theory was now being vulgarized and being transformed into a tool for the foreign policy of the bureaucratic brand of socialism which was being practiced by the Soviet Union.It is because of this theory that people who are not aware of the history and do not have a proper knowledge of dialectical analysis fail to analyze the Soviet Union.My paper talks about the violent construction of the myth of Trotskyism as a signifier signifying the betrayal to the big br(other)that is Stalin and exposing the bankruptcy and impotence of Stalinism.

苏联远东中国高级列宁学校的建立及其影响

联共(布)为加速中国共产党的成长和壮大,20世纪20年代至30年代末在苏联海参崴建立了中国高级列宁学校。该校是联系联共(布)与中共关系的重要平台,其历史使命是为中国革命培养具有较高文化知识、政治立场坚定、经得起考验的党员、团员和积极分子,其目标还包括提高远东地区华侨华人的文化素质,加强对华工的管理,进而促进苏联社会主义建设时期的经济文化建设。

民族联邦制在苏联的实践与苏联解体

十月革命后,在列宁和斯大林领导下建成了一个以民族共和国为单元的联邦制国家。政府开展的“民族识别”工作为每个国民确定了“民族”身份,在随后推行的“民族化”过程中,在三个重要的方面使“民族”得以加强:推广使用民族语言,创建民族知识分子和政治精英群体,并正式地使各传统族群以国家形态实现组织化。1991年苏联在没有任何外力的作用下突然自行解体,此后,讨论苏联解体的原因便成为各国学术界关注的重要议题。本文梳理了苏联联邦体制成立的历史过程,分析了苏联推行“民族化”的各项举措和长期维系苏联统一的重要纽带,以及这些纽带是如何在戈尔巴乔夫“改革新思维”的社会运动中被一一斩断,最终导致苏联这个庞然大物碎成十五片,给全世界的民族研究者开启了一个需要认真破解的魔盒。

苏联经济建设成就在1930年代中国的舆论传播效应

1930年代,中国社会形成了以苏联经济建设为榜样的思潮。这源于苏联一五、二五计划建设成就在中国的舆论传播效应。苏联经济建设信息的传播者和受众涉及社会各方面人员,但国人传播苏联经济建设信息有其特定的时代视角、倾向与国别语境,因而苏联经济建设信息在各类社会人员中产生了强烈的思想反应。在日本侵华造成的民族危机中,国人期望学习苏联经济建设的经验和精神,加快中国的经济建设。但由于种种历史原因,国人传播的苏联经济建设信息不免存在相当的片面性。但是,社会主义国家发展成功之路由此进入中国建设工业化国家发展轨道的预盼目标,中国共产党人将为之而奋斗!

中苏现代化的比较研究——以20世纪80年代的中苏改革为例

社会主义的发展实践表明,到20世纪70年代苏联模式的活力已经耗尽。无论是中国还是苏联,要想赶上现代化的步伐,都必须对原来的社会主义模式进行改革。1977年邓小平复出后便开始酝酿改革。1978年中共十一届三中全会正式吹响了改革的号角。苏联则在1985年3月戈尔巴乔夫担任苏共中央总书记后开始改革。在苏联开启改革时,中国已经有了一些成功经验,但苏共并未吸取。中苏两国走的是不同的改革道路,两国在对待传统社会主义理论的态度、经济改革和实现现代化的目标与手段、改革中的政治制度安排、处理自身与世界的关系等方面都存在很大不同,其结果自然也不一样。中国在理论与实践上都突破了苏联模式,开启了新型现代化道路。苏联的改革没有带来国家经济状况的好转和人民生活水平的提高,苏共虽提出很多新理论新概念但得不到民众的认同,最后丧失了政权。

20世纪20年代郭沫若对马克思主义中国化的探索

通过翻译日本著名经济学家河上肇著《社会组织与社会革命》,郭沫若坚信马克思主义是真理,能够指导中国人民反抗帝国主义压迫,实现国家独立与自由。应用马克思主义基本原理,鉴于中国是一个农业国,郭沫若认为中国要想实现工业化,应效仿苏联模式,由中央政府动员一切资源。郭沫若参加五卅运动,坚决主张打倒帝国主义、废除不平等条约,支持工人罢工,长期抗争,直至最后胜利。1925年,郭沫若撰《马克思进文庙》,通过马克思与孔子的对话,指出马克思主义与孔子思想存在一些共同价值观,如公平、正义、共富。郭沫若探索马克思主义与中国社会实际相结合、与孔子思想相结合,在中国现代化道路上迈出重要一步,在近代中国思想史上占有一定地位。

20世纪20—30年代苏联的卫生外交

十月革命后,苏俄政府充分利用帝俄时期具有丰富国际卫生合作经验的医学人才从事卫生外交,参与创建国际卫生公约,争取国际社会对新生苏俄政权的认可,打破欧洲以邻为壑对苏设立的卫生防疫限制,促进了贸易增长。国内战争时期,苏俄红十字会和红新月会国际联合会是新生政权与外界沟通的唯一正式渠道,在战俘交换、购买医疗设备和争取国际社会食品援助方面开展工作,同时积极对外宣传苏俄卫生组织原则,争取卫生领域话语权。苏联医疗卫生社会化模式在国际上塑造了苏维埃国家积极形象,促进了国际社会对苏联政治进程的广泛支持,但苏联政府试图影响西方国家重建医疗卫生体系的目标未能达成。苏联医疗卫生模式宣传重优越形象塑造,轻科研数据支撑,也引发了国际医学界的质疑。

体制转型进程中的俄罗斯经济——转型前的大讨论与相关方案

戈尔巴乔夫执政后期,苏联的经济状况不断恶化。在苏联解体前的1990年,苏联各政治派别针对采取何种方式和怎样的政策进行经济体制转型提出了各种主张和方案,并展开了激烈的争论与斗争。这些争论涉及社会主义国家要走怎样的经济体制转型之路、建立怎样的社会制度、是在原有的框架内推进体制转型还是进行根本性的改革等重大问题。这一时期围绕体制转型展开的争论与提出的相关方案,为叶利钦出任俄罗斯联邦总统后推行被称为“休克疗法”的激进改革,提供了舆论上和理论上的支持。

影响深远的时代转折Ⅰ——1920年代苏联先锋派建筑理论及作品创作璀璨绮丽的原因探讨

20世纪20年代至30年代,构成主义、至上主义、立体—未来主义、理性主义、结构主义、投影主义、线性主义、城市主义、反城市主义、蒙太奇与流动建筑、社会主义现实主义等先锋建筑流派在苏联迅速地喷薄而发。本文从诸多流派和艺术主义的类别出发,选择其中具有代表性和影响力的关键实例和人物,探讨其思想在若干社会经济、人文艺术等领域的源泉。通过分析多方面因素的交织,探讨这一时期苏联先锋派建筑何以成为时代转折的标志,为何具有长远的预见、璀璨的表现与深远的影响。这些先锋派多姿多彩的探索,对于今天仍有重要的启发意义。研究这段鲜为人知的历史,追根溯源、知其然知其所以然,不仅可以在先贤者的足迹中前进,而且可以更好地感知时代发展的脉搏,在研究感知与体验中领悟先锋引领发展的未来。

社会主义制度在东欧的建立——兼谈东欧苏联化的背景、过程和领域

苏联化是1945年后苏联对东欧战略的重要组成部分。东欧的苏联化涉及调节国家间关系,划定这些国家的边界,通过驱逐和人口转移来确定这些国家的民族构成,参与制定这些国家的宪法,并决定这些国家的政府组成。苏联化旨在通过改变当地社会的许多方面和重建文化生活,使苏联的官方意识形态成为东欧国家个人生活的指导思想。苏联化导致两个后果:其一,苏联化使苏联得以与东欧国家组成东方集团,并通过经互会和华约长期控制东欧国家,使绝大多数东欧国家成为冷战的一方,并脱离了原有的社会经济发展轨道;其二,苏联化在诸多方面与东欧国家的历史和政治与经济传统不适应,导致自20世纪50年代中期起,东欧国家一直在以不同的方式寻找符合本民族特性和利益的发展道路,并最终导致1989—1991年东欧国家政局剧变,彻底抛弃苏联模式,重拾两次世界大战间存在于这些国家的政治和经济发展模式。

再论苏联马克思主义:从21世纪俄罗斯马克思主义的视野出发

对苏联马克思主义的追问不仅关乎历史,而且直接关涉到马克思主义的未来。近年来,当代俄罗斯马克思主义学者从多种阐释路径论证十月革命的合法性基础、合理性根据和创造性本质,强调从辩证的非线性逻辑出发把握苏联不同历史时期的质性差异,指认苏联模式对异化关系消亡规律的背离以及苏联文化的二元悖反,并从领导力量的全面崩溃入手指证苏联解体的非理性和主观性因素。当代俄罗斯马克思主义的思想之辩确证了以下重要的理论问题:马克思主义是学理性与意识形态性的双重统一,苏联马克思主义是马克思主义俄国化的一个版本,是作为推动俄罗斯现代化发展的一种特殊方式。我国应重视马克思主义俄国化和马克思主义中国化的国别化研究,基于学理性研究批驳错误论断、严肃回应意识形态挑战。

民众记忆与国家设计关照下的呼捷玛斯

呼捷玛斯产生于复杂动荡的苏联社会背景之下,是苏联现代主义设计的发源地,形成了苏联民众的“红色”时代特殊记忆。文章以皮埃尔·诺拉“记忆之场”为理论根基,对呼捷玛斯从民众记忆以及国家设计双重维度方面进行解读与反思。重新审视呼捷玛斯的贡献和价值,思考对现代设计的发展重要意义,以期为将来相似类型的研究提供一定的参考。

苏共党内历史虚无主义与苏联解体

厘清苏共党内历史虚无主义逆流的来龙去脉,有利于深入剖析苏共垮台、苏联解体的意识形态之因。苏共垮台、苏联解体的根本原因在于苏共自身的内在矛盾。苏共党内历史虚无主义腐化“主心骨”、攻陷“主阵地”、唱衰“主旋律”,对苏共执政合法性及苏联社会主义意识形态造成了致命性打击。新时代,我们要汲取苏共垮台、苏联解体的沉痛教训,坚持马克思主义在意识形态领域的指导地位,建设具有强大凝聚力和引领力的社会主义意识形态。