In China, farmland property rights characterized by the household-responsibility system (HRS) have been improved since the reform and opening-up. The rights of use, transfer and gain become more stable, authorized and...In China, farmland property rights characterized by the household-responsibility system (HRS) have been improved since the reform and opening-up. The rights of use, transfer and gain become more stable, authorized and complete. This paper firstly analyzes the impact on farmland productivity, which comes from the improvement of farmland property rights. Then, an economet- ric model is built to test the above analysis. It concludes that changes of property rights will affect farmland performance in China. In the end, some policy implications are explored for fur- ther reforms.展开更多
Governments＇ protection and support are very important for rural enterprises during their birth and development. But, in fact, governments own the rights to control the operation of rural enterprises to a large exten...Governments＇ protection and support are very important for rural enterprises during their birth and development. But, in fact, governments own the rights to control the operation of rural enterprises to a large extent. Govemments encourage and lead the reform of property rights of rural enterprises. Why governments are willing to give up vested interests, and actively promote the reform of property rights of rural enterprises？ This seems to be the key to explain the reform of property rights of rural enterprises. This paper puts forward the hypothesis, uses mathematical models and statistical analyses, and adopts relevant data to verify the needs of governments for fiscal targets, and the rationality of their behavior actively encourages and promotes reconstruction during the reform for maximizing their interests.展开更多
Tanzania is participating in the United Nations (UN) climate change mitigation strategy of reduction in Greenhouse Gases (GHGs). The strategy is implemented through both Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and fores...Tanzania is participating in the United Nations (UN) climate change mitigation strategy of reduction in Greenhouse Gases (GHGs). The strategy is implemented through both Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) and Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) initiatives. In implementing programmes, the country developed pilot projects whereby there are preliminary findings that can be used to analyse the progress of the establishments. This study uses the findings from these pilot areas to draw policy implications on how carbon trade in the country can be enhanced to meet the UN set objectives as required by the Kyoto protocol. The findings suggest that for the sustainable carbon trade enhancement the country needs to set the institutional environment for carbon trade right. Such undertakings are not costless and that the transaction costs that would be incurred for the process need to be institutionalised to reduce the private costs in the carbon market. Moreover the policy process should be informed that at the market level there are multiple objectives that should be understood to avoid what is termed as optimization in standard economic theory, instead there should be clear definition of the specific objectives for various stakeholders involved in the carbon trade. Besides, within the carbon market framework not all stakeholders incur the same costs since natural resource transactions involve externalities. These externalities need to be identified and internalised to equally distribute the costs and benefits among the stakeholders.展开更多
Tree growth is affected by environmental factors, climate condition and tree age. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth patterns of <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Chamaecy...Tree growth is affected by environmental factors, climate condition and tree age. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth patterns of <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Chamaecyparis</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">obtusa</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">obtusa</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) stand in the Gyeongnam province. Data was collected from two cities and one county by using sample quadrats of 20 * 20 m. A total of 11 quadrats were used to collect tree height, diameter at the breast height (DBH), annual growth rings and soil data. The data analysis of soil moisture content, pH, organic matter (%), EC (cmol + /kg of soil), and available phosphorous was conducted. Growth ring was analyzed by using computer based software and the ages of the trees were identified. Average growth of height and DBH was computed from the surveyed data and annual growth of each tree was assessed by computer based reading of annual growth rings. The results of the study revealed that tree growth showed a reducing trend along the longevity. It was identified that soil pH, age, variation in annual average temperature, and altitude were the main factors related with growth of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">obtusa</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> trees along the life of the stand.</span>展开更多
文摘In China, farmland property rights characterized by the household-responsibility system (HRS) have been improved since the reform and opening-up. The rights of use, transfer and gain become more stable, authorized and complete. This paper firstly analyzes the impact on farmland productivity, which comes from the improvement of farmland property rights. Then, an economet- ric model is built to test the above analysis. It concludes that changes of property rights will affect farmland performance in China. In the end, some policy implications are explored for fur- ther reforms.
文摘Governments＇ protection and support are very important for rural enterprises during their birth and development. But, in fact, governments own the rights to control the operation of rural enterprises to a large extent. Govemments encourage and lead the reform of property rights of rural enterprises. Why governments are willing to give up vested interests, and actively promote the reform of property rights of rural enterprises？ This seems to be the key to explain the reform of property rights of rural enterprises. This paper puts forward the hypothesis, uses mathematical models and statistical analyses, and adopts relevant data to verify the needs of governments for fiscal targets, and the rationality of their behavior actively encourages and promotes reconstruction during the reform for maximizing their interests.
文摘Tanzania is participating in the United Nations (UN) climate change mitigation strategy of reduction in Greenhouse Gases (GHGs). The strategy is implemented through both Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) and Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) initiatives. In implementing programmes, the country developed pilot projects whereby there are preliminary findings that can be used to analyse the progress of the establishments. This study uses the findings from these pilot areas to draw policy implications on how carbon trade in the country can be enhanced to meet the UN set objectives as required by the Kyoto protocol. The findings suggest that for the sustainable carbon trade enhancement the country needs to set the institutional environment for carbon trade right. Such undertakings are not costless and that the transaction costs that would be incurred for the process need to be institutionalised to reduce the private costs in the carbon market. Moreover the policy process should be informed that at the market level there are multiple objectives that should be understood to avoid what is termed as optimization in standard economic theory, instead there should be clear definition of the specific objectives for various stakeholders involved in the carbon trade. Besides, within the carbon market framework not all stakeholders incur the same costs since natural resource transactions involve externalities. These externalities need to be identified and internalised to equally distribute the costs and benefits among the stakeholders.
文摘Tree growth is affected by environmental factors, climate condition and tree age. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth patterns of <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Chamaecyparis</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">obtusa</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">obtusa</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) stand in the Gyeongnam province. Data was collected from two cities and one county by using sample quadrats of 20 * 20 m. A total of 11 quadrats were used to collect tree height, diameter at the breast height (DBH), annual growth rings and soil data. The data analysis of soil moisture content, pH, organic matter (%), EC (cmol + /kg of soil), and available phosphorous was conducted. Growth ring was analyzed by using computer based software and the ages of the trees were identified. Average growth of height and DBH was computed from the surveyed data and annual growth of each tree was assessed by computer based reading of annual growth rings. The results of the study revealed that tree growth showed a reducing trend along the longevity. It was identified that soil pH, age, variation in annual average temperature, and altitude were the main factors related with growth of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">obtusa</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> trees along the life of the stand.</span>
