A method is proposed to estimate average tectonic ambient shear stress value for a region. Thus the average stress values of 19 regions in western USA, and 43 regions (each region is 1010) in Chinese mainland and its ...A method is proposed to estimate average tectonic ambient shear stress value for a region. Thus the average stress values of 19 regions in western USA, and 43 regions (each region is 1010) in Chinese mainland and its surroundings have been obtained. The data of 15 993 earthquakes are from the Internet Centroid Moment Tensor solution made by Harvard University from 1997 to 1999. The results demonstrate that there are highest average stress values in the regions of south California of USA and its off coast sea, reach to 12.0 MPa and 13.7 MPa respectively, then gradually decrease toward north, south, and east. The lowest value is 8.7 MPa and 63% of highest value. The average stress values in northern Xinjiang and in the Chayu region of Tibet are 17.2 and 12.9 MPa respectively. They are highest values in China and higher than USAs. The average stress value in North China, Yunnan, Sichuan, Taiwan is similar to south California of USA. The average stress value in South-North seismic zone is about 13 MPa, a little higher than south California. The distribution of average stress value for two important regions provides basic data for geology. These results are useful to research earthquake activity background and attenuation relation of strong ground motion parameters (e.g. peak acceleration and response spectra).展开更多
Plant cell lines differred greatly in the ability to withstand shear stresses. Using to-bacco cells and licorice cells as model plant cells, we studied the effects of shear stresses on the vi-ability of plant cells. O...Plant cell lines differred greatly in the ability to withstand shear stresses. Using to-bacco cells and licorice cells as model plant cells, we studied the effects of shear stresses on the vi-ability of plant cells. Our experiments were carried out on a high shear rate Couette rheometerproviding homogeneous and constant shear stresses of laminar flow. The viability was determinedby TTC（2,3,5-Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride）. The results were as follows. （1）The viability（V）dropped exponentially with time（t）, namely V=Exp（-kt）, （k】o is a constant）. This meant thetenability of statistical homogeneity. （2）The value of k was a function of plant cells’ mechanicalproperties and the shear stress acting on the plant cells. The shear rate corresponding to k=o wasthe critical shear rate that the plant cells could withstand. It can be easily determinded by extrapo-lation. For 7-day-old tobacco cells, it was 1090 s<sup>-1</sup> and for 9-day-old licorice cells, it was6566 s<sup>-1</sup>.（3）The plant cell suspensions were pseudoplastic fluids fitting τ=Kγ<sup>n</sup>. For the tobacco cell sus-pension tested, n=O. 73, and for the licorice cellsuspension tested n=0. 7. Thus the critical shearstress for the tobacco cells was 25 dynes/cm<sup>2</sup> and for the licorice cells it was 80 dynes/cm<sup>2</sup>. （4）One of their reasons for licorice cells to have greater tolerance to shear stresses than tobacaccocells may be the geometric features of the cells and the sizes of the cells. The licorice cells wererod-shaped, but the tobacco cells were spherical and larger than the licorice cells.展开更多
The shear strength of sand-foam mixtures plays a crucial role in ensuring successful earth pressure balance(EPB)shield tunneling.Since the sand-foam mixtures are constantly sheared by the cutterhead and the screw conv...The shear strength of sand-foam mixtures plays a crucial role in ensuring successful earth pressure balance(EPB)shield tunneling.Since the sand-foam mixtures are constantly sheared by the cutterhead and the screw conveyor with varied rotation speeds during tunneling,it is non-trivial to investigate the effect of shear rates on the undrained shear strength of sand-foam mixtures under chamber pressures to extend the understanding on the tunneling process.This study conducted a series of pressurized vane shear tests to investigate the role of shear rates on the peak and residual strengths of sand-foam mixtures at different pore states.Different from the shear-rate characteristics of natural sands or clay,the results showed that the peak strength of sand-foam mixtures under high vertical total stress(σ_(v)≥200 kPa)and low foam injection ratio(FIR30%)decreased with the increase in shear rate.Otherwise,the peak strength was not measurably affected by shear rates.The sand-foam mixtures in the residual state resembled low-viscous fluid with yield stress and the residual strength increased slightly with shear rates.In addition,the peak and residual strengths were approximately linear with vertical effective stress regardless of the total stress and FIR.The peak effective internal friction angle remained almost invariant in a low shear rate(γ′<0.25 s1)but decreased when the shear rate continued increasing.The residual effective internal friction angle was lower than the peak counterpart and insensitive to shear rates.This study unveiled the role of shear rates in the undrained shear strength of sand-foam mixtures with various FIRs and vertical total stresses.The findings can extend the understanding of the rate-dependent shear characteristics of conditioned soils and guide the decision-making of soil conditioning schemes in the EPB shield tunneling practice.展开更多
The influence of pH on the rheological properties of concentrated alumina suspensions was investigated. At various pH values, the alumina exhibited pseudoplastic, near Bingham flow behaviors. The fully-deflocculated s...The influence of pH on the rheological properties of concentrated alumina suspensions was investigated. At various pH values, the alumina exhibited pseudoplastic, near Bingham flow behaviors. The fully-deflocculated suspensions exhibited Newtonian flow behaviors, while the fully-flocculated suspensions demonstrated very high viscosity and shear yield stress.展开更多
The pH dependence of the extrapolated shear yield stress for Alcoa A16 a-Al2O3 suspensions at the powder volume fraction of 0.27 with and without addition of both polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) ...The pH dependence of the extrapolated shear yield stress for Alcoa A16 a-Al2O3 suspensions at the powder volume fraction of 0.27 with and without addition of both polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) each at fixed 0.18% of the powder mass was studied. With the polymer added, the full deflocculation of the suspension shifts from about pH=4 to around pH=1.5, at which the minimum value of shear yield stress is higher than that at pH=4. The addition of both PVA and PEG was found to prevent the filter cake from cracking.展开更多
The environment shear stress of Tangshan main earthquake and 38 great aftershocks have been calculated by the acceleration data of Tangshan earthquake sequence. The environment shear stress for 52 smaller aftershocks ...The environment shear stress of Tangshan main earthquake and 38 great aftershocks have been calculated by the acceleration data of Tangshan earthquake sequence. The environment shear stress for 52 smaller aftershocks from July of 1982 to July of 1984 have also been calculated by use of the digital data of the Sino-American cooperation recorded by the instrumental arrays in Tangshan. The results represent that the environment shear stress τ0 values have a weak dependence on the seismic moment, only the small and moderate earthquakes will be able to occur in the region with smaller τ0 value and the large earthquakes are only in the region with greater τ0 value. The peak acceleration, velocity and displacement will be larger for the earthquakes occurred in the region with greater τ0 value, Therefore, the measurement of environment shear stress τ0 value for the significant region will play an important role in earthquske prediction and engineering shock-proof. The environment shear stress values for the great aftershocks occurred in the two ends of the main fault are often higher than that for the main shock. This case may represent the stress concentration in the two ends of the fault. This phenomenon provides the references for the place where the great aftershock will occur.展开更多
Orthotropic materials weakened by a doubly periodic array of cracks under far-field antiplane shear are investigated, where the fundamental cell contains four cracks of unequal size. By applying the mapping technique,...Orthotropic materials weakened by a doubly periodic array of cracks under far-field antiplane shear are investigated, where the fundamental cell contains four cracks of unequal size. By applying the mapping technique, the elliptical function theory and the theory of analytical function boundary value problems, a closed form solution of the whole-field stress is obtained. The exact formulae for the stress intensity factor at the crack tip and the effective antiplane shear modulus of the cracked orthotropic material are derived. A comparison with the finite element method shows the efficiency and accuracy of the present method. Several illustrative examples are provided, and an interesting phenomenon is observed, that is, the stress intensity factor and the dimensionless effective modulus are independent of the material property for a doubly periodic cracked isotropic material, but depend strongly on the material property for the doubly periodic cracked orthotropic material. Such a phenomenon for antiplane problems is similar to that for in-plane problems. The present solution can provide benchmark results for other numerical and approximate methods.展开更多
基金National Science Foundation of China (No.49874010) Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation (95-07-441).
文摘A method is proposed to estimate average tectonic ambient shear stress value for a region. Thus the average stress values of 19 regions in western USA, and 43 regions (each region is 1010) in Chinese mainland and its surroundings have been obtained. The data of 15 993 earthquakes are from the Internet Centroid Moment Tensor solution made by Harvard University from 1997 to 1999. The results demonstrate that there are highest average stress values in the regions of south California of USA and its off coast sea, reach to 12.0 MPa and 13.7 MPa respectively, then gradually decrease toward north, south, and east. The lowest value is 8.7 MPa and 63% of highest value. The average stress values in northern Xinjiang and in the Chayu region of Tibet are 17.2 and 12.9 MPa respectively. They are highest values in China and higher than USAs. The average stress value in North China, Yunnan, Sichuan, Taiwan is similar to south California of USA. The average stress value in South-North seismic zone is about 13 MPa, a little higher than south California. The distribution of average stress value for two important regions provides basic data for geology. These results are useful to research earthquake activity background and attenuation relation of strong ground motion parameters (e.g. peak acceleration and response spectra).
文摘Plant cell lines differred greatly in the ability to withstand shear stresses. Using to-bacco cells and licorice cells as model plant cells, we studied the effects of shear stresses on the vi-ability of plant cells. Our experiments were carried out on a high shear rate Couette rheometerproviding homogeneous and constant shear stresses of laminar flow. The viability was determinedby TTC（2,3,5-Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride）. The results were as follows. （1）The viability（V）dropped exponentially with time（t）, namely V=Exp（-kt）, （k】o is a constant）. This meant thetenability of statistical homogeneity. （2）The value of k was a function of plant cells’ mechanicalproperties and the shear stress acting on the plant cells. The shear rate corresponding to k=o wasthe critical shear rate that the plant cells could withstand. It can be easily determinded by extrapo-lation. For 7-day-old tobacco cells, it was 1090 s<sup>-1</sup> and for 9-day-old licorice cells, it was6566 s<sup>-1</sup>.（3）The plant cell suspensions were pseudoplastic fluids fitting τ=Kγ<sup>n</sup>. For the tobacco cell sus-pension tested, n=O. 73, and for the licorice cellsuspension tested n=0. 7. Thus the critical shearstress for the tobacco cells was 25 dynes/cm<sup>2</sup> and for the licorice cells it was 80 dynes/cm<sup>2</sup>. （4）One of their reasons for licorice cells to have greater tolerance to shear stresses than tobacaccocells may be the geometric features of the cells and the sizes of the cells. The licorice cells wererod-shaped, but the tobacco cells were spherical and larger than the licorice cells.
基金the National Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52022112)the Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate of China(Grant No.2020zzts152)are acknowledged.
文摘The shear strength of sand-foam mixtures plays a crucial role in ensuring successful earth pressure balance(EPB)shield tunneling.Since the sand-foam mixtures are constantly sheared by the cutterhead and the screw conveyor with varied rotation speeds during tunneling,it is non-trivial to investigate the effect of shear rates on the undrained shear strength of sand-foam mixtures under chamber pressures to extend the understanding on the tunneling process.This study conducted a series of pressurized vane shear tests to investigate the role of shear rates on the peak and residual strengths of sand-foam mixtures at different pore states.Different from the shear-rate characteristics of natural sands or clay,the results showed that the peak strength of sand-foam mixtures under high vertical total stress(σ_(v)≥200 kPa)and low foam injection ratio(FIR30%)decreased with the increase in shear rate.Otherwise,the peak strength was not measurably affected by shear rates.The sand-foam mixtures in the residual state resembled low-viscous fluid with yield stress and the residual strength increased slightly with shear rates.In addition,the peak and residual strengths were approximately linear with vertical effective stress regardless of the total stress and FIR.The peak effective internal friction angle remained almost invariant in a low shear rate(γ′<0.25 s1)but decreased when the shear rate continued increasing.The residual effective internal friction angle was lower than the peak counterpart and insensitive to shear rates.This study unveiled the role of shear rates in the undrained shear strength of sand-foam mixtures with various FIRs and vertical total stresses.The findings can extend the understanding of the rate-dependent shear characteristics of conditioned soils and guide the decision-making of soil conditioning schemes in the EPB shield tunneling practice.
基金Partly supported by Scientific Research Foundation for Returned Overseas Scholars from State Education Committee of China
文摘The influence of pH on the rheological properties of concentrated alumina suspensions was investigated. At various pH values, the alumina exhibited pseudoplastic, near Bingham flow behaviors. The fully-deflocculated suspensions exhibited Newtonian flow behaviors, while the fully-flocculated suspensions demonstrated very high viscosity and shear yield stress.
文摘The pH dependence of the extrapolated shear yield stress for Alcoa A16 a-Al2O3 suspensions at the powder volume fraction of 0.27 with and without addition of both polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) each at fixed 0.18% of the powder mass was studied. With the polymer added, the full deflocculation of the suspension shifts from about pH=4 to around pH=1.5, at which the minimum value of shear yield stress is higher than that at pH=4. The addition of both PVA and PEG was found to prevent the filter cake from cracking.
文摘The environment shear stress of Tangshan main earthquake and 38 great aftershocks have been calculated by the acceleration data of Tangshan earthquake sequence. The environment shear stress for 52 smaller aftershocks from July of 1982 to July of 1984 have also been calculated by use of the digital data of the Sino-American cooperation recorded by the instrumental arrays in Tangshan. The results represent that the environment shear stress τ0 values have a weak dependence on the seismic moment, only the small and moderate earthquakes will be able to occur in the region with smaller τ0 value and the large earthquakes are only in the region with greater τ0 value. The peak acceleration, velocity and displacement will be larger for the earthquakes occurred in the region with greater τ0 value, Therefore, the measurement of environment shear stress τ0 value for the significant region will play an important role in earthquske prediction and engineering shock-proof. The environment shear stress values for the great aftershocks occurred in the two ends of the main fault are often higher than that for the main shock. This case may represent the stress concentration in the two ends of the fault. This phenomenon provides the references for the place where the great aftershock will occur.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.10672008).
文摘Orthotropic materials weakened by a doubly periodic array of cracks under far-field antiplane shear are investigated, where the fundamental cell contains four cracks of unequal size. By applying the mapping technique, the elliptical function theory and the theory of analytical function boundary value problems, a closed form solution of the whole-field stress is obtained. The exact formulae for the stress intensity factor at the crack tip and the effective antiplane shear modulus of the cracked orthotropic material are derived. A comparison with the finite element method shows the efficiency and accuracy of the present method. Several illustrative examples are provided, and an interesting phenomenon is observed, that is, the stress intensity factor and the dimensionless effective modulus are independent of the material property for a doubly periodic cracked isotropic material, but depend strongly on the material property for the doubly periodic cracked orthotropic material. Such a phenomenon for antiplane problems is similar to that for in-plane problems. The present solution can provide benchmark results for other numerical and approximate methods.
