On the Whole-Process People’s Democracy and the Construction of Citizens’ Cultural Quality

The Whole-Process People’s Democracy has become an important proposition of the socialist modernization democratic theory with Chinese characteristics,and has important value for the development of the new form of human civilization.The Whole-Process People’s Democracy is not only a“democracy”system,its focus is to achieve“people’s democracy”,its unique feature is to surpass“non process”democracy with the“Whole-Process”,and create a new governance path of a new form of human civilization.Of course,the emphasis of people’s democracy on the consciousness of people’s subjective participation in the whole process also puts forward corresponding requirements for the cultural quality construction of Chinese social citizens in the new era,so it is also of great significance to pay attention to the cultivation of citizens’public spirit.

Human Rights in China:Exploration and Development of Whole-process People’s Democracy

Whole-process people’s democracy represents a new exploration of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era as well as a novel and important method for protecting the human rights of the Chinese people.It is conducive to solving a multitude of problems hindering the protection of civil rights and political rights.The greatest highlight of whole-process people’s democracy is that the people are the masters of their own country and exercise the power to govern the state through“extensive participation and consultation.”China’s experience and approaches in advancing whole-process people’s democracy provide a reference for other countries.

On the Process and Rights in the Whole-process People’s Democracy

Theoretically, the whole-process people’s democracy involves five processes, namely, political process, policy process, urban and rural community governance process, enterprises and institutions management process, and international exchange process. Fach process includes several links which involve different democratic rights. To comprehensively promote the whole-process people’s democracy, it is necessary to make a detailed distinction between the democratic rights of each process, build a corresponding system and mechanism for the protection of rights, improve the ability of people in democracy, and establish the system and mechanism for evaluating the effect of democracy implementation.

On the Human Rights Implications of the Whole-process People’s Democracy

The whole-process people’s democracy is a prerequisite for the people’s democracy.It is the organic unity of process and outcome democracy,procedural and substantive democracy,direct and indirect democracy,as well as the people’s democracy and the will of the state.The whole-process people’s democracy is the latest theoretical expression of the concept of socialist human rights with Chinese characteristics,a new achievement in the practice of socialist human rights with Chinese characteristics,a new development of the system of the socialist human rights with Chinese characteristics,and a new contribution to the development path of human rights in the world.

Democracy on the Road toward the Rule of Law Started from Umbrella Movement

This paper had started its words from the hot current Umbrella Movement in Hongkong, with putting forward the questions that ＂ What is the democracy？ ＂ and ＂ How should the democracy develop？ ＂ . And then, it had reviewed the historical development of the concept of democracy, on that basis, it had explored the socialist democratic system in China and analyzed the dilemmas in the construction of socialist democracy. And it gave the responses to questions in the beginning of the article and explained the reasons in details. At the last, some notes on the construction of democracy in China＇ s journey toward rule of law were written in this article.

The Core of the Chinese Democracy Is to Respect and Protect Human Rights——A Summary of the Academic Seminar on Chinese Democracy and Human Rights Protection

On March 26,2023,a Seminar on Chinese Democracy and Human Rights Protection was held,jointly organized by the National Human Rights Education and Training Base and the Human Rights Research Center of Central South University under the guidance of the Chinese Society for Human Rights Studies.The event adopted a combination of online and offline channels.Over 30 experts and scholars from universities,research institutions,and practical departments across the country participated in extensive discussions on“Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Chinese Democracy and Protection of Human Rights.”The seminar aimed to focused on the essence,characteristics,advantages,and human rights implications of Chinese democracy and interpreted the concept of Chinese democracy and the protection of human rights through academic and theoretical methods.

治理现代化与政治民主化的互嵌——协商民主何以成为全过程人民民主的可操作化载体

全过程人民民主作为社会主义民主制度的本质,已经成为中国政治的价值规定,即政治民主化的中国议题;而协商民主则是其实现的具体形式,也是实现党的领导的具体形式,构成了治理的程序载体,即治理现代化的中国议题。本文从治理现代化与政治民主化的互嵌视角,讨论协商民主何以落地为全过程人民民主实际操作的载体,尝试提供一种新的中国式民主研究视角,即基于已经发生的协商民主案例,在一种可实际操作的程序与方法的载体上,把国家政策规定与社会具体实践结合起来,让理论与实践形成对话。谈到中国式民主的理论时,我们要有具体的操作方法;谈到操作方法时,我们要有具体的实践案例,把民主的钉子钉在中国社会治理现代化的问题之上,形成政治逻辑、理论逻辑、历史逻辑与实践逻辑具体融合的分析路径。

健全人民当家作主制度体系:中国式现代化的政治基础

人民当家作主制度体系是全过程人民民主的制度支撑,发展全过程人民民主是中国式现代化的本质要求,因而健全人民当家作主制度体系成为中国式现代化的政治基础。人民当家作主制度体系是在马克思主义指导下内生演化于我国基本国情的制度体系。健全人民当家作主制度体系的首要前提是在马克思主义指导下,立足于中国社会文化传统的基本特征以及世界范围内民主实践的优秀成果,不断疏通人民当家作主制度体系中的结构性梗阻,拓展制度体系的应用范围和价值功用,回应中国式现代化道路中的新问题。健全人民当家作主制度体系是一项系统工程,要全面把握党的全面领导制度、人民代表大会制度、中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度、民族区域自治制度、基层群众自治制度等构成要素。需要统筹推进根本制度、基本制度和重要制度的协同衔接,科学构建系统性、整体性、协同性的结构关系,整体推进民主制度与社会发展相适应、政治民主与社会民主相结合的人民当家作主制度体系。在遵循全过程人民民主逻辑的前提下,健全“全链条、全方位、全覆盖”的人民当家作主制度体系,同时以问题为导向选择重点推进路径,既要面向国家发展中的重要问题,也要回应人民群众急难愁盼的问题,在“大问题”和“小问题”的共同解决中提升人民当家作主制度体系的制度效能。

合作行动:政策过程中全过程人民民主的实践

西方的代议制民主实质是一种对抗式民主,民主运行以竞争或对抗的形式来开展,而为了在竞争体制中胜出则不可避免地存在遗漏与排斥。在高度复杂性与高度不确定性的风险社会中,竞争无法建构出完整的政策问题,更遑论得出科学的政策产出。我国的全过程人民民主正是一种合作民主,体现为政策全过程中的合作行动,表现在四个方面:政策主体的多元互动;政策知识的融合共生;政策阶段的灵活交织;政策工具的共存互构。

基层人大践行全过程人民民主的三重逻辑

作为践行全过程人民民主的行动主体,基层人大对推动全过程人民民主实践在基层社会落地生根具有重要意义。从“结构—过程”主义范式的研究进路出发,构建“价值—制度—行动”的分析框架,深入剖析基层人大与全过程人民民主的逻辑关联,为全面理解“为何践行”“何以践行”“如何践行”奠定了理论基础。在价值逻辑上,基层人大践行全过程人民民主实现代表和认同、参与和回应、立法和善治的统一,集中反映了全过程人民民主最广泛、最真实、最管用的民主价值特征。在制度逻辑上,人民代表大会制度和基层群众自治制度共同奠定了基层人大践行全过程人民民主的正当性基础。在行动逻辑上,基层人大践行全过程人民民主要通过具体实践将制度优势转化为行动效能,促进民意的持续性表达和基层治理效能的全面提升。新时代基层人大更要从人民本位、立法驱动、监督落实、技术赋能四个维度出发,共同优化自身践行全过程人民民主的实践路径。

全过程人民民主的逻辑理路、实践创新与形态超越

全过程人民民主是对中华优秀传统文化的吸收和借鉴,是对马克思主义唯物史观中人民至上立场的准确把握,是社会主义民主理论的现实化。科学技术的进步推动全过程人民民主在实践中守正创新,通过加强制度设计、育人以增强人民参政意识,利用新技术和新平台提高人民参与度和政治上的获得感。同时,全过程人民民主是一个具有中国特色、中国气派和中国风格的社会主义民主新形态,超越西方的民主形式、民主制度,并打破西方绝对的民主话语权。

The Legal Dimensions of Whole-Process People’s Democracy

The concept of whole-process people’s democracy can be analyzed in terms of four the rule of law dimensions:continuous democracy,authentic democracy,extensive democracy and consultative democracy.Continuous democracy means that democracy provides a continuous and uninterrupted mechanism in terms of stage,time and space,which can ensure the continuous participation of the people in the management of state and social affairs.Authentic democracy is not only embodied creation of opportunities and conditions for the people to have more channels and methods of participation in the management of state and social affairs,but is also reflected in the process of democratic practice,including the protection of legitimate rights and interests of the minority.Extensive democracy means that the people are fully and deeply involved in the management of state and social affairs as well as their own affairs,from the operation of the state system to social life at the community level,and from pre-election to post-election.Consultative democracy is a means of realizing people’s democracy in the whole process.It applies consultation and seeks truth,aiming at building consensus.Moreover,it integrates various channels of consultation,and integrates democracy into all aspects of the work of the Communist Party of China(CPC)and government and in all aspects of the people’s political and social life.

Promoting Whole-Process People’s Democracy Following the Rule of Law

Whole-process people’s democracy profoundly reflects the features of socialist democracy with Chinese characteristics,and comprehensively and systematically reveals the concept of people’s democracy as providing important mechanisms of national and social governance.Based on the traditional democratic understanding of democracy as majority rule,whole-process people’s democracy emphasizes the universality and extensive range of democratic governance,but also has the natural value defects of democratic value itself.Therefore,we must organically combine democracy with the values of the rule of law and human rights,to build a well-defined governance order based on people’s democratic value.The whole process in the“whole-process people’s democracy”has really resolved the situation of people’s“absence”from many links of state power operation caused by over-emphasizing the election-democracy in the Western capitalist democratic system.Through the people’s extensive participation and effective supervision,the state power operation mechanism based on the fundamental political system,the people’s congress system,has been ensured to be always in the framework of people’s democratic governance.This effectively realizes the people’s sovereignty and is consistent with the declaration that“all power in the People’s Republic of China(PRC)belongs to the people,”stipulated in the Constitution of China.To improve the governance efficiency of whole-process people’s democracy in practice,we must bring it onto the rule of law,and use the rule of law philosophy and methods to reasonably and effectively resolve all kinds of theoretical and practical problems.

论人民监督及其治理效能

以公民为主体的监督是国家和社会现代转型发展的重要标识。人民监督集中反映了社会主义监督理念,并随着中国共产党和中国特色社会主义发展而获得理论延展和制度实践。近年来,制度化的监督在党和政府管理领域不断获得细化和发展,规范了党的组织、完善了政府管理、净化了公职人员队伍,确保了党和国家方针、政策的基本遵循。然而不能忽视的是,社会主义监督体系的整体发展还有失平衡,党内监督和体制内职能监督发展较快,而党外和体制外人民监督制度建设仍然发展不足。这种不均衡的发展制约了社会主义监督体系整体效能的发挥,影响了治理现代化愿景的实现。为了适应治理现代化的要求,要进一步释放人民监督所蕴含的力量,发挥其在巩固社会基础、扩大监督面向、激活社会监督资源中独特的功能优势。

大学生参与高校治理的理论基础、现实困境与可行路径

大学生参与高校治理不仅是构建教育治理共同体的重要途径,也是落实立德树人的必然要求。利益相关者理论、参与式治理理论、全过程人民民主理论为大学生参与高校治理奠定了坚实的理论基础。当前,大学生参与高校治理仍面临着制度建设不完善、组织运行异化、主体意识缺失等诸多现实困境,迫切需要完善制度建设,筑牢权利行使之基;深化组织改革,畅通权力运行之道;重塑主体意识,培育学生主体之力,从而构建起多元共治格局,提升高校治理效能,推进教育治理体系和治理能力现代化。

全过程人民民主的海外研究探赜

作为中国共产党不断深化民主发展规律、推进民主理论和制度创新的经验结晶,全过程人民民主的提出引发了海外研究者的广泛关注。从研究原因来看,海外研究者对全过程人民民主的关注既缘于中国治国理政的重要成就,也肇因于大国背景下以此探究中国政治发展的瞻望。从本质来看,全过程人民民主是社会主义民主的重要组成部分,海外人士的全面关切是对中西民主价值发展的眷注。就主要论域而言,海外研究者聚焦全过程人民民主的内涵特征、全过程人民民主与西方民主的差异及原因、全过程人民民主的影响及发展前景等议题。相关论述基本勾勒出全过程人民民主的全貌,但也存在研究内容碎片化、研究客观性有待加强等问题。我们应运用核心政治话语联动、展示全过程人民民主生动案例等方式进一步推进全过程人民民主国际传播,为世界民主发展贡献中国方案和中国智慧。

村庄发展政策何以连续?全过程人民民主视阈下的一种解释

“一张蓝图绘到底,一任接着一任干”是浙江八八战略和千万工程的成功经验之一。为了揭示长周期内政策何以独立于人事变动而保持持续稳定,以浙江A村为案例,基于多轮深度访谈和档案资料,运用单案例研究设计,试图归纳政策持续稳定的可能条件。研究发现:①政策持续性取决于政策质量以及继任干部变更政策的意愿和能力。②全过程人民民主中民主协商和民主决策环节有助于形成“好”政策,“好”政策通过政策反馈机制得以持续。③全过程人民民主的民主管理环节有效限制了继任干部自由裁量权和自主行动空间,降低了官员变更政策的能力,从而有助于政策持续。④全过程人民民主的民主选举和民主监督环节有效降低了继任官员随意变更政策的意愿,从而进一步有助于政策持续。

全过程人民民主与基层社会治理耦合的发生机制探析——来自北京历史文化街区的小院议事厅案例观察

全过程人民民主与基层社会治理属于不同范畴,但往往被置于一道考量,其中很大一个原因在于全过程人民民主鲜明的治理导向。为了更好发展全过程人民民主、保障人民当家作主,对全过程人民民主与基层社会治理如何发生耦合的问题亟待给予系统的学理分析。全过程人民民主与基层社会治理的耦合,在草厂社区正体现为小院议事与历史文化街区治理耦合互动的发生。“小院议事厅”通过“民事民提、民事民议、民事民决、民事民办、民事民评”的“五民”工作法,在议题萌生、主体参与、载体创新、治理落地、反馈调整等方面展现出全过程人民民主与基层社会治理耦合的底层逻辑和现实价值,成功地在保护胡同街区的历史风貌前提下解决居民生活现代化的问题,为全过程人民民主与社会治理的有效耦合提供了一则在地化的中国经验。

全过程人民民主赋能乡村治理现代化的路径探析

党的二十大报告指出,发展全过程人民民主是中国式现代化的本质要求之一。全过程人民民主是治理型民主,如何转化全过程人民民主的制度优势为治理效能从而助推中国式现代化进程至关重要。乡村是全过程人民民主的重要实践场域,全过程人民民主能够以独特的主体优势、结构优势和治理优势助力乡村治理实现现代化转型。但是从现实来看,全过程人民民主赋能乡村治理现代化面临治理主体弱化虚化、治理体制机制不健全、现代化治理能力不足等困境,严重阻碍民主治理效能的发挥。为此,要从提升多元治理主体能力、完善治理制度体系、加强智慧治理能力等方面扎实推进民主治理,促进乡村治理现代化纵深发展。

论全过程人民民主理论的三重统一性

全过程人民民主是中国共产党在总结社会主义民主政治建设发展规律的基础上提出的全新政治理念,是新时代中国特色社会主义政治建设的核心范畴。全过程人民民主强调民主本身的内在价值,秉承民主的理想主义信念,是程序民主与实质民主的统一;全过程人民民主强调民主本身的成果共享特征,充分关注民生的多元化需要,是过程民主与成果民主的统一;全过程人民民主强调民主的本土化特征,关注民主理念与具体国情的结合,是民主共性与民主个性的统一。这一全新的民主政治形态是对人类民主政治遗产的继承与超越,是一种兼容价值与事实、程序与实质、实然与应然的过程有机体。