Brief History of Xu-style Gardens in the Qin and Han Dynasties

This paper studied the gardening activities and characteristics of Xu-style gardens in the Qin and Han Dynasties by combining ancient literature with the study of Han Dynasty stone reliefs.The results showed that by Qin and Han Dynasties,the imperial(royal)gardens and private gardens in ancient Xuzhou had developed in parallel.Imperial(royal)gardens were built by or for vassal kings,First Emperor of Qin Dynasty,Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty Liu Bang,for example,Pei Palace,Yanqi Tai,Xima Tai,Hanzu Temple,Lingguang Palace of Lu and so on.As for private gardens,stone reliefs in medium or small tombs owned by the bigwigs or the rich were collected from ancient Xuzhou,and from which we can see clearly the development of private garden from the court,the yard to the garden,rich garden plants and animal species,garden architecture types such as hall,building,pavilion,platform,boat,corridor,gate,gatetower,ornamental column etc.,particularly,hanging waterside pavilion was a unique architectural form of Xu-style garden.These achievements showed that Xu-style garden architecture had been transformed from the pre-Qin incubation period to the generation period.

The Influence of the Southern Silk Road on the Social Development of the Southwestern Yi in the Qin and Han Dynasties

The Southern Silk Road ran through Sichuan,Yunnan,and other provinces of China.It was a vital transport artery that linked the region of the southwestern Yi(barbarian tribes)to the Central Plains and influenced politics,economy,and culture in the region of the southwestern Yi in ancient times.The imperial governments of the Qin and Han dynasties kept developing regions along the Southern Silk Road.Their relentless efforts brought about social development in the region of the southwestern Yi in three aspects.Politically,they established the county system and step by step integrated the southwestern frontier and the inland into an administrative whole;economically,they implemented“presenting generous gifts and tax exemption,”spread the advanced production technology from the Central Plains,and promoted local economic growth;ideologically,they spread Confucianism and culture,and promoted cultural exchange and development.

Connotations and Internal Cultural Meanings of Chinese Jade in Chu Culture at Pre-Qin Period

The thesis conducts its analysis fromthe perspective of cultural characteristics of Chu state of Pre-Qin period in ancient China.The culture of Chu,usually focusing on ceremony sacrifice and several other activities,presents unique characteristics of the development of Chinese society and culture.Actually,the jade artifact at that time shows cultural features both at artistic and spiritual level and bears prominent cultural connotations like national spirit of solemnness and generosity.Chinese jade of Chu state of Pre-Qin period due to its abundant cultural connotations and meanings,poses to be an essential element of traditional Chinese culture,which shows artistic and national features of traditional jade culture and can directly influence development of modern society and culture.

Discussion on Agricultural Religion in the Pre-Qin Period of China

Since ancient times,agricultural religion has been infiltrated into all aspects of economic,political and social life in China. Using rich historical data such as archeology,anthropology and ethnology,this paper discussed the historical process of agricultural religion in the pre-Qin period from animal worship to agricultural worship. It also discussed the agricultural objects,land,celestial nature,and labor ghosts.Finally,it revealed the inevitable trend of combination of social sacrificing activities.

Features of Gardens of Shu Kingdom in Pre-Qin Period of China

After the illustration of Shu Kingdom in pre-Qin period, the origin of Sichuan gardens has been discussed. Through the research on relevant materials of old Shu Kingdom, and by comparing with the archaeological discovery of Yangzi Mountain Terrace, the paper has proposed that the origin of Sichuan gardens can trace back to gardens in the period of Duyu King. It is considered that gardens in pre-Qin period are dominated by imperial gardens, emperors' or aristocratic cemeteries, among which the historical function and features of Yangzi Mountain Garden, Nanzhong Garden and Wudan Mountain Cemetery have been introduced. On this basis, characteristics of Sichuan gardens in pre-Qin period have been concluded, and the grand manner manifested through "Great Stone Worship" in ancient Shu Kingdom has been highlighted.

Preliminary Analysis of Tectonic Deformation Phenomena in Some Archaeological Sites in Shandong Province

Earthquake archaeological research was conducted in recent years at four archaeological excavation sites in Shandong,focusing on the identification and analysis of the tectonic deformation phenomena. The non-tectonic deformation phenomena were distinguished at the site of the Shang Dynasty ruins at Daxinzhuang in the Jinan suburbs. In Longshan,sand vein-filled cracks were recognized in the cultural layers of the Chengziya site,Zhangqiu City. Sand veins on the trench wall and sand tubes at the trench bottom were found densely distributed at the Shang and Zhou Dynasty cultural layers,at Qinhuangtai site,Binzhou City. The tectonic and non-tectonic origin cracks were identified on the city wall of the Site of Capital of State Qi,Linzi City. In Rizhao city,parallel distributed sand vein fracture groups were found in the cultural layer of Longshan-Warring States-Han Dynasty at Yaowangcheng site. Typical conjugate shear fractures were identified on the city wall of the ancient city of the State of Xue, Tengzhou City. The above natural deformation phenomena are concentrated in the culture layers of the Spring and AutumnWarring States-Han Dynasties and before, and characterized by seismic sand-soil liquefaction traces,which indicate that these regions might have been in the seismic active episodes in the corresponding periods. The above inference has been confirmed by microscopic data analysis.

Design and Mechanics Analysis of Prairie Stone People Shed in Tekes County,Ili Prefecture

On the Silk Road, the grassland mountains of Tekes County are scattered with ancient stone people and stone statues in the Han-Wei-Jin periods. There are diseases such as weathering and cracking. In combination with the characteristics of climate change over the past 35 years, a rain-proof shed has been designed. The appearance refers to ″Horse riding Huns″ in front of the Huoqubing tomb in the Han dynasty, and ″Yungang Grottoes″ in the Northern Wei dynasty, and combine the concept of contemporary Kazakh Boz yu. Different from the general wooden straw shed, it is light in weight, easy to install, resistant to rain and snow, strong in corrosion resistance, strong in structural strength and Readily available materials, and low in cost, which is beneficial to improving the status of cultural relic protection and delaying the speed of diseases damage.

An Elementary Study of the Unearthed Mathematics Book, Suanshu Shu

The transcription of the Suanshu Shu算數書(a bamboo book of mathematics)in simplified Chinese characters offers a new opportunity to explore the history of Chinese mathematics in ancient times.This paper analyzes the style and structure of the Suanshu Shu and makes comparisons with the Nine Chapters on Mathematical Procedures and a number of other texts in various social contexts.It will be shown that the Suanshu Shu was compiled from at least two sources,and that no direct textual interplay exists between the Suanshu Shu and the Nine Chapters,although both share the same origins in the Pre-Qin period when the major mathematical methods in the Nine Chapters came into being.It will also be shown that the Suanshu Shu was accomplished with the methods used in certain mathematical books in the Pre-Qin period or their results,which later led to the Nine Chapters,and by accommodating the actual conditions of the lower government administration.The Suanshu Shu is significant for establishing the evolution of algorithmic mathematics from the Warring States period to the Han dynasty.

从“氏族之人”到“编户齐民”——试论先秦时期社会成员身份的变迁

夏商西周时期,社会上几乎所有的人都生活于“族”之中。这些族,夏商时期称为“氏族”,西周时期则多称为“宗族”。春秋战国时期,虽然“人”“民”多混用无别,但两者的使用却出现了有所侧重的情况。“民”能够以地域为称,但并不以族为称,它所表现的是社会成员的地域特征,而“人”则可以表现其作为某族的血缘关系特征。社会成员间血缘关系的影响在削弱,而国家地域关系的影响在增强。社会成员身份的巨大变化是由氏族(宗族)之人,变成了国家控制下的编户齐民。“编户齐民”肇端于战国时期诸国授田制度的实施,到秦代则成为国家控制天下民众的最主要的制度。这种居民身份的变化深刻地影响着古代中国的历史发展。

先秦时期生态文化述论

先秦时期是中华民族的先民在中华大地上筚路蓝缕、开疆扩土、探索生态环境并协调人与自然关系的早期阶段。在该阶段,中华大地优越的生境保证了先民的稳态延续,而先民在与纷繁的自然环境互动的同时也创造了灿烂的生态文化。如钻木取火和刀耕火种提高了生计水平,治水保卫了生境安全,历法和节气提高了人们对自然规律的掌握,生态保护律法减小了对环境的破坏力度,专门的生态论著则使生态保护上升到哲学的高度等。而其中蕴含的敬畏自然、艰苦探索、遵德循礼、居安思危的生态理念维护了先秦时期人与自然的和谐共生。这些生态文化尽管历史久远,但是仍对我国新时代生态文明建设留下了宝贵的精神财富,赋予了诸多参考和借鉴的意义。

浅谈西安的包容精神——以周秦汉唐为例

周、秦、汉、唐均建都古城长安(今西安)。周人以礼仪贤德包容四海,制礼作乐,统治天下。秦人以宽广的胸怀招贤纳士,秋风扫叶,创建基制,震慑四方。汉人以“大一统”的梦想构筑帝国,始开丝路,融合匈奴,汉匈和睦,天下归一。唐人以开放的心态、宏伟的气势以前朝为鉴,创大唐盛世,胡汉融合,万国来朝。故以周、秦、汉、唐为例,论述西安具有的包容精神,以斑窥豹,就教方家。

秦汉统一多民族国家的文明新构造

秦汉统一多民族国家的形成是古代中华文明发展的重要节点。秦汉时期“文化、主体人群、疆域”三位一体的文明新构造得以形成,文化、主体人群和疆域这三重因子在相互牵动中确立了“大一统”的社会格局。随着秦汉文化向边远地区的大规模扩展,初具国家和民族共同体意识的主体人群不断壮大,幅员辽阔的王朝疆域藉此得到巩固,汉民族就此成型。秦汉统一多民族国家的文明新构造强化了中华文明的突出特性,奠定了中国文化结构、中华民族结构和中国疆域版图的基础格局,在考古学上具有很大阐释空间。

先秦时期北方地区民族交错地带的变迁及特点

先秦时期,长城以南、黄河中下游以北地区是北方各族与华夏民族交往交流交融的主要发生地。这一区域具有开放包容、丰富多元的文化样态及其文化积淀,并呈现出局部稳定和整体波动的变迁过程。近两千年的交往互动,使各民族及其文化发展都得到了相应的回报,为更大规模、更大范围、更多民族的融合奠定了深厚的经济、政治、人文基础。到战国中后期,秦赵燕长城修筑后,该区域皆被纳入中原王朝的管辖范围。

简牍所见战国秦至汉初“内史”及其沿革

“内史”一职西周已有,春秋战国以降秦因之,一度作为位次丞相的中央职官参与国家立法,掌治国家财政、上计等事务。秦统一前后,“内史”作为京畿地区治民长官的职能不断加强,“内史”职能或经拆分,将仓廪谷货部分析出,别置“治粟内史”。汉兴,“治粟内史”职权重归“内史”,直至高后执政后期,因现实需要,才又重新析为两职。

秦汉畤祭遗址出土玉人功用研究

目前发现秦汉畤祭遗址的祭祀坑内,多是男女玉人一对与玉琮组合,应是畤祭礼仪最主要的祭祀形式。文章认为玉琮象征天圆地方,是祭天礼地的祭器。周秦汉时期奉行“以天为父,以地为母”之信仰,男女玉人与琮组合用于祭祀,正符合天为阳,地为阴,以天为父,以地为母的认知。并由此推断,男女玉人应分别是受祭的天神和地神之神主,用驷马车载之前往雍地进行畤祭之礼。西汉畤祭仍然继续沿用秦故礼仪,此正是由春秋至西汉数百年间,畤祭所用男女玉人造型及功用基本相同的缘由所在。

秦汉·天谴观念的兴亡——漫步地震五千年(5)

天谴观是在远古“天人合一”哲学思想上发展起来的,视灾异为上天对施政失道的谴责警告。这种观念的内涵是不断变化的,它没有探讨自然界的客观规律,仅在客观上起到调节社会矛盾的作用。早期为君臣提供了谏言善治的机会,君王则以控制信息、自省罪己来处置。中期演变成查撤高官、官场倾轧的手段。清朝则将地震的发生与文字狱结合起来,变成维护统治、镇压百姓的工具,最后随着封建社会一起走向灭亡。坚持科学与民主,是社会发展的必由之路。

秦汉行政报告中的“请”与“报”

秦汉行政报告的“请”与“报”制度是维护君主专制主义中央集权体制机制的一项重要政治法律制度。秦汉依法对行政请示报告的类型、办理程序、审批答复、处理和利用等方法和原则作出了明确规定,建立了相应的行政申请报告呈报和批复的体制机制,为行政请示报告工作提供了可以遵循的法律制度,加强了对行政的监督和检查,限制了行政权力的滥用,提高了行政管理的质量和效率。

试论出土先秦简帛文献的“牛”

出土先秦简帛文献记有的农业资料是先秦农业及其相关研究的重要参考,但并未引起学界足够重视。结合考古发现和传世文献记载,搜集整理出土先秦简帛文献所记的牛的资料,具体分析其中疑难文字的形音义,逐一探讨“■”“戠牛”“■”“■”等不同称法的牛,阐释总结牛的社会功用,以期为出土先秦简帛文献、先秦农业史和先秦农业科技史等研究提供借鉴。

中国粮谷酿酒技艺或发端于凤翔流考证

中国酿酒技艺及其传承,整体呈现一体多元的特征,即以酒曲作用于粮谷、自然发酵生香为主体,各地不同生态环境下,形成了各自的酿造风格。从西周到唐代持续向全国各地延展,并根据各地的酿酒生态环境,融汇当地已有的酿酒技艺传统而形成基本要素。

河南禹州阎寨遗址新莽时期墓葬发掘简报

2018年,河南大学历史文化学院在禹州市阎寨遗址发掘汉代墓葬6座。其中,M5和M7两座新莽时期墓葬形制较为特殊,所见随葬品组合及葬俗特征鲜明,双墓室四人合葬、海蓝宝石珠等在河南地区尚不多见,为了解新莽时期豫中地区的葬俗与社会增加了新的实物资料。