Iraq War and the Period of Important Strategic Opportunities

The American and British war against Iraq started on March 20, 2003 not only caused heavy casualties and ecological environmental disasters but also exerted impact on regional and world security, stability and development. Even so the war is a local war, and it is unlikely.

Schmitt, Kant, and the Theory of International Relations： Reflecting the Problems of Just War, Unipolarism, and Political Realism

Concerning international relations theory, the work of Immanuel Kant was hitherto reflected in terms of the liberal paradigm, particularly of the democratic peace, whereas Carl Schmitt was predominantly associated with the assumptions of political realism or--at least for a short period Nazi imperialism. However, these differences seem to have taken a back seat since both thinkers have been adopted to legitimate the convictions of imperial liberalism. In contrast, this article will show that Schmitt and Kant have essentially more in common than generally assumed but do precisely argue against just war theory, humanitarian interventions, and a unipolar world. On the other hand, Kant＇s liberal and Schmitt＇s illiberal theory do not apply to the classical paradigms of intemational relations. Instead, Schmitt＇s Political Theology and Kant＇s Political Philosophy will be compared along with the antagonistic logic （and ethics） of political existentialism and a peaceful interdependence between states and nations. Considering the contemporary crisis of world order, it should be even plausible that the two dominating paradigms of future international relations might be formed by Kantian and Schmittian premises. Thus, the aim of this paper is not to match Kant and Schmitt once again with the usual approaches in international relations theory but to stretch its theoretical and conceptual spectrum by extracting the inventive contribution both thinkers made to important topics of IR.

ON CRAFT OF SILK “KNITTING” CORDS OF WARRING STATES PERIOD IN JIANGLING

Seven pieces of silk braids excavated from Chu Tomb No.1 at M ashan in Jiangling are thoughtto belong to the knitting fabric.Their structures are double-stitched type,with a lining silk on theback side to fix the knitted threads;besides the traverse linking structure,there are alsomulti-structures by single jersey combined with traverse linking,the excavators declared.The au-thor of this paper believes that those cords can be classified as some intermediary between theknitwear and the needlework.They have the structure similar to certain kinds of knitting,crochetand embroidery,and can be duplicated through two different methods.The differences and similar-ities between these cords and the traditional hand-knitting or embroidery,as well as their originsare discussed.Photographs of the relic and the duplication are presented.

Scientific Investigation on Bronze Swords from Spring-Autumn and Warring States Period

1. Introduction The bronze swords were somewhat important in ancient China. Its alloy constituent analysishas been carried out by some scientist with modern technique. Afterwards, a series of work havebeen published. The main results are: (1) the sword materials are Pb-Sn-bearing bronze with tincontent at 15～19%; (2) it is cast alloy mainly; (3) the rhombus pattern on the sword of Yue King

Quantitative analysis of the impact of droughts and floods on internal wars in China over the last 500 years

Although many large-N quantitative studies have evidenced the adverse effects of climatic extremes on social stability in China during the historical period, most of them rely on temperature and precipitation as major explanatory variables, while the influence of floods and droughts on social crises is rarely measured. Furthermore, a comparison of the climate-society nexus among different geographic regions and at different temporal scales is missing in those studies. To address this knowledge gap,this study examines quantitatively the influence of floods and droughts on internal wars in three agro-ecological(rice, wheat,and pastoral) regions in China in AD1470–1911. Poisson regression and wavelet transform coherence analyses are applied to allow for the non-linear and non-stationary nature of the climate-war nexus. Results show that floods and droughts are significant in driving internal wars in historical China, but are characterized by strong regional variation. In the rice region, floods trigger internal wars at the inter-annual and multi-decadal time scales. In the wheat region, both floods and droughts cause internal wars at the inter-annual and multi-decadal time scales. In the pastoral region, internal wars are associated with floods only at the multi-decadal time scale. In addition, the multi-decadal coherence between hydro-climatic extremes and internal wars in all three of the agro-ecological regions is only significant in periods in which population density is increasing or the upper limit of regional carrying capacity is being reached. The above results imply that the climate-war nexus is mediated by regional geographic factors such as physical environmental setting and population pressure. Hence, we encourage researchers who study the historical human-climate relationship to boil down data according to geographic regions in the course of statistical analysis and to examine each region individually in follow-up studies.

Impact of Deficient Nutrition on Health Condition of Persons with Dementia

Dementia is a loss of mental ability （ability to think, remember and make logical conclusions） which, in principle affects normal everyday life of a person. Dementia is not a disease but a group of symptoms that may cause different diseases. Symptoms include change of behaviour, character and unexpected changes in the mood. Poor quality of nutrition affects significantly the intensity of dementia. Balanced diet that meets healthy safety standards and requirements will satisfy the needs of an organism for vitamins and minerals and special attention should be given to intake of folic acid, vitamin B12 and minerals zinc and selenium. Intake of omega3 fatty acids is a source of fuel for blood vessels, particularly for the ones of the nervous tissues.

Experimental simulation and numerical analysis of coal spontaneous combustion process at low temperature

The characteristic of coal spontaneous combustion includes oxidative property and exothermic capacity. It can really simulate the process of coal spontaneous combustion to use the large scale experimental unit loading coal 1 000 kg. According to the field change of gas concentration and coal temperature determined through experiment of coal self ignite at low temperature stage, and on the basis of hydromechanics and heat transfer theory, some parameters can be calculated at different low temperature stage, such as, oxygen consumption rate, heat liberation intensity. It offers a theoretic criterion for quantitatively analyzing characteristic of coal self ignite and forecasting coal spontaneous combustion. According to coal exothermic capability and its thermal storage surroundings, thermal equilibrium is applied to deduce the computational method of limit parameter of coal self ignite. It offers a quantitative theoretic criterion for coal self ignite forecasting and preventing. According to the measurement and test of spontaneous combustion of Haibei coal, some token parameter of Haibei coal spontaneous combustion is quantitatively analyzed, such as, spontaneous combustion period of coal, critical temperature, oxygen consumption rate, heat liberation intensity, and limit parameter of coal self ignite.

Celebrating Diversity of Humanity, Struggling for Peace, and Establishing Culture of Coexistence

The Qur＇an embraces cultural pluralism, emphasising that “People, We created you all from a single man and a single woman, and made you into races and tribes so that you should recognize one another. ”（Q. 49： 13）. Moreover, peace is the most fundamental value in the Qur＇an and Islam. The majority of the classical Muslim jurists, especially Hanafi school, emphasised that the reason for Muslims＇ fight against non-Muslims is Muslims＇ defense themselves against attacks, not non-Muslims＇ faith. Bediuzzaman Said Nursi （d. 1960） states that the only kind of jihad that is appropriate for the present age is spiritual or moraljihad. Furthermore, regarding Qur＇anic approach to relations between Muslims and the People of the Book, Muslim scholars, in general, advocate sincere relations and trust between Muslims and the People of the Book. In addition, Said Nursi is one of the great Muslim scholars in interfaith dialogue in the 20th century. Finally, there is the need for establishing culture of coexistence, which practised before within a religious tradition such as Islamic tradition for many centuries in the history. Through achieving a culture of coexistence and peace, most conflicts can be resolved.

TOWARDS A GLOBAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE HUMANE TREATMENT OF CAPTURED ENEMY FIGHTERS

The prevailing narrative instructs us that humane treatment of captured enemy fighters is down to white knights from the western parts of the European continent with their codes of chivalry, or alternatively, the Swiss businessman Henri Dunant. This contribution challenges that narrative for overlooking, or being ignorant of, the way that societies around the world have approached the matter of the captured enemy fighter. Traces of some of the critical principles about humane treatment that we see in our present law can actually be found in much older societies from outside of Europe. A more accurate and representative way of understanding humanitarianism in the treatment of captured enemy fighters can and must be crafted, with the prevailing Euro-centric account balanced with practices, cultures and faiths from elsewhere. The quest to achieve more humane treatment in armed conflict is first and foremost a battle of the intellect. Narratives and conceptualisations that are more inclusive, recognising and appreciating of the ways of the rest of the world are likely to be more effective in communicating humanitarian ideals. This work adopts a new method of approaching the richness and diversity of the treatment of captured enemy fighters over time and space. This new framework of analysis uses six cross-cutting themes to facilitate a broader international and comparative perspective, and develop a more sophisticated level of understanding. The first theme is how older and indigenous societies approached the matter of captured enemy fighters. The second focuses on religions of the world, and what they teach or require. The third section examines the matter of martial practices and codes of ethics for combatants in certain societies. The fourth category engages with colonisation and decolonisation, and regulation （or non-regulation） of the treatment of captives of war. Fifth is the issue of modernisation and the impact it has had on armed forces and fighters, including on the treatment of captives. The final issue is the shift towards formalised agreements, beginning with the first bilateral agreements and then the multilateral codification exercise that began in the mid-19th century and continues to this day. This framework for analysis leads into a final chapter, presenting a fresh and holistic view on the evolution of prisoner of war protections in the international order. It provides a different way of looking at International Humanitarian Law, starting with this effort at a global understanding of the treatment of captured enemy fighters.

Preliminary Analysis of Tectonic Deformation Phenomena in Some Archaeological Sites in Shandong Province

Earthquake archaeological research was conducted in recent years at four archaeological excavation sites in Shandong,focusing on the identification and analysis of the tectonic deformation phenomena. The non-tectonic deformation phenomena were distinguished at the site of the Shang Dynasty ruins at Daxinzhuang in the Jinan suburbs. In Longshan,sand vein-filled cracks were recognized in the cultural layers of the Chengziya site,Zhangqiu City. Sand veins on the trench wall and sand tubes at the trench bottom were found densely distributed at the Shang and Zhou Dynasty cultural layers,at Qinhuangtai site,Binzhou City. The tectonic and non-tectonic origin cracks were identified on the city wall of the Site of Capital of State Qi,Linzi City. In Rizhao city,parallel distributed sand vein fracture groups were found in the cultural layer of Longshan-Warring States-Han Dynasty at Yaowangcheng site. Typical conjugate shear fractures were identified on the city wall of the ancient city of the State of Xue, Tengzhou City. The above natural deformation phenomena are concentrated in the culture layers of the Spring and AutumnWarring States-Han Dynasties and before, and characterized by seismic sand-soil liquefaction traces,which indicate that these regions might have been in the seismic active episodes in the corresponding periods. The above inference has been confirmed by microscopic data analysis.

抗战时期西北国际通道初探

西北国际通道是抗战时期经中国西北地区运输外国援华物资、援华人员和中国易货物资的重要国际通道,西北国际通道的开辟与运行对于中国抗日战争胜利发挥了极为重要的历史作用。学界对西北国际通道研究十分关注,现有研究对其基本概念如名称、路线、里程认识并不一致。文章依据通道地理位置及运输状况将其定名为西北国际通道;通过梳理抗战时期报纸、期刊、书籍等资料,分析得出通道有三条线路,公路线起自今哈萨克斯坦萨雷奥泽克车站,终于兰州,航空线为阿拉木图至兰州,驿运线为印度列城至中国新疆叶城;以修建维护通道的新疆公路局、西北公路局等机构资料为依据,考订西北国际通道公路线里程为2934公里。

抗战时期大后方水泥工业统制措施及其影响——以四川水泥公司为中心的分析

中日全面战争爆发后,为了准备长期抗战,国民政府经济部工矿调整处设立水泥管理委员会作为统制大后方水泥的核心机构,对水泥工业施行了严格的统制,以保障军事民用的需要。战时水泥工业统制涉及企业近十家,其中尤以四川水泥公司最具典型性和代表性。水泥管理委员会通过配发准购证及核定销售价格等方式,全面控制了四川水泥公司产品生产和分配。战时水泥统制的施行一方面有利于保障战时军事物资供应,为抗战的胜利做出了巨大的贡献;另一方面,在严密的统制经济管控之下,四川水泥公司丧失了自主定价和自由经营权力,从而导致经营效益日趋下滑,对企业发展产生了诸多方面的负面影响。

湖北荆州张大冢战国楚墓出土青铜器的成分与金相研究

利用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、金相显微镜对荆州市纪南镇雨台村张大冢战国墓地出土12件青铜器进行成分与金相分析。结果表明,12件青铜器分别为铅锡青铜、锡铅青铜和锡青铜3种材质,铅锡(或锡铅)青铜器普遍含铅量较高,青铜器多以铸造成形,铜盘均采用热锻加工技术。不同类型及使用功能的器物,其合金成分与金相组织存在明显差异。张大冢墓地作为战国中晚期的楚国下等级贵族家族墓地,出土青铜容器也多为素面薄壁,锈蚀较为严重,但其出土青铜器的合金配比、制作技术及机械性能均展现出战国中晚期楚国工匠已经拥有成熟的青铜合金、铸造以及加工技术,也揭示出当时工匠有意识地在青铜明器与实用器的合金技术上存在区别对待,为全面认识东周时期楚都纪南城青铜冶铸业的发展状况提供科学依据。

二十世纪三四十年代太岳区林业建设述论

太岳区是华北地区战略要地之一,同时也是重要的林区。民国前期,阎锡山政府施行“六政三事”,该区林业建设取得了一定的成效。20世纪三四十年代,受战争影响,太岳区森林资源遭到严重的破坏。为了发展生产和保护生态环境,中国共产党领导的民主政权开展了以植树造林运动为主要内容的林业建设。通过采取出台政策、广泛宣传与典型示范等革命化举措,太岳区林业建设在增加森林面积与保持水土流失等方面产生了一些效果。但是,从长远来看,该区生态环境并未得到根本性改观,经济建设与环境保护之间的关系尚待进一步调整。

土地革命战争时期毛泽东对马克思主义中国化的艰辛探索

大革命失败后,面对国民党反动派制造的白色恐怖、共产国际及其代表的思想禁锢和党内“左”倾教条主义者的排挤打压,以毛泽东同志为主要代表的中国共产党人以强烈的责任担当和革命胆略,坚持将马克思主义基本原理与中国革命实际相结合、与中华优秀传统文化相结合,坚持以人民为中心的价值导向,与党内盛行的把马克思主义教条化、把共产国际决议和苏联经验神圣化的错误倾向作斗争,积极探索马克思主义中国化的有效路径,找到了一条以农村包围城市、武装夺取政权的革命道路,初步形成了毛泽东思想这一马克思主义中国化的创新理论成果。

十六国时期战争中的军粮问题研究

以十六国时期战争中的军粮问题为研究对象,考察了战前军粮筹备、战时军粮供给对战争的影响。认为粮食对根据地的选择有制约作用;军粮补给状况是交战双方制定相应征讨策略的重要依据;军粮供应危机的化解是战争能否取胜的关键。十六国时期,征战双方在军粮问题上展开的一系列颉颃,展现了军粮在战争中的复杂性和丰富性。

延安时期中国共产党的初心和使命——以《解放日报》建党纪念日社论为中心的考察

延安时期是中国共产党的初心和使命发展的最重要阶段,以《解放日报》为载体,通过建党纪念日社论的特殊方式,中国共产党的初心和使命追求不仅完成了从理论探索到具体实践的转换,而且也呈现出以“抗战”与“民生”为中心的历史性内涵。中国共产党的有力领导使陕甘宁边区政府通过新政策的实施让边区人民的“民生幸福”得到了初步实现,八路军和新四军在“彻底解放中华民族”的对日作战中完成着“中华民族之复兴”的“最主要任务”,而中国共产党也在民族解放运动中争得了自己的“政治领导责任”。

抗战时期大后方文学作品中的“独身女性”叙事

五四时期,在西方女权运动和无政府主义思潮的影响下,女性作家笔下开始建构“独身女性”叙事。抗战阶段,女性解放话语融入民族解放洪流,在社会问题更突出、矛盾更尖锐的大后方,“独身女性”叙事得以保留,这也是大后方特殊的政治、经济、文化环境所决定的。“独身女性”叙事既是特殊时期对实现女性社会价值的实验,亦是对五四时期女性解放道路的反思和探索,更是艰难环境中女性为确保不再度沦为历史进程中缄默者所作出的选择。体察这些“独身女性”叙事,可以进一步了解战时女性的真实生活境遇;通过与西方社会“独身女性”成因形成观照,可以进一步理解我国女性解放进程的独特性与复杂性。

纪念白求恩:抗战时期白求恩纪念活动考察

抗战时期,援华抗战的加拿大共产党员白求恩不幸牺牲于晋察冀边区。此时中国共产党正面临着国共关系恶化以及边区医疗卫生状况恶劣的局面,纪念活动作为鼓舞人心、解放思想的有力武器,得到中国共产党人的充分重视。中国共产党通过致电、组织追悼会、题词、撰文以及场馆纪念和冠名纪念等具体形式组织开展了一系列以白求恩为主题的纪念活动。白求恩纪念活动在动员群众积极抗战、推进医疗卫生事业发展、促进国际友好交往、筑牢共产主义信仰等方面发挥着重要作用,为争取抗战胜利提供了强劲动力。

抗战时期宜红茶复兴计划与国营体系的建立

晚清以来,在国际市场需求的带动和自身发展优势的基础上,宜红茶贸易兴起,区域茶业逐渐兴盛,并形成了“宜红茶”品牌。抗战时期,在国际国内局势和“中国茶业复兴计划”的影响下,“宜红复兴计划”被提出。中国茶叶公司、湖北省平价物品供应处茶叶部先后在宜红茶区投资设厂,推动了宜红茶区国营茶厂的建立与国营体系的发展,体现了传统商品经济在近代全球化趋势中的生存境遇与抉择,奠定了区域茶业社会经济的历史格局。