Information system for emergence decision on the protection against earthquake and disaster reduction in Shanghai City──Application of GIS

For meeting the need of rapid development of economy in Shanghai and the protection against earthquake and disaster reduction in the mega city, it is necessary to build a information system for emergence decision on the protection against earthquake and disaster reduction in the city. In this paper, GIS is applied to 'the information system for emergence decision on the protection against earthquake and disaster reduction in Shanghai City (Baoshan experiment region)'. We introduce to the structure and effect of each functional module in this information system. This information system consists of 7 functional modules:background information of seismology and geology, subsystem for rapid evaluation of damage loss from earthquake, subsystem for the decisive information on earthquake emergence, information query, maintenance and management of system, help, quit. The key parts of this information system are the subsystem for rapid evaluation of damage loss from earthquake and the subsystem for the decisive information on earthquake emergence. Also, this paper introduces to the application of technology of color infra-red aerial photograph remote sensing to this information system.

Ideas of establishing the information system for emergence decisions on the protection against earthquakes and disaster reduction in cities (application of GIS)

ith urban reformation and opening becoming deeper,the work of protection against earthquake and disaster reduction would be more important.In this paper,some ideas are suggested about establishing the information system for emergency decisions on protection against earthquake and disaster reduction in cities .The information system mainly includes a subsystem for rapid evaluation of damage loss from earthquake (which includes input of seismic information,distribution of earthquake intensity,evaluation of seismic fragility on all social factors and etc.) and a subsystem for the decisive information of seismic emergency(which mainly includes project of disaster relief,project of personnel evacuation,dangerous degree warning for the dangerous articlesstoring places and protection measures against them,assistant decision on fire due to earthquake,location of headquarter for providing disaster relief,and etc.). It is thought that the data investigation and collection about all kinds of buildings(including lifeline engineering)are the most important and difficult work as establishing this system.

Security of earthquake disaster reduction system

No matter whether a system is operated manually or automatically controlled by computer, the system’s vulnerability always exists. Earthquake Disaster Reduction System (EDRS) belongs to the category of information system. According to the features of security for EDRS, the steps and the methods on how to build the EDRS security were analyzed. The EDRS security features, security strategies and security measures were also given through a distributed EDRS skeleton that has been applied. Because there was still no appointed and authoritative agency or organization to certify and test EDRS security in China, a national information technology security certification center was introduced and suggested for the certification of the EDRS security. Finally, several discussions and tendencies for the EDRS development were presented.

Redevelopment of Daqing Oil Field distributed earthquake disaster reduction system skeleton

Through investigation on the international development trend of earthquake disaster reduction system(EDRS)researches,a well finished Daqing Oilfield EDRS is introduced.Based on the PC System,redevelopment of the EDRS skeleton is well discussed,including the technical skeleton,function composition,structures of software and hardware,redevelopment languages,database,and remote linking and calling of analysis modules.Meanwhile,it is pointed out that extending and utilizing the function of remote sensing information on the basis of the current distributed EDRS skeleton will become another study direction of EDRS.

Assessing the effectiveness of disaster risk reduction strategies on the regional recovery of critical infrastructure systems

Communities depend on critical infrastructure systems to support their regular operations and future develop-ment.Destructive events,such as natural disasters,threaten to disrupt service to these systems and the commu-nities they support.Strategies designed to reduce the impacts from disasters and other events are therefore an important consideration for community planning.At a regional level,coordination between communities sup-ports the efficient use of resources for implementing disaster risk reduction(DRR)measures and completing post-disaster repairs to meet the needs of all residents.Coordination is challenging,however,due to the complex-ity of regional systems and competing stakeholder interests.This work presents a case study model of regional water,wastewater,and power systems,and demonstrates the effect of seismic hardening and increased resource availability on post-earthquake repair requirements and critical infrastructure recovery.Model results indicate that implementing DRR strategies can reduce required repair costs by over 40 percent and outage severity by approximately 50 percent for the studied sectors.Not all strategies are effective for all sectors and locations,how-ever,so this work discusses the importance of comprehensive,coordinated,and accessible emergency planning activities to ensure that the needs of all residents are considered.

Earthquake Science and Technology as Well as Preparedness and Reduction of Earthquake Disaster in China

This paper systematically presents the state-of-the-art of preparedness and reduction of earthquake disasters in China. It contains abundant information on the goal, policy, working links, administrative organizations, and main scientific and technological approaches for earthquake disaster reduction in this country. The focus is placed on "taking science and technology as the foundation" and "management based on legal system."

Study on Functions and Countermeasures of Disaster Prevention and Reduction of Urban Green Land

From the advanced experiences at home and abroad,according to the requirements of emergency evacuation at earthquake disaster,then strategies and methods to disaster prevention and reduction functions of urban green land construction were put forward.

Annual Consultation on the Likelihood of Earthquakes in Continental China: Its Scientific and Practical Merits

Since the 1970s, Chinese seismologists have started to conduct the Annual Consultation on the Likelihood of Coming Earthquakes in the Next Year. This approach has unique scientific and practical merits either as an active response to the social needs in the situation that earthquake prediction research meets many difficulties, or as a real forward prediction test persistently conducted for 1/3 century. It is a pity that such an approach has not been well-known by international seismological community, and the scientific merits of such an endeavor is sometimes regrettably underestimated.

A catastrophic debris flow in the Wenchuan Earthquake area,July 2013：characteristics,formation,and risk reduction

In the Wenchuan Earthquake area,many co-seismic landslides formed blocking-dams in debris flow channels. This blocking and bursting of landslide dams amplifies the debris flow scale and results in severe catastrophes. The catastrophic debris flow that occurred in Qipan gully(Wenchuan,Southwest China) on July 11,2013 was caused by intense rainfall and upstream cascading bursting of landslide dams. To gain an understanding of the processes of dam bursting and subsequent debris flow scale amplification effect,we attempted to estimate the bursting debris flow peak discharges along the main gully and analyzed the scale amplification process. The results showed that the antecedent and triggering rainfalls for 11 July debris flow event were 88.0 mm and 21.6 mm,respectively. The event highlights the fact that lower rainfall intensity can trigger debris flows after the earthquake. Calculations of the debris flow peak discharge showed that the peak discharges after the dams-bursting were 1.17–1.69 times greater than the upstream peak discharge. The peak discharge at the gully outlet reached 2553 m^3/s which was amplified by 4.76 times in comparison with the initial peak discharge in the upstream. To mitigate debris flow disasters,a new drainage channel with a trapezoidal V-shaped cross section was proposed. The characteristic lengths(h1 and h2) under optimal hydraulic conditions were calculated as 4.50 m and 0.90 m,respectively.

New Seismic Zoning Map of Chin a and Its Application in Earthquake Disaster Mitigation

The New Seismic Zoning Map of China was prepared from 1987 to 1990 and officially promulgated in 1991.In comparison with the previous two seismic zoning maps prepared in 1957 and 1977,some new methods were applied to upgrade the method currently used for seismic hazard analysis.First,a probabilistic method was used instead of the deterministic analysis was used for previous mapping.Second,by taking advantages of the long history of historical seismic data in China,the nonhomogeneity of seismicity both in space and in time has been fully considered and hence the over-and/or underestimation of seismic hazard could be avoided.Third,the results of middle-and long-term earthquake prediction based on tectonic evidence have been incorporated into seismic hazard analysis.In addition,the attenuation laws for both intensity and peak acceleration of strong motion as the mapping parameters are also presented.Finally,an evaluation of the New Seismic Map and its effect on engineering application,such as aseismic

Status quo and Existing Problems of Seismic Prevention Planning in Counties and Districts——a Case Study of Hongsibao District, Wuzhong City,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

This paper introduced domestic and overseas status, the historical evolution and the development history of earthquake disaster reduction planning. The urgencies and realistic significance were analyzed to carry out earthquake disaster reduction planning for districts or countries in the northwest. With Hongsibao District in Wuzhong City, Ningxia Province as an example, this article analyzed in detail the present situation and the special problems of earthquake disaster reduction planning in Northwest China. The relevant solving measures were put forward in order to offer a reference for the scientific establishment and effective implementation of earth- quake disaster reduction planning in Northwest China. The foundation of earthquake disaster reduction in the Hongsibao District is still very weak, there is a single earthquake monitoring means, the emergency rescue system is not complete, the working mechanism is not perfect, and the lack of funding for the work of earthquake disaster reduction.

Safety Education for Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in Beijing Fuxue Primary School

From the analysis of social needs,social situation and school circumstances,the necessity of earthquake disaster reduction is shown,and try to establish the overall framework of earthquake disaster prevention education in primary schools according to the overall goal of earthquake disaster prevention education.The roles of earthquake disaster reduction education is also discussed.

The Structural Engineering Challenges Following the Wenchuan Earthquake

The "5·12" Wenchuan Earthquake presents two challenges-reconstruction of the devastated areas and building adequate seismic resistance into the rest of China.The stages in recovery include structural condition assessment,identification of seismic weaknesses,appreciation of the variable seismicity of PR China,the development of a seismic performance index to aid the decision to relocate,rebuild or retrofit,development and application of the principles of retrofitting which recycles rubble and waste from Wenchuan "5·12",with an emphasis on integrating masonry construction into seismic resistance.The recovery and resilience achieved through structural engineering must be integrated into a broader community involvement in disaster risk reduction.

超大城市洪涝灾害成因综合解析——以重庆市为例

近年来,极端天气事件呈现趋多趋强态势,变化环境下洪涝灾害频发给社会经济发展带来严峻挑战。重庆是中国西部超大城市和成渝城市群“双核”之一,主城区地貌以山地、丘陵为主,受上游江河来水和三峡库区回水的双重影响,洪涝灾害风险突出。以重庆市历年洪涝灾害事件为基础,梳理重庆市防涝减灾现状,分析水文、地理、地形、城市化、气象等因素对重庆市洪涝灾害发生频率和强度的影响,结合这些洪涝灾害致灾因子进一步对重庆市的孕灾环境和承灾体进行分析,提出针对重庆中心城区洪涝治理的对策建议。分析发现:重庆市洪涝灾害受多种因素综合影响,特殊的地理位置和山地城市的地形条件决定了重庆防洪治涝的艰巨性;重庆市河流纵横,山高谷深,完全具备发生洪涝灾害的孕灾条件;应充分考虑气象水文和经济社会发展的新情况,根据三峡水库等建成后的洪涝灾害特征和城区防洪防涝能力现状,及时优化城市洪涝灾害防御体系。

新阶段珠江流域防洪安全体系构建的思考与认识

珠江流域气候多变,河流水系发达复杂,极易形成洪涝灾害,在流域中下游与珠江三角洲等地区尤为频繁。进入21世纪以来,一方面,流域经济社会快速发展,且随着粤港澳大湾区、珠江-西江经济带、海南自由贸易港建设等国家重大战略的深入推进,流域内人口和财富必将进一步聚集与增长;另一方面,全球气候变化背景下极端天气事件频繁发生,导致局地与流域性洪涝灾害呈现趋多趋频趋强趋广的特性。在两者耦合影响下,珠江流域防洪形势已发生明显变化,防洪压力愈发凸显。基于此,在系统梳理珠江流域防洪减灾体系现状及存在问题基础上,立足流域实际与新阶段经济社会高质量发展相关需求与挑战,深入分析流域防洪新形势,科学研判流域防洪重难点问题,结合水情、工情、社情变化,提出完善珠江流域防洪减灾体系的思路举措,为守护珠江安澜、实现中国式现代化提供重要支撑。

川西地区中小学防震减灾科普现状及需求研究——以四所中小学校为例

为摸清川西地区中小学的防震减灾需求,选取川西地区雅安市雨城区太平实验小学、甘孜州丹巴县城区第一学校、天全中学、泸定中学4所中小学校开展防震减灾科普现状及需求的调查研究。研究结果显示,川西少数民族地区中小学现有防震减灾科普产品种类、呈现形式比较单一,科普产品针对性较弱;川西地区对防震减灾科普产品的需求更趋向地震风险防范、地震应急救援等知识的系统学习。本研究结果可为今后更好地研发有针对性的防震减灾科普产品和开展地域性防震减灾科普工作提供依据。

少震地区公众防震减灾科普需求与认知的调查和分析——以江西省为例

本研究旨在探索江西省公众对防震减灾科普知识的认知和需求。通过设计并实施问卷调查,广泛收集了公众的反馈,以评估他们对防震减灾信息的需求及偏好的获取信息渠道。研究发现,大部分受访者表达了对防震减灾科普知识的强烈需求,尤其强调了对实用、易于理解和可操作内容的偏好。在信息获取渠道方面,数字媒体,尤其是互联网和电视,是科普知识的主要获取渠道。然而,主要挑战包括科普内容过于理论化、专业化和复杂化,且信息获取途径较为有限。基于这些调查结果,本研究建议相关部门和组织加强实地演习、利用数字媒体进行宣传和实践经验的分享,扩大传播渠道,同时简化专业内容,从而更有效地满足公众需求,提升公众的防震减灾意识和能力。

Exploring Key Capacities:Insights from Assessing the Resilience of the Public Health System Before and After the Kahramanmara?Earthquakes

The goal of this mixed-methods study was to identify and compare the key capacity considerations regarding public health system resilience before and after the 2023 Türkiye-Syria earthquakes.Public health system resilience was assessed through online and face-to-face workshops using the United Nations Public Health System Resilience Scorecard.The pre-earthquake evaluation was conducted in Istanbul and Trabzon in 2021;the post-earthquake evaluation took place in Hatay and Kahramanmara?in 2023,with a total of 41 participants each.The online workshops lasted approximately four days,while the face-to-face workshops lasted one day.The study found a significant decrease in the scores for most scorecard resilience indicators in the post-earthquake assessment.Qualitative analysis showed that this decline was largely due to infrastructure collapse.Additionally,defining the roles of health disciplines in disaster management and having data transmission procedures between public health system stakeholders in disasters were among the main capacity considerations in both the pre-and post-earthquake assessments.The post-earthquake evaluation revealed several capacity gaps that had not been addressed in pre-earthquake assessments in areas such as disaster preparedness of vulnerable populations and logistics.The findings highlight the critical importance of strengthening building stock and infrastructure to establish a disaster-resilient public health system.

Earthquake-resistant performance investigation for rural buildings in Zhongxiang area, China

We carried out a census of the rural residential buildings of Zhongxiang area＇ s 17 towns. Next, we conducted a sample survey in four townships： Huji, Shipai, Zhangji, and Jiuli. According to the census and sample survey data of the rural residence buildings, we evaluated the quality and earthquake-resistant performance of the rural buildings for the various local rural residential structural types. The results showed that there are four main factors affecting the seismic performance of the local rural residences ： （ 1 ） Foundations are not made appropriately （ such as by compaction or some other fill） but are built directly in the farming soil. （2） Seismic measures are not completely implemented. Structure construction measures are not in place at the junction of the vertical and horizontal wall. The vertical wall joints are not the result of the same masonry techniques as the horizontal joints. There are no lintels above the door and window openings, or if there are any, the length of the lintels is less than 240 mm. （3） The brick masonry wall has low strength. The greatest housing wall mortar strength is between M0. 4 - 1.5, much lower than the strength of the brick. （4） The building material and construction quality are poor. The quality of the mortar masonry wall is poor. The cracks between the bricks are uneven, even in the seams.

四川泸定M_(s)6.8地震房屋震害及人员死亡特征分析

在收集整理四川泸定M_(s)6.8地震现场调查资料的基础上,对比九寨沟M_(s)7.0地震,分析房屋震害特征和人员伤亡情况。结果表明,相较九寨沟地震,四川泸定M_(s)6.8地震灾区房屋震害更为严重,遇难人数更多,主要原因是房屋抗震能力不足、选址不合理以及地质灾害较为发育等。灾区房屋结构类型主要有钢混结构、砖混结构、穿斗木结构、石木结构、砖木结构、土木结构等6类。对房屋平均震害指数和易损性曲线的分析表明,未设防的砖混结构、简易结构房屋抗震能力弱,震害比其他结构房屋严重;而人员死亡主要由地震地质灾害造成,集中在高烈度区和地质灾害易发区,死亡人员以中老年为主,人员死亡率与地震烈度、人口密度有明显相关性。灾区房屋破坏及人员伤亡具有高山峡谷地区的震害特征。本文的研究结果可为进一步研究该类地区的地震灾害风险研究提供参考。