Local perceptions of the conversion of cropland to forestland program in Jiangxi, Shaanxi, and Sichuan, China

Numerous land-use policies have been implemented in China in recent decades for ecological restoration and conservation to reduce environmental disasters and promote environmental sustainability.Many of these policies follow a top-down approach to implementation and as such,emphasize the hierarchical control within government structures.An understanding of local perceptions of land-use policies is important if the disconnect between policy makers and the target population is to be reduced and if program support is to improve.This study aimed to help improve local implementation,attitude toward,and engagement by examining the influence of socio-economic characteristics on the target population’s(local farmers)perception of the conversion of cropland to forestland program(CFPP)land use policy in Jiangxi,Sichuan,and Shaanxi provinces.It uses logistical regression models,with robust aspects of perception including confidence,support,transparency,prospects,fairness,and willingness to participate.Results indicate that social aspects as well as economic aspects are most important in influencing farmers’perceptions towards the CFPP.The farmers who have received technical support,rural male habitants,educated,and non-middle-aged farmers exhibit more positive perceptions of the program and are much more likely to support it,whereas farmers without any technical support or formal education,and female and middle-aged farmers are less likely to support the program.Importantly,this study also reveals the differences in responses,experiences and perceptions of the farmers living across different provinces.These empirical results provide insight into the influence of socio-economic characteristics on the perception of farmers towards land-use policies,which has important implications for designing targeted policy instruments and increasing farmer support for these policies.This knowledge can be harnessed and further evaluated in future research to improve citizen engagement,support,and understanding in order to help ecological restoration and conservation objectives be more effectively achieved.

Cultivated-land change in Mu Us Sandy Land of China before and after the first-stage grain-for-green policy

Mu Us Sandy Land(MUSL) of China, as a typical eco-fragile and farming-pastoral transitional region, shows great vulnerability to disturbances from cultivation activity. In this region, the conflict between cultivation activity and environmental protection has not attracted great importance until the implementation of China's Grain-for-Green Policy(CGGP) since2000. Here, using Landsat5 TM/Landsat7 ETM+ images from 1990, 2000, and 2010, we monitor the cultivation activity and land-use/cover changes(LUCC) resulting from cultivation activity in the MUSL region. Based on the data from images, we developed a series of databases of cultivated activity-induced LUCC and use them to discuss comparatively the spatio-temporal evolution trends of cultivation activity before and after CGGP implementation. These results provide evidence for managers to evaluate the implementation effectiveness of governmental policy and the influence of cultivation activity on the ecological environment of the MUSL region.

Dilemma for the Redevelopment of Village and Town Construction Land, Formation Mechanism and Policy Suggestions

Under the context of economy new normal and rapid urbanization, the shift of economic growth, structural adjustment pains as well as pre-stimulus digestion comes coincidentally. The boundary red line of urban growth, the red line of the number of basic farms and the ecology red line makes the local to conserve land. Land stock for village and town construction is a huge amount of potential resources. Redevelopment of land for village and town construction provides ensured land security for the smooth progress of urbanization. Combining village and town construction land use characteristics and making in-depth analysis of the difficulties in the redevelopment of village and town construction and its inner mechanism, policies and suggestions were proposed for the redevelopment of village and town construction land in terms of land property, land price, market allocation, planning, surveillance and so on, so as to provide valuable reference for the smooth redevelopment of village and town construction land, and the system design of villages and towns.

Land Use and Land Cover Change in the Coastal Area of Watamu Mida Creek, Kenya

Watamu Mida creek coastal areas, mainly the shoreline, the mangroves and the general environment have been changing due to the impact of land use change, shoreline erosion, human population pressure and the expansion of tourism sector. This research assesses the impact of land use change on mangrove dynamics and shoreline erosion as well as the main driving factors that cause these changes in Watamu Midacreek. This study uses old aerial photographs (1969 and 1989), current high resolution satellite images World view (2010) and ground truthing in combination with information from the local community to analyze the impact of change in land use from 1969-2010. Land use and cover types were visually interpreted, digitized and delineated using aerial photographs of 1969, 1989 and 2010 satellite images in ArcGIS.9.3.1 and ERDAS IMAGINE 2014 software. The results of the land use change between 1969 and 1989 showed a decline of scrub land, miscellaneous coastal vegetation, coastal bush, thicket with trees and mangroves, whereas new types of land use which emerged during this period were town and barren land. The greatest land use change rate observed between 1969 and 1989 was in miscellaneous coastal vegetation at 2.5%, while coastal bush experienced a significant negative change rate of 6.5%. The main land use changes observed between 1989 and 2010 were increasing coastal bush, an expansion of town and urban areas, hotels and private holiday houses. Encroachments into the mangrove forest have been observed both by local people and foreign private holiday house owners. The change in land use had an impact on shoreline changes as well. Areas mainly covered by old trees, and coastal bushes which protected the shoreline from erosion currently have been converted into very big hotels and several private holiday house complexes. The main drivers of land use change were human population growth and policy (through weakness of law enforcement). Policies and regulations which are not currently implemented need to be updated based on the current pressure-state situation, and there should be strong law enforcement and strict regulation to control any unplanned developments along the coast and in the neighboring hinterland.

Assessment of Urban Sprawl on Agricultural Soil of Northern Nile Delta of Egypt Using RS and GIS

Urban sprawl is threatening the limited highly fertile land in the Nile delta of Egypt. Landsat TM satellite images of 1984, 1992 and ETM+ of 2006 have been used to study the impact of urban sprawl on agricultural land of the Northern Nile delta, Egypt. Visual interpretation using on screen digitizing and change detection techniques were applied for monitoring the urban sprawl. Combining the land capability map and the urban thematic layer using GIS made it possible to point out the risk of urban expansion on the expense of the highly capable soil class. The results show that a total expansion of urban area amounted to 689.20 km2(6.3% of total area) during the study period 1984–2006. The urban expansion during the 1984–2006 was on the expense of the most fertile soils where, the high capable soils(Class I) lost 247.14 km2(2.26 % of total area) and the moderate capable soils lost 32.73 km2(0.3% of total area), while the low capable soils lost only 57.39 km2(0.53% of total area). The urban encroachment over the non capable soils was very limited during the study period 1984–1992, where 7.33 km2 only was lost. The pattern of urban sprawl has been changed during the 1992 to 2006 whereas much larger area(50.64 km2) of the non capable soils was converted to urban. It can be concluded that the urban sprawl is one of the dominant degradation process on the land of Nile Delta.

基于Landsat影像的雄安新区2013−2021年土地利用变化检测和生态政策评估

利用2013−2021年共9期Landsat8影像,采用面向对象的监督分类方法,得到新区逐年土地利用与覆盖分类结果,进行LUCC分析及生态品质评价.结论:1)分类结果总体精度>86.8%,K为0.81~0.88,优于同期FROM-GLC及GLC_FCS全球分类产品;2)雄安新区设立至今耕地面积减少,不透水面和林地面积增长,蓝绿空间面积占比由12%增加至30%,雄安3县(雄县、容城县和安新县)建设严格遵循了新区《规划纲要》中植树造林、城市发展、湿地涵养3项不同的建设任务,各县主要土地利用覆盖变化分别为耕地向林地的转变、耕地与不透水面的相互转变以及耕地向水体和水生植被的转变;3)不透水面扩张与城市建设对生态品质的负面影响正逐步被森林覆盖率、蓝绿空间面积增加带来的正面影响所抵消.总体看,雄安新区土地利用/覆盖变化遵循新区规划要求,体现了经济社会发展和生态建设的成果.

Spatial Polarization of Villages in Tourist Destinations: A Case Study from Yesanpo, China

Spatial perspectives were applied to examine the processes of growth and development in rural settlements affected by tourism.Based on field surveys and GIS spatial analysis methods, we studied the spatial evolution of two villages(Jiaojiekou and Gougezhuang) in the Yesanpo tourist area over the last 25 years.The results revealed a polarization trend,with Jiaojiekou becoming a ‘hollowed' village and Gougezhuang developing into a ‘new-type' tourist town.This polarization indicates the unsustainability of rural development in tourist destinations, which is manifested by the following features: only some villages benefit from the development of tourism;there is simultaneously a shortage of land in tourist villages and a wastage of land in traditional villages;and the function of the villages is deficient.Nevertheless, the spillover of the effects of tourism may provide an opportunity for the development of traditional villages.To better utilize this opportunity,we propose that:(1) integrated rural tourism management should be developed to explore effective methods of promoting tourism as part of a rural development strategy;(2) different land use policies are required for different villages; and(3) the balance between government regulation and community participation should be emphasized.

Visualizing Relationships between Drivers of Environmental Change and Pressures on Land-Based Ecosystems

The pursuit of human needs and demands is placing more pressure on land resources than ever before. The challenge of feeding 7 billion people is increasingly competing with rising demands for materials and biofuels. Deforestation and land degradation are among the pressing outcomes of these trends. Drivers of environmental change—including population growth, economic activity, consumption, urbanization, trade, conflict, and governance—clearly play a role in aggravating or mitigating these pressures on land. Despite advances in understanding causality in complex systems, navigating the interactions between these drivers remains a major challenge. This paper analyzes and visualizes the relationships between multiple, interacting drivers of environmental change and specific pressures on land-based ecosystems. Drawing on experience from the development of the Drivers and Land chapters of the UN Environment Programme’s Fifth Global Environment Outlook report (GEO-5), we use a series of Kiviat diagrams to illustrate the relative influence of key drivers on selected pressures on land. When individual diagrams are overlaid, patterns of influence emerge that can provide insight into where policy responses might best be targeted. We propose that, subject to some limitations, the Kiviat exercise can provide an accessible and potentially valuable “knowledge-intermediary” tool to help link science-based information to policy action.

Investigation of Climate and Land Use Policy Change Impacts on Food Security in Eastern Sudan, Gadarif State

The aims of this research were to investigate the impacts of climate variations on land use policies, food security and vegetation cover in Gadarif State (eastern Sudan) during 1961 to 2013. Analysis of precipitation and temperature time series revealed that the annual precipitation was decreasing while the temperature was increased in the study area. Precipitation was decreasing at a rate of −50.3 mm/10a, while the temperature was increasing at a rate of 0.02°C/10a. The result of both SPEI and SPI showed that the Gadarif State has been changed to a high frequency of drought during 1961-2013. Sorghum yield showed a significant positive relationship with precipitation during July and October (CC = 0.364 and 0.321, respectively), moreover, a significant positive relationship between Sesame yield and precipitation was observed during July (CC = 0.335). A significant negative relationship between Sorghum yield and mean temperature was observed during the rainy season (July to October) with CC = −0.278. The yield productivity of Sorghum and Sesame had decreased significantly (from more than 800 kg/ha in the 1960s to less than 200 kg/ha in 2000s for Sorghum, while 500 kg/ha in 1960s to 100 kg/ha in 2000s for Sesame). The Mechanized Rain-fed Agriculture (MRA) area of Sorghum and Sesame in the Gadarif State had been increased from 1,058,241 ha to 2,799,655 ha during 1961 to 2013. Thus, we ultimately suggest that in the Gadarif State, policy makers must strive for an increase in yield per unit area by using sufficient fertilizers along with the gradual increment in tendencies of grain production through expansion of the cultivated area.

“三生”空间视角下苏南水网乡村景观生态风险评价——以石头潭片区为例

苏南水网乡村是新型城镇化建设的先行区,然而快速经济建设对“三生”空间景观格局造成较大干扰,引发的景观生态风险变化值得关注。研究以苏州市石头潭片区为例,选取1990、2000、2010、2020年4期土地利用数据,基于景观格局指数构建景观生态风险评价模型,定量分析研究区“三生”空间景观生态风险时空分异特征。结果表明,1)1990-2020年石头潭片区“三生”空间面积变化显著。生态空间面积稳步增加;农业生产空间面积逐年缩减;工业生产空间、城镇生活空间与农村生活空间扩张显著。“三生”空间类型转移以农业生产空间转向城镇生活空间与工业生产空间为主。2)研究区“三生”空间与景观生态风险存在关联性,高风险区主要分布于澄湖等水域生态空间,中风险区主要为沿湖荡分布的农业生产空间与农村生活空间,低风险区多为成片聚集分布的城镇生活空间与工业生产空间。1990-2020年石头潭片区景观生态风险等级不断上升,较高、高风险区面积逐步扩张,面积占比分别上升14.43%、7.50%。3)石头潭片区景观生态风险存在显著空间正相关性;生态风险指数空间分布以高-高与低-低聚集为主,空间分异特征明显。

Global Warming Induced Sea Level Rise on Soil, Land and Crop Production Loss in Bangladesh

Available data have been analyzed to assess impacts of global warming induced sea level rise on loss of soil and land resources and their implications on food security of Bangladesh. Scientists believe that because of sea level rise coastal zone of Bangladesh has already experienced noticeable impacts especially in terms of area of inundation and erosion, saline intrusion, loss of soil and land, loss of crop production in addition to migration of people from vulnerable areas. The loss of land mass and degradation of soil and land resources will adversely affect national food production and thereby food security. Sea level rise impacts are really high for Bangladesh, though the country plays insignificant role in green house gas emission. Development and implementation of adaptation policies and taking initiatives to realize those policies are the right ways to respond to sea level rise impacts in Bangladesh.

制度变迁视角下创新型产业用地政策的理论内因、演进逻辑与治理路径

在生态文明发展理念下如何保障土地持续产出能力和以创新经济实现长期税收的“可持续增长”成为各大城市的关键议题。在此背景下,创新型产业用地政策成为一种“热潮”。采用制度经济学中的制度变迁理论,分析我国现行创新型产业用地政策的理论内因以及演进逻辑。发现创新型产业用地政策的出现是一种制度变迁过程,形成诱致性引导与强制性调控两种手段,在经历两种手段的不断交织与博弈后,最终趋于成熟实现稳定的制度化运行。由此提出创新型产业用地的治理路径应当涵盖全生命周期环节,并把握不同环节的治理逻辑,以“中端诱致性引导、两端强制性调控”的思路,形成公平与效率并重的治理框架,为各地创新型产业用地政策的制定和完善提供支撑。

都匀市新场村土地利用动态变化研究

近年来,我国全面推进乡村振兴工作,研究村级土地利用动态变化对于乡村规划的编写具有理论参考价值。本文以都匀市匀东镇新场村为研究对象,利用土地变更调查数据,分析新场村2010-2020年土地利用动态变化。研究期内,新场村土地利用程度不断提高,下一步乡村振兴工作要强化规划引领,加强空间优化和资源保障。

黄冈市红安县山地乡村三生空间功能演变及格局特性

为实现农村地区生产空间统筹利用、生活空间合理布局以及生态空间平衡保护,文章以湖北省黄冈市红安县为研究区域,构建三生空间分类体系,运用GIS空间地理分析法、土地利用转移矩阵和景观指数法定量分析三生空间的土地利用空间现状、演化和空间格局演变特性。结果表明:红安县山地乡村具有显著的垂直分异特征,1990—2018年,生态及生活用地面积整体呈现增长趋势,生产用地面积呈现下降趋势,农业生产用地向林地生态用地大面积转换;随着现代化建设和城镇化发展,城镇生活空间不断地向城镇外围扩张,导致城镇生活用地面积不断增加,其他生产用地面积大幅度增长,红安县生产用地的斑块数量、景观形状指数及边缘密度均在大幅上涨,破碎度以及景观复杂程度不断增加,抗干扰能力较低。总体而言,红安县三生空间变化显著,整体景观格局破碎化加剧、景观连通性减弱、抗干扰能力降低,建议在在未来国土规划过程中,应当兼顾三生空间的协调并进。

倡议联盟形成中政策行动者的策略选择——基于西部陆海新通道的案例分析

倡议联盟框架认为,政策变迁是联盟互动和外部事件共同作用的结果。但是,现有文献运用倡议联盟框架解释政策变迁时,主要关注政策过程本身和倡议联盟之间的互动,忽视了倡议联盟内部政策行动者的集体行动。结合社会网络分析工具,以西部陆海新通道为案例,分析倡议联盟形成的微观基础。研究发现:倡议联盟的形成经历了发起、竞争、扩大和融合四个阶段,在这一过程中因为政策信念和政策资源的不同,政策行动者采取了牵头、借势、桥接、依附四种不同的行动策略,体现出不同政策行动者在倡议联盟中的地位差异。

经济快速发展地区农业土地利用变化驱动机制研究——以无锡市东亭镇、安镇镇和羊尖镇为例

以长江三角洲地区无锡市东亭镇、安镇镇和羊尖镇为例,通过应用德尔菲法和主成分分析法选择农地利用变化影响因素的基础上,构建了区域农业土地利用变化的驱动模型,并据此着重分析了区域农地数量变化与区域经济发展、城市化水平、农业集约化、城市(上海市)辐射力以及耕地保护政策变化之间的相互关系。研究结果表明,区域农业土地利用变化是上述因素综合作用的结果,并且在不同的乡镇,农地数量变化的驱动因素是有所差异的,而且区域社会经济发展的不同时期,各驱动因素的重要程度也是动态变化的。最后,作者就经济快速发展地区农业土地可持续利用管理提出若干政策建议,合理保护农地尤其是耕地资源;重视耕地质量占补平衡;依据农业产业发展态势,积极调整农地利用结构;推进非农产业升级,合理控制非农用地规模;进一步完善土地利用的经济约束机制和土地利用决策体系;加强区域合作,避免产业结构的趋同导致的土地利用结构的趋同;促进产业科技进步,提高土地利用占用效率。

“耕地总量动态平衡”政策驱动下中国的耕地变化及其生态环境效应

土地政策是影响土地利用及生态环境变化的一个重要的驱动因素。论文分析了“耕地总量动态平衡”政策对中国的耕地变化及其生态环境效应的影响,结果表明,“耕地总量动态平衡”政策对中国耕地的数量变化产生了积极作用,主要表现为:非农建设占用耕地的势头总体上得到遏制,全国及各省(市、区)基本实现耕地占补平衡,促进了农地整理工作的开展。但是,该政策对中国耕地的质量变化的影响却相反,在全国实现耕地占补平衡的情况下,耕地的总体生产能力呈下降趋势,同时,对生态环境产生了一定的负面效应。在此基础上,论文提出了重新审视“耕地总量动态平衡”政策的可行性,以“保护和提高耕地综合生产能力”替代“耕地总量动态平衡”以及根据土地资源区域差异采取不同的具体措施等对该政策加以调整的思路。

科学发展观指导下的农村居民点布局调整和整理

科学发展观对土地规划工作提出了新的更高的要求。通过对农村居民点布局现状及当前规划体系的分析,指出应根据科学发展观的要求将农村居民点体系布局的调整和整理作为土地利用总体规划的重点内容,同时还对如何在当前土地利用总体规划中体现科学发展观作了一定探讨。

我国土地政策对耕地可持续利用的影响

耕地变化受到诸如经济、人口、政策等因素的影响,但在中国,政策影响的痕迹更为明显。在高度集中的计划经济体制下,耕地的变化完全取决于中央计划的制定和实施情况,同时,领导决策、个人意志以及特殊政治事件等对耕地变化也有非常明显的改变作用。改革开放以后,我国逐步走入市场经济时代,耕地表象上是受经济利益驱动向收益高的土地利用类型转换,事实上,是国家制定的区域发展政策、产业发展政策和城市发展政策,决定了经济发展的方向和速度,进而决定和推动着耕地改变的方向及速度。同时,在"社会可持续发展"的指导思想下,国家通过一些保护性的法律或法规维持耕地不被过度改变。

中国土地利用/覆盖变化的生态环境安全响应与调控

中国从20世纪70年代末实施了前所未有的改革开放政策,巨大的境外投资、有偿转让使用与土地联产承包政策在广大城乡的推行,引致了快速的城市化与经济增长过程,城市化水平增长15%,GDP平均每年增长超过9%,城市化土地面积增长2%。与此相应,严重的生态环境灾害相继发生,1994年淮河特大污染事件;1997年黄河断流227天;1998年发生长江、嫩江流域特大水灾;2000年发生严重影响中国首都北京及韩国、日本的12次沙尘暴;2004年,淮河流域再次发生严重污染事件。综合分析表明,土地利用/覆盖格局的巨大变化、城市化过程的加速、乡镇企业的迅猛发展成为其主因。一些案例研究表明,重建生态环境安全条件下的中国土地利用/覆盖格局,制定与生态环境安全水平友好的国家土地利用政策,不仅有利于改善中国生态环境安全水平,还将促进其可持续发展,并有益于亚洲及世界生态环境的改良。