Research on the Balanced Development of Urban and Rural Compulsory Education Through Education Resource Allocation

With the rapid development of our country’s economy,education has gradually become the focus of social attention.The problem of unbalanced distribution of urban and rural educational resources has become increasingly prominent,urban educational resources are relatively rich,while rural educational resources are relatively scarce,and the balanced development of urban and rural compulsory education has become an urgent task.This paper mainly investigates and studies the distribution of urban and rural educational resources,discusses the unbalanced distribution of urban and rural educational resources and analyzes the reasons,and puts forward a series of corresponding solutions to promote the balanced development of urban and rural compulsory education.

Research on the Harmonious Development of New Rural Communities under the Perspective of Balancing Urban and Rural Areas

On the basis of offering a definition of New Rural Communities (NRCs), the paper analyzes the values of New Rural Communities and argues that the construction of NRCs is able to contribute to the enhancement of the comprehensive agricultural production capability as well as the development of social productivity. Meanwhile the incomes of the rural residents can be boosted, which denotes the realization of a harmonious society where the achievements of China's reform and development are shared by each citizen. Moreover, the construction of NRCs facilitates the economization of land use and thus improves the overall living standard of the residents, while helping to cut the administrative cost and promote democracy at the primary level. This paper also points out various problems arising during the construction of NRCS in China: blindly following suit in accordance with the modes of the urban communities; lack of funds, which leads to the absence of the supporting mechanisms of NRCs; vague positioning and the ensuing shortage of impetus for continued development. Finally, the paper raises the corresponding measures and suggestions: first, based on reality, make overall planning and scientific arrangement; second, the government should play the dominant role while respecting the principal position of the rural residents and introducing the market mechanism; third, increase science and technology input and attach equal importance to economic and social benefits; fourth, broaden fund-raising channels while completing the supervision mechanism.

Empirical Study of China's Rural Consumption Function from the Perspective of Balancing Urban and Rural Development

From the perspective of balancing urban and rural development,this article researches the factors influencing the consumption level of rural residents in China.I select the relevant data concerning per capita net income of rural households and annual per capita consumer spending of rural residents for living in the period 1985-2008,establish the regression model of per capita net income of rural households and per capita consumer spending of rural residents for living,and conduct regression analysis and error correction model test using the measurement software.The analysis results show that there is not only long-term equilibrium relationship between rural residents' current consumption and rural residents' current income,between rural residents' consumption in lag period 1 and rural residents' income in lag period 1,but also short-term equilibrium relationship;current income is the main reason for determining the current consumption).Corresponding proposals are put forward to promote the level of rural consumption in China as follows:propel agricultural modernization;actively develop specialized cooperative organizations of rural residents;improve rural land transfer mechanism;promote the level of public services in rural areas;accelerate the transfer of rural surplus labor.

Comparative Research on the Reform and Exploration of Balancing Urban-Rural Development

Balancing urban and rural comprehensive reform is the major reform and developmental strategy of China. On the basis of the concept and theory of balancing rural and urban reform, the two national pilot cities Chengdu, Chongqing and several provincial pilot cities including Ningbo, Yangzhou, Shaoxing and Zigong are compared. The experiences and connotation of balancing urban and rural areas are concluded from the following four aspects. Firstly, scientific plan is a prerequisite; secondly, promoting "three collections" is the core; thirdly, developing people's livelihood is the basis; fourthly, organization security is the key.

AN APPROACH ON SEVERAL PROBLEMS OF CHINA'S URBANIZATION DEVELOPMENT

China, having urique national conditions, is facing a basic contradiction between large numbers of less educated surplus rural labor forces and limited capacities of urban employment and infrastructure on the urbanization process.Hence, the urbanization model should prevail in comprehensive and several ways: (1)On occupational and spatial shift rural surplus labors, two fashions of 'leaving land bot not countryside' and 'leaving both land and countryside' should be integrated with joint effort of cities and countryside. (2) On urbanization motive, urban construction will be invested by not only the govermment (from the upper), but the locality, personnel and foreigners (from the lower). (3) On urban scales, metropolis,large, medium-sized and small cities and towns should play fully their roles to absorb rural surplus lanors. Thereby, the present urban development policy needs to be rectified, which this paper has discussed particularly. (4) On account of great regional disparities in China, urban development should perform different models in different regions. In addition, this paper has also focused on the problem and its primary countermeasures of 'labor force mass', a hot issue closely related to urbanization and rural labor transfer.

Experience of Overseas Countryside Development and Construction of “Beautiful Countryside” in Zhejiang

Countryside development paths and phase characters of typical developed countries and regions were analyzed,such as the East Asian Model(Japan and South Korea),and Western European Model(Germany and the Netherlands).The former is based on the big gap between urban and rural development,and the latter is based on the balanced development of urban and rural areas,both of them achieved the world’s leading level of countryside construction.In Zhejiang Province,"China’s Beautiful Countryside"represented by Anji,and"Zhejiang Green Agricultural Product Base"represented by Xianju emerged in the county level.Motivation mechanisms for countryside development in China and abroad were analyzed,including industrial system,infrastructure,ecological environment,and local culture.

Measures and Policy Suggestions for Improving Rural Settlements in Guangdong

Since 2000,Guangdong has continued to increase investment in infrastructure construction in rural areas,and indicators for the main construction in the rural areas have met the requirement of remediation.However,the return visit has found that there are still huge gaps in urban and rural settlements.Therefore,this paper comprehensively investigated and scientifically analyzed existing problems in the rural settlements in Guangdong,and proposed that urbanization was the fundamental way to improve the rural settlements by carrying out the strategic planning of the provincial urbanization space and formulating different policies in urban areas and rural areas.Specifically,in the urban areas,the municipal government could coordinate the urban-rural development,formulate a transformation and development plan for villages to be urbanized,and classify the villages into three types in accordance with the degree of influence of villages affected by the cities to set different planning policies.In the rural areas,the provincial government was responsible for rural protection and development together with the county government,and divided the villages into three types according to the regional planning goals to implement different supporting policies for them.

CPC Central Committee and State Council Release Opinions Concerning Establishing and Improving the Institution, Mechanism, and Policy System for Urban and Rural Integrated Development

On May 6,2019,the CPC Central Committee and State Council released the Opinions Concerning Establishing and Improving the Institution,Mechanism,and Policy System for Urban and Rural Integrated Development(shortened into the Opinions in the following part).The Opinions suggests that by 2022,a primary urban-rural integrated development mechanism should be established.An institutional channel for free flowing of urban and rural elements should be basically opened up,the restrictions on urban permanent household registration should be gradually eliminated,the unified urban and rural construction land use market should be set up,the capacity of finance serving for countryside revitalization should be apparently promoted.

要素流动对城乡融合发展的影响机理与空间分异研究

城乡要素双向自由流动有利于提高要素配置效率和优化城乡关系,促进城乡融合发展。现有关于要素流动对城乡融合发展的研究主要围绕传统生产要素对城乡融合发展的研究展开讨论,鲜有文献将数据这一新型生产要素纳入城乡要素流动范围并探索其对城乡融合发展的影响机理。基于2010—2021年中国31个省份的面板数据,在测算要素流动、城乡融合发展水平的基础上,构建双向固定效应模型、地理加权回归模型和中介效应模型实证检验要素流动对城乡融合发展的影响效应及作用机制。研究发现:第一,全国要素流动总指数呈现出小幅度增长的态势,位于均值之上的地区中64%是城乡融合发展试验区,说明城乡融合发展政策实施具有重要的引导作用;第二,要素流动显著促进城乡融合发展,这一结论在引入城乡之间距离作为工具变量进行内生性检验、采用删除4个直辖市和缩短时间窗口的方法进行稳健性检验之后仍然成立;第三,空间异质性分析中,劳动力、土地和数据要素始终表现出促进城乡融合发展的作用,随着时间的推移,土地要素对不同地区城乡融合发展影响程度逐渐增强、影响范围逐步扩大,技术要素对城乡融合发展的促进逐渐凸现,由华东和华南地区向东北和西南地区转移;第四,在要素流动影响城乡融合发展的过程中,电商销售是要素流动影响城乡融合发展的重要途径,农业机械化和产业结构变迁并未发挥出中介变量的作用,不同于已有的研究结果。因此,今后持续深化城乡融合发展的内涵与外延、拓展深度与广度;始终以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导,运用科学的世界观和方法论,坚持整体推进与试点示范相统一的指导原则,推广实践中形成的典型经验。研究结论为城乡要素双向合理流动的机制建立、城乡融合发展体制机制的健全提供了理论和经验上的参考。

积极应对人口老龄化战略下养老服务的均衡发展

党的二十大将实现养老服务均衡发展摆在了突出位置。在以均衡治理原则助推高质量发展的格局下,老龄化国家战略再次升级了养老服务在格局、空间、模式、性质、内容五个方面的均衡关系。然而,由于多重原因,目前我国养老服务均衡发展中存在保障对象收入差异的起点非均衡、准入条件欠缺灵活的过程非均衡、运作机制维持困境的结构非均衡问题。在积极应对人口老龄化战略背景下,亟需实现养老服务的结构优化、功能提升、内容提质,并需重点关注:一是基本养老服务均衡化的基础环境已初步形成;二是科学把握城乡区域人口老龄化分布格局趋势;三是改变现有基本养老服务制度建设的基本理念;四是区域一体化是基本养老服务均衡化的重要步伐;五是坚持基本养老服务制度全国统筹的基本思路;六是建立新型的基本养老服务事权格局。

我国义务教育优质均衡发展的现实困境与战略选择

义务教育优质均衡发展是我国义务教育发展的新目标、新任务。义务教育优质均衡发展和城乡一体化是两个紧密相连的动态过程,二者相互依存、相互促进、相互融合。由于城乡之间在经济发展、体制机制、社会文化和资源配置等方面长期以来存在较大差距,我国在推动实现义务教育优质均衡发展进程中,仍然面临义务教育评价功利化、多主体协作浅表化、乡村文化底蕴流失、软硬件资源投入不均等困境。为解决这些困境,需要从价值引导、政策推动、文化认同和历史趋向的角度厘清义务教育优质均衡发展的内在逻辑理路,进而搭建城乡义务教育优质均衡发展的逻辑架构,为我国义务教育城乡一体化发展提供战略选择。

城乡义务教育优质均衡发展政策的演进、逻辑与路向

城乡义务教育优质均衡发展既有利于促进城乡一体化建设,也有利于实现社会公平与正义的目标。在城乡义务教育优质均衡发展过程中,政策支持是实现教育公平发展目标的“稳定器”,即政策在顶层设计与具体实践中能有效把握义务教育发展方向、诊断义务教育症结和促进义务教育改革。从政策演进来看,义务教育政策经历了从非均衡到基本均衡再到优质均衡三个发展阶段;从政策逻辑来看,义务教育优质均衡政策经历了目标上保底到促优、内容上模糊到清晰以及主体职能上错位到归位的演变过程;从政策的优化路径来看,城乡义务教育政策不仅要打破以往“自上而下”政策顶层设计与“自下而上”政策实践的惯性思维;更需要在多样性政策制定、动态性政策执行与有效性政策评估中夯实其发展基础。

以区位导向政策促进全域共同富裕:基于流动、集聚、均衡的分析框架

基于流动、集聚、均衡的空间经济分析框架,明确了经济特区政策、欠发达地区支持政策、交通与通道建设三大类区位导向政策的基础逻辑,分类总结了典型区位导向政策的实施背景、主要内容及实施效果。第一,区位导向政策对特定地区发展具有一定的促进作用。第二,区位导向政策实施效果存在明显的地区异质性,区位导向政策与地区发展基础的匹配,决定了政策实施效果。第三,区位导向政策的效果评价以双重差分法为主,需要加强投入产出分析和比较制度分析。第四,区位导向政策存在明显的本地效应和空间溢出效应。第五,区位导向政策影响资源空间配置,是其本地效应和空间溢出效应的核心机制。由此,区位导向政策设计需要匹配地区发展基础、适应地区人口发展特征、兼顾公平和效率、兼顾本地效应和溢出效应,以促进城乡区域协调发展和全域共同富裕。

乡村教师队伍建设政策执行的风险省思与调适进路

随着乡村教师队伍建设政策体系的日益完善,政策架构和治理体系基本确立,以“机会均等”和“差异补偿”为表征的积极差别待遇格局产生了良好的政策效应。作为优化区域资源配置的重要元素,乡村教师队伍建设政策要适时走出“差异补偿”的路径依赖等非意图性后果,锚定“机会均等”的调适进路,加强优化乡村教师队伍建设政策体系中的发展性、支持性政策工具,在加快义务教育优质均衡发展和城乡一体化背景下,培育乡村教师队伍建设政策的新生长点,开辟新时代乡村教师队伍建设政策可持续发展的新场域。

Study on Implementation of Urban-Rural Land Linking Policy from Perspective of Urbanization

China launched the policy of linking the increase in urban development land with the decrease in rural development land① in 2003. The paper focuses on two typical paths for implementation of the policy, i.e., exchanging homestead for urban housing, and "double exchanges." Based on a study on urbanization development, the paper analyzes the institutional innovation in the case of exchanging homestead for house in Huaming Town, as well as the jeopardization of "double exchanges," before summarizing the applicability of the "urban-rural land linking" policy. At the end, the paper emphasizes that in order to address the problems emerging during various kinds of urbanization, the linking policy should be carried out in accordance with local conditions and circumstances.

流通业智能化与城乡均衡发展——基于城乡居民消费差距视角

新发展格局背景下,促进流通业智能化转型是畅通国内国际双循环体系、破解城乡发展不均衡难题的关键。从城乡居民消费差距视角切入,依托马克思社会资本再生产框架,梳理流通业智能化发展在生产、分配、交换和消费四个环节影响城乡均衡发展的理论逻辑,并基于2002—2022年我国285个地级市的面板数据,分析流通业智能化对城乡居民消费差距的影响效果及作用机制。研究发现,城乡居民消费差距与流通业智能化程度均存在区域发展不平衡特征;流通业智能化在面对负向宏观冲击时具有增长韧性,面对正向宏观冲击时表现出发展潜力;流通业智能化发展通过促进区域产业结构升级、降低城乡居民收入差距和推动电子商务发展等渠道有效缩小城乡居民消费差距,且对西部地区的影响最大。因此,驱动产业智能化转型、弥合区域数字鸿沟、规范平台经济发展可为提振居民消费、促进城乡均衡发展提供强力支撑。

义务教育均衡发展与城乡一体化的标准化路径研究

义务教育作为基础教育的重要组成部分,在我国的发展已经取得了一定的成效,为人才培养和和谐社会的构建奠定了基础。2012年,国家发布了《关于深入推进义务教育均衡发展的意见》,进一步促进了义务教育的均衡发展。在城乡一体化背景下,为了实现教育公平,促进国家的繁荣发展,本文探索一条标准化路径,通过完善管理机制、促进资源共享、加强师资队伍建设等方式实现义务教育的一体化发展。

城乡义务教育一体化发展改革进路研究

随着新时代城乡发展格局的变化和教育需求的升级,重新审视城乡义务教育一体化发展变得尤为重要。在个体层面,它回应民生关切,有效缓解日益突出的教育焦虑问题;在社会层面,它通过促进优质均衡发展,有助于进一步缩小城乡教育差距;在国家层面,它能够适应人口流动新趋势,为乡村振兴战略赋能。尽管城乡义务教育一体化已取得了显著进展,但在推进过程中仍面临不平衡与不充分的挑战。不平衡主要体现在优质教育资源分配不均和乡村教育的独特价值被忽视;不充分主要体现在配套服务体系不完善和全方位育人生态尚未建立。针对这些问题,从理念、实践与治理三方面提出改革进路:一是要摒弃“重城抑乡”观念,构建平等互利教育关系,实现资源共享和要素流动;二是因地制宜探索“新乡村教育”,创新教育发展模式,满足农村地区的特殊需求;三是健全乡村教育治理格局,提升协同育人成效,确保政策落地和持续推进。通过系统性改革,城乡义务教育有望深度融合,最终达成教育公平和社会公平的目标。

集群发展政策可否缓解城郊“农村”学校现实之困?

作为城-郊学校集群发展政策的重要对象,城郊“农村”学校何以感知、识别集群发展的关系潜能与可能风险,并以此进行新身份建构的策略性行动,直接决定着城区与郊区教育融合发展程度、水平及现代化目标的实现。个案研究发现,城-郊学校集群互动中城郊“农村”学校呈现出三类角色行动方式:跟跑者的优质资源双循环汲取,以缩小与他者差距;能动者的社会关系建构,着力自我发展提档进阶;自适者的张力平衡与压力回避,以求在既定轨道自我超越。不同于被动同一和自我依附的学校教育现代化,城-郊学校集群发展中的城郊“农村”学校角色行动显示出一种具有主体性、位置性、策略性、差异性的城乡教育共同体知识再生产的本质追求,城郊“农村”学校也走向了“和而不同”、互利共生的多样分化,描摹出区域教育一体化发展的新图景。当然,这一目标达成需要加速集群骨干教师双向流动,选派兼具城区、郊区学校工作经历的校长和适时吸纳教师教育研究的高校学者与教研专家参与集群互动活动。

城乡关系视域下新中国学前教育制度的沿革与审思

城乡学前教育非均衡发展问题制约着我国学前教育的公平与高质量发展,其背后具有深刻的历史与制度根源。1949年以来,在城乡关系演变的推动下,我国学前教育制度形态经历了由城乡分割分治到谋求城乡统筹与融合发展的嬗变历程。在城乡关系视域下,新中国学前教育制度变迁受外部压力、发展理念、事业性质定位等关键因素影响,最终在以利益调整为目的的权力博弈中完成。以史为鉴,观往知来,为促进我国城乡学前教育均衡发展,未来应继续坚持学前教育“公益”“普惠”的基本定位,持续向弱势地区和弱势人群倾斜,完善事权财权相符的学前教育政府履职机制,并建立各方力量共同参与的制度协同创新机制。