Background Both population-level epidemiological data and individual-level biological data are needed to control the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.Population-level data are widely available and efforts to...Background Both population-level epidemiological data and individual-level biological data are needed to control the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.Population-level data are widely available and efforts to combat COVID-19 have generated proliferate data on the biology and immunoresponse to the causative pathogen,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).However,there remains a paucity of systemized data on this subject.Objective In this review,we attempt to extract systemized data on the biology and immuno-response to SARS-CoV-2 from the most up-to-date peer-reviewed studies.We will focus on the biology of the virus and immunological variations that are key for determining long-term immunity,transmission potential,and prognosis.Data Sources and Methods Peer-reviewed articles were sourced from the PubMed database and by snowballing search of selected publications.Search terms included:“Novel Coronavirus”OR“COVID-19”OR“SARS-CoV-2”OR“2019-nCoV”AND“Immunity”OR“Immune Response”OR“Antibody Response”OR“Immunologic Response”.Studies published from December 31,2019 to December 31,2020 were included.To ensure validity,papers in pre-print were excluded.Results Of 2889 identified papers,36 were included.Evidence from these studies suggests early seroconversion in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.Antibody titers appear to markedly increase two weeks after infection,followed by a plateau.A more robust immune response is seen in patients with severe COVID-19 as opposed to mild or asymptomatic presentations.This trend persists with regard to the length of antibody maintenance.However,overall immunity appears to wane within two to three months post-infection.Conclusion Findings of this study indicate that immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 follow the general pattern of viral infection.Immunity generated through natural infection appears to be short,suggesting a need for long-term efforts to control the pandemic.Antibody testing will be essential to gauge the epidemic and inform decision-making on effective strategies for treatment and prevention.Further research is needed to illustrate immunoglobulin-specific roles and neutralizing antibody activity.展开更多
The nineteenth session of the Standing Committee of the Eleventh National People＇s Congress in February 25, 2011 approved the ＂PRC Criminal Law Amendment （eight）＂, which for the first time added the provision of ...The nineteenth session of the Standing Committee of the Eleventh National People＇s Congress in February 25, 2011 approved the ＂PRC Criminal Law Amendment （eight）＂, which for the first time added the provision of the lenient punishment for the elderly crimes. The provision filled the legislative blank of the criminal responsibility of this special group of the old people in the criminal law of our country. But at the same time, we should also clearly see the deficiencies of the amendment （eight）. This paper attempts to sort out the rationality of the lenient application of the punishment on the older people from the aspect of the criminal policy oftemperingjustice with mercy and other aspects, and to construct and perfect the specific legislative proposals that the amendment （eight） puts forward.展开更多
China has adopted a long-term campaign against poverty. In recent decades, there is an increasing understanding that ecological poverty alleviation can meet the dual goals of environmental protection and rural poverty...China has adopted a long-term campaign against poverty. In recent decades, there is an increasing understanding that ecological poverty alleviation can meet the dual goals of environmental protection and rural poverty reduction. China is pivoting towards forestry-based poverty reduction in the severely poverty-stricken areas. However, several key factors remain elusive, including the extent to which the poor people benefit from forestry programs, whether they are satisfied with the policies and whether the policies are effective for poverty alleviation. Based on data collected through a questionnaire survey of 79 households in the prefectures of Nujiang and Aba, southwestern China, the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) approach was used to examine the effectiveness of the forestry-based poverty alleviation policy. The results showed that four poverty alleviation pathways, including industry, employment, micro-finance and pairing assistance in villages, had obviously increased the incomes of the filing poor households and solved the problem of "Two Worries-free and Three Guarantees". The poor were satisfied with the forestry-based ecological poverty alleviation policies and these policies had good effects in fighting against poverty. However, there are still some shortcomings, such as a lack of active participation, imperfect targeted identification, lack of funds and limited sources of funds during the policy implementation. Our results highlight the importance of the forestry industry and the public welfare position in the alleviation of poverty in the poverty-stricken areas. Synergies between ecological protection and poverty reduction are possible through sound forestry-based policies. This article recommends five policies to simultaneously realize the potential of poverty alleviation and environment protection through forestry development.展开更多
On December 7,2022,the Chinese government optimized the current epidemic prevention and control policy,and no longer adopted the zero-COVID policy and mandatory quarantine measures.Based on the above policy changes,th...On December 7,2022,the Chinese government optimized the current epidemic prevention and control policy,and no longer adopted the zero-COVID policy and mandatory quarantine measures.Based on the above policy changes,this paper establishes a compartment dynamics model considering age distribution,home isolation and vaccinations.Parameter estimation was performed using improved least squares and Nelder-Mead simplex algorithms combined with modified case data.Then,using the estimated parameter values to predict a second wave of the outbreak,the peak of severe cases will reach on 8 May 2023,the number of severe cases will reach 206,000.Next,it is proposed that with the extension of the effective time of antibodies obtained after infection,the peak of severe cases in the second wave of the epidemic will be delayed,and the final scale of the disease will be reduced.When the effectiveness of antibodies is 6 months,the severe cases of the second wave will peak on July 5,2023,the number of severe cases is 194,000.Finally,the importance of vaccination rates is demonstrated,when the vaccination rate of susceptible people under 60 years old reaches 98%,and the vaccination rate of susceptible people over 60 years old reaches 96%,the peak of severe cases in the second wave of the epidemic will be reached on 13 July 2023,when the number of severe cases is 166,000.展开更多
文摘Background Both population-level epidemiological data and individual-level biological data are needed to control the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.Population-level data are widely available and efforts to combat COVID-19 have generated proliferate data on the biology and immunoresponse to the causative pathogen,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).However,there remains a paucity of systemized data on this subject.Objective In this review,we attempt to extract systemized data on the biology and immuno-response to SARS-CoV-2 from the most up-to-date peer-reviewed studies.We will focus on the biology of the virus and immunological variations that are key for determining long-term immunity,transmission potential,and prognosis.Data Sources and Methods Peer-reviewed articles were sourced from the PubMed database and by snowballing search of selected publications.Search terms included:“Novel Coronavirus”OR“COVID-19”OR“SARS-CoV-2”OR“2019-nCoV”AND“Immunity”OR“Immune Response”OR“Antibody Response”OR“Immunologic Response”.Studies published from December 31,2019 to December 31,2020 were included.To ensure validity,papers in pre-print were excluded.Results Of 2889 identified papers,36 were included.Evidence from these studies suggests early seroconversion in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.Antibody titers appear to markedly increase two weeks after infection,followed by a plateau.A more robust immune response is seen in patients with severe COVID-19 as opposed to mild or asymptomatic presentations.This trend persists with regard to the length of antibody maintenance.However,overall immunity appears to wane within two to three months post-infection.Conclusion Findings of this study indicate that immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 follow the general pattern of viral infection.Immunity generated through natural infection appears to be short,suggesting a need for long-term efforts to control the pandemic.Antibody testing will be essential to gauge the epidemic and inform decision-making on effective strategies for treatment and prevention.Further research is needed to illustrate immunoglobulin-specific roles and neutralizing antibody activity.
文摘The nineteenth session of the Standing Committee of the Eleventh National People＇s Congress in February 25, 2011 approved the ＂PRC Criminal Law Amendment （eight）＂, which for the first time added the provision of the lenient punishment for the elderly crimes. The provision filled the legislative blank of the criminal responsibility of this special group of the old people in the criminal law of our country. But at the same time, we should also clearly see the deficiencies of the amendment （eight）. This paper attempts to sort out the rationality of the lenient application of the punishment on the older people from the aspect of the criminal policy oftemperingjustice with mercy and other aspects, and to construct and perfect the specific legislative proposals that the amendment （eight） puts forward.
基金The Economic Development Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration Research Project (JYC2018-101)。
文摘China has adopted a long-term campaign against poverty. In recent decades, there is an increasing understanding that ecological poverty alleviation can meet the dual goals of environmental protection and rural poverty reduction. China is pivoting towards forestry-based poverty reduction in the severely poverty-stricken areas. However, several key factors remain elusive, including the extent to which the poor people benefit from forestry programs, whether they are satisfied with the policies and whether the policies are effective for poverty alleviation. Based on data collected through a questionnaire survey of 79 households in the prefectures of Nujiang and Aba, southwestern China, the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) approach was used to examine the effectiveness of the forestry-based poverty alleviation policy. The results showed that four poverty alleviation pathways, including industry, employment, micro-finance and pairing assistance in villages, had obviously increased the incomes of the filing poor households and solved the problem of "Two Worries-free and Three Guarantees". The poor were satisfied with the forestry-based ecological poverty alleviation policies and these policies had good effects in fighting against poverty. However, there are still some shortcomings, such as a lack of active participation, imperfect targeted identification, lack of funds and limited sources of funds during the policy implementation. Our results highlight the importance of the forestry industry and the public welfare position in the alleviation of poverty in the poverty-stricken areas. Synergies between ecological protection and poverty reduction are possible through sound forestry-based policies. This article recommends five policies to simultaneously realize the potential of poverty alleviation and environment protection through forestry development.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12022113 and 12271314)Henry Fok Foundation for Young Teachers(171002)Outstanding Young Talents Support Plan of Shanxi Province.
文摘On December 7,2022,the Chinese government optimized the current epidemic prevention and control policy,and no longer adopted the zero-COVID policy and mandatory quarantine measures.Based on the above policy changes,this paper establishes a compartment dynamics model considering age distribution,home isolation and vaccinations.Parameter estimation was performed using improved least squares and Nelder-Mead simplex algorithms combined with modified case data.Then,using the estimated parameter values to predict a second wave of the outbreak,the peak of severe cases will reach on 8 May 2023,the number of severe cases will reach 206,000.Next,it is proposed that with the extension of the effective time of antibodies obtained after infection,the peak of severe cases in the second wave of the epidemic will be delayed,and the final scale of the disease will be reduced.When the effectiveness of antibodies is 6 months,the severe cases of the second wave will peak on July 5,2023,the number of severe cases is 194,000.Finally,the importance of vaccination rates is demonstrated,when the vaccination rate of susceptible people under 60 years old reaches 98%,and the vaccination rate of susceptible people over 60 years old reaches 96%,the peak of severe cases in the second wave of the epidemic will be reached on 13 July 2023,when the number of severe cases is 166,000.
