The theme of this study is eating and drinking patterns for products of which the health authorities want the Norwegian people to reduce their consumption. Although consumption development has shown positive trends ov...The theme of this study is eating and drinking patterns for products of which the health authorities want the Norwegian people to reduce their consumption. Although consumption development has shown positive trends over the past few years, Norwegians still have a much higher intake of such products than what is advisable. The study showed that only a small proportion had not eaten chocolate, sweets, sweet pastries, salty snacks etc. in the last seven days. Young people, men, people with low education and people living in households with children had the highest eating and drinking frequency of these kinds of products. Gender and age had the strongest impact on eating and drinking frequency. However, women had a higher eating rate of chocolate and sweets, and men had a higher eating and drinking frequency of salty snacks and sugary soda. People with low education had a considerably higher frequency of drinking sugary soda than people with high education. Among those who ate these products weekly, there were many who expressed that they would prefer to avoid such products, but that they were often tempted. Among those who ate these products a few times a month or less, few said that they did not like chocolate, sweets, etc. The main reason for having a relatively low eating and drinking frequency was that they perceived such products as unhealthy and fattening. Although there were only a few in the group of respondents who were concerned with healthy eating that had not eaten any of the listed products in the past seven days, this group had a significantly lower frequency of eating chocolate, sweets, etc. than the group that was not concerned with this. It was also clear that people who were health conscious to a greater extent limited eating of such products to the weekends and special occasions than those who were not. In order to succeed in reducing eating and drinking frequency of these products, it will be necessary to draw attention to product availability and social acceptance.展开更多
Against the background of economic globalization and domestic deepening reform in the new era,it is of great significance to establish the basic position of competition policy in the new era for the overall work of co...Against the background of economic globalization and domestic deepening reform in the new era,it is of great significance to establish the basic position of competition policy in the new era for the overall work of comprehensively deepening reform,comprehensively governing the country by law and transforming the strategy of economic development.This paper introduces the basic connotation and great significance of China's competition policy in the new era,and on this basis analyzes and summarizes the feasible legal path of China's competition policy,which focuses on the construction of the fair audit system is analyzed,in order to boost China's economic development.展开更多
A buttress on the need for welfare program in Nigeria and the important obligation to consider the Economics’and CIA’s contextual position for the dependency ratios,both total and elderly dependency ratio alongside ...A buttress on the need for welfare program in Nigeria and the important obligation to consider the Economics’and CIA’s contextual position for the dependency ratios,both total and elderly dependency ratio alongside the consideration of the age structure and demography statistics of Nigeria relatively to other economies,particularly as an elixir for the declining older population in Nigeria and the aged male contraction in the nation.Although,older female population is higher in every country as obtainable globally,the Nigerian case is that of drastic contraction in both aged male and older population generally.Therefore,the submission is that the government has to consider the total dependency ratio to the elderly dependency ratio,which is all-encompassing in order to cater for the declining older population and to appropriate the requisite welfare cum benefits programs in the nation.展开更多
'This year we will put more efforts in to tax cuts and fee reductions, to lower the VAT rate and contribution rate for basic retirement insurance. The surplus will amount to RMB 2 trillion,'Premier Li Keqiang ...'This year we will put more efforts in to tax cuts and fee reductions, to lower the VAT rate and contribution rate for basic retirement insurance. The surplus will amount to RMB 2 trillion,'Premier Li Keqiang said at the press conference during the Two Sessions.He also commented that all types of enterprises will benefit from the tax cuts and fee reductions policies and it will have a very high efficiency as the benefits will be delivered directly to market entities. The VAT cuts took effect from April 1 and pension insurance rate will be lower starting from May 1.展开更多
Most cancers occur in older people and the burden in this age group is increasing.Over the past two decades the evidence on how best to treat this population has increased rapidly.However,implementation of new best pr...Most cancers occur in older people and the burden in this age group is increasing.Over the past two decades the evidence on how best to treat this population has increased rapidly.However,implementation of new best practices has been slow and needs involvement of policymakers.This perspective paper explains why older people with cancer have different needs than the wider population.An overview is given of the recommended approach for older people with cancer and its benefits on clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness.In older patients,the geriatric assessment(GA)is the gold standard to measure level of fitness and to determine treatment tolerability.The GA,with multiple domains of physical health,functional status,psychological health and socio-environmental factors,prevents initiation of inappropriate oncologic treatment and recommends geriatric interventions to optimize the patient’s general health and thus resilience for receiving treatments.Multiple studies have proven its benefits such as reduced toxicity,better quality of life,better patient-centred communication and lower healthcare use.Although GA might require investment of time and resources,this is relatively small compared to the improved outcomes,possible cost-savings and compared to the large cost of oncologic treatments as a whole.展开更多
In the Middle Ages, as in other historical past periods, there was a double perception of the value of water. On the one hand, water was considered as an indispensable necessity for human life and, on the other, it ac...In the Middle Ages, as in other historical past periods, there was a double perception of the value of water. On the one hand, water was considered as an indispensable necessity for human life and, on the other, it acquired a symbolic value, whose manifestations are equally palpable. As an example, there can be brought up the setting up of public fountains in the towns of late Middle Ages. They were essential not only for the daily water provision for the citizens but also meant to honor and pomp the city. Similar double meaning can be also found in the functioning of the medieval fisheries as their economic activity guaranteed food supply and even managed to acquire religious and symbolic implications in the Christian society.展开更多
The paper introduces the relationship between energy and economic development first, then, through analyzing the characters of energy consumption all over the world and the basic facts about China＇s energy resources,...The paper introduces the relationship between energy and economic development first, then, through analyzing the characters of energy consumption all over the world and the basic facts about China＇s energy resources, draws the conclusion that the energy and resources of China are hardly able to meet the national demands, and puts forward the policy orientation for China＇s energy development accordingly. At last, it points out the prospect of China＇s energy industry.展开更多
This study considers an age replacement policy(ARP) for a repairable product with an increasing failure rate with and without a product warranty. As for the warranty policy to consider in association with such an age ...This study considers an age replacement policy(ARP) for a repairable product with an increasing failure rate with and without a product warranty. As for the warranty policy to consider in association with such an age replacement policy, we adapt a renewable minimal repair-replacement warrant(MRRW) policy with 2D factors of failure time of the product and its corresponding repair time. The expected cost rate during the life cycle of the product is utilized as a criterion to find the optimal policies for both with and without the product warranty. We determine the optimal replacement age that minimizes the objective function which evaluates the expected cost rate during the product cycle and investigate the impact of several factors on the optimal replacement age. The main objective of this study lies on the generalization of the classical age replacement policy to the situation where a renewable warranty depending on 2D factors is in effect. We present some interesting observations regarding the effect of relevant factors based on numerical analysis.展开更多
Within the context of the national policy on the elderly,the paper presents trends in demographic ageing,health and life quality of the elderly in Russia.Social and political consequences of the XX century have result...Within the context of the national policy on the elderly,the paper presents trends in demographic ageing,health and life quality of the elderly in Russia.Social and political consequences of the XX century have resulted in significant fluctuations in the number of individual generations,forming a long-term fluctuating trend in demographic ageing in Russia.These historical disproportions have overlapped with regional variations in ageing rates due to significant inter-regional population movements,rural-urban migration,substantial gender differences in trends and scales of mortality and fertility dynamics.As a result,levels of demographic ageing in Russia vary more than three-fold,worsening in females and rural population.Ageingrelated problems are aggravated by unsatisfactory health status of the elderly,manifested in high burden of chronic diseases(especially cardiovascular diseases),leading to life restrictions up to loss of the ability to self-care.High-tech cardiac surgery contributes to life prolongation and improved physical and psychological functioning.However,during rehabilitation,most patients are reluctant to change their unhealthy lifestyle associated with cardio pathology.Polymorbidity and psychoactive substance abuse(in males)are the risk factors of suicidal behaviour,while accessibility of medications,including sleeping pills,firearms,etc.contributes to realization of this risk.Living conditions of the elderly and their access to quality social services are important components of wellbeing in terms of health.Despite satisfactory living conditions,the situation significantly differs by type(urban/rural)and size of the settlement.Maintaining microsocial contacts with children,family and friends is a powerful source of psychological comfort and social wellbeing.展开更多
文摘The theme of this study is eating and drinking patterns for products of which the health authorities want the Norwegian people to reduce their consumption. Although consumption development has shown positive trends over the past few years, Norwegians still have a much higher intake of such products than what is advisable. The study showed that only a small proportion had not eaten chocolate, sweets, sweet pastries, salty snacks etc. in the last seven days. Young people, men, people with low education and people living in households with children had the highest eating and drinking frequency of these kinds of products. Gender and age had the strongest impact on eating and drinking frequency. However, women had a higher eating rate of chocolate and sweets, and men had a higher eating and drinking frequency of salty snacks and sugary soda. People with low education had a considerably higher frequency of drinking sugary soda than people with high education. Among those who ate these products weekly, there were many who expressed that they would prefer to avoid such products, but that they were often tempted. Among those who ate these products a few times a month or less, few said that they did not like chocolate, sweets, etc. The main reason for having a relatively low eating and drinking frequency was that they perceived such products as unhealthy and fattening. Although there were only a few in the group of respondents who were concerned with healthy eating that had not eaten any of the listed products in the past seven days, this group had a significantly lower frequency of eating chocolate, sweets, etc. than the group that was not concerned with this. It was also clear that people who were health conscious to a greater extent limited eating of such products to the weekends and special occasions than those who were not. In order to succeed in reducing eating and drinking frequency of these products, it will be necessary to draw attention to product availability and social acceptance.
文摘Against the background of economic globalization and domestic deepening reform in the new era,it is of great significance to establish the basic position of competition policy in the new era for the overall work of comprehensively deepening reform,comprehensively governing the country by law and transforming the strategy of economic development.This paper introduces the basic connotation and great significance of China's competition policy in the new era,and on this basis analyzes and summarizes the feasible legal path of China's competition policy,which focuses on the construction of the fair audit system is analyzed,in order to boost China's economic development.
文摘A buttress on the need for welfare program in Nigeria and the important obligation to consider the Economics’and CIA’s contextual position for the dependency ratios,both total and elderly dependency ratio alongside the consideration of the age structure and demography statistics of Nigeria relatively to other economies,particularly as an elixir for the declining older population in Nigeria and the aged male contraction in the nation.Although,older female population is higher in every country as obtainable globally,the Nigerian case is that of drastic contraction in both aged male and older population generally.Therefore,the submission is that the government has to consider the total dependency ratio to the elderly dependency ratio,which is all-encompassing in order to cater for the declining older population and to appropriate the requisite welfare cum benefits programs in the nation.
文摘'This year we will put more efforts in to tax cuts and fee reductions, to lower the VAT rate and contribution rate for basic retirement insurance. The surplus will amount to RMB 2 trillion,'Premier Li Keqiang said at the press conference during the Two Sessions.He also commented that all types of enterprises will benefit from the tax cuts and fee reductions policies and it will have a very high efficiency as the benefits will be delivered directly to market entities. The VAT cuts took effect from April 1 and pension insurance rate will be lower starting from May 1.
基金funded by GERONTE.The GERONTE Project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No.945218.
文摘Most cancers occur in older people and the burden in this age group is increasing.Over the past two decades the evidence on how best to treat this population has increased rapidly.However,implementation of new best practices has been slow and needs involvement of policymakers.This perspective paper explains why older people with cancer have different needs than the wider population.An overview is given of the recommended approach for older people with cancer and its benefits on clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness.In older patients,the geriatric assessment(GA)is the gold standard to measure level of fitness and to determine treatment tolerability.The GA,with multiple domains of physical health,functional status,psychological health and socio-environmental factors,prevents initiation of inappropriate oncologic treatment and recommends geriatric interventions to optimize the patient’s general health and thus resilience for receiving treatments.Multiple studies have proven its benefits such as reduced toxicity,better quality of life,better patient-centred communication and lower healthcare use.Although GA might require investment of time and resources,this is relatively small compared to the improved outcomes,possible cost-savings and compared to the large cost of oncologic treatments as a whole.
文摘In the Middle Ages, as in other historical past periods, there was a double perception of the value of water. On the one hand, water was considered as an indispensable necessity for human life and, on the other, it acquired a symbolic value, whose manifestations are equally palpable. As an example, there can be brought up the setting up of public fountains in the towns of late Middle Ages. They were essential not only for the daily water provision for the citizens but also meant to honor and pomp the city. Similar double meaning can be also found in the functioning of the medieval fisheries as their economic activity guaranteed food supply and even managed to acquire religious and symbolic implications in the Christian society.
文摘The paper introduces the relationship between energy and economic development first, then, through analyzing the characters of energy consumption all over the world and the basic facts about China＇s energy resources, draws the conclusion that the energy and resources of China are hardly able to meet the national demands, and puts forward the policy orientation for China＇s energy development accordingly. At last, it points out the prospect of China＇s energy industry.
基金the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant(NRF-2014S1A5A8012594)the 2014Hongik University Research Fund,the Basic Science Research Program Through the National Research Foundation of Korea(Nos.2013-2058436 and 2011-0022397)the Basic Science Research Program Through the National Research Foundation of Korea
文摘This study considers an age replacement policy(ARP) for a repairable product with an increasing failure rate with and without a product warranty. As for the warranty policy to consider in association with such an age replacement policy, we adapt a renewable minimal repair-replacement warrant(MRRW) policy with 2D factors of failure time of the product and its corresponding repair time. The expected cost rate during the life cycle of the product is utilized as a criterion to find the optimal policies for both with and without the product warranty. We determine the optimal replacement age that minimizes the objective function which evaluates the expected cost rate during the product cycle and investigate the impact of several factors on the optimal replacement age. The main objective of this study lies on the generalization of the classical age replacement policy to the situation where a renewable warranty depending on 2D factors is in effect. We present some interesting observations regarding the effect of relevant factors based on numerical analysis.
文摘Within the context of the national policy on the elderly,the paper presents trends in demographic ageing,health and life quality of the elderly in Russia.Social and political consequences of the XX century have resulted in significant fluctuations in the number of individual generations,forming a long-term fluctuating trend in demographic ageing in Russia.These historical disproportions have overlapped with regional variations in ageing rates due to significant inter-regional population movements,rural-urban migration,substantial gender differences in trends and scales of mortality and fertility dynamics.As a result,levels of demographic ageing in Russia vary more than three-fold,worsening in females and rural population.Ageingrelated problems are aggravated by unsatisfactory health status of the elderly,manifested in high burden of chronic diseases(especially cardiovascular diseases),leading to life restrictions up to loss of the ability to self-care.High-tech cardiac surgery contributes to life prolongation and improved physical and psychological functioning.However,during rehabilitation,most patients are reluctant to change their unhealthy lifestyle associated with cardio pathology.Polymorbidity and psychoactive substance abuse(in males)are the risk factors of suicidal behaviour,while accessibility of medications,including sleeping pills,firearms,etc.contributes to realization of this risk.Living conditions of the elderly and their access to quality social services are important components of wellbeing in terms of health.Despite satisfactory living conditions,the situation significantly differs by type(urban/rural)and size of the settlement.Maintaining microsocial contacts with children,family and friends is a powerful source of psychological comfort and social wellbeing.
