The Impact of Solid Waste Generation, Storage and Separation Practices among Households on the Environment in Freetown

As urbanization and population growth continue to increase in Freetown, due to changes in economic, social, environmental, political, and demographic factors, the municipal solid waste (MSW) generation also continues to increase, making its management difficult for the municipal authority. Efficient separation and storage of solid waste at the source of generation can boost resource and energy recovery from MSW. This study examines the municipal solid waste management (MSWM) process, focusing on generation, storage and separation practices among households and their impact on the environment in Freetown. It emphasizes the inclusion of MSWM programs in primary schools to raise public awareness, the implementation of effective waste management practices, and the enforcement of related policies to enhance the MSWM sector, contributing to sustainable MSWM in Freetown. By utilizing both qualitative and quantitative methods, 393 structured questionnaires were administered across three selected sections to collect data on household solid waste storage and separation practices. The analysis employed descriptive statistics, using Origin-Pro9 and MS Excel. The findings show that with a population of 1.53 million people in Freetown, the per capita solid waste generation is 0.58 kg per day. The findings also show that 97% of the households have storage facilities as a result of the increase in awareness and education about the proper storage of solid waste. However, 96% of respondents do not practice separation of solid waste at the source of generation, which has become a concern among researchers in Sierra Leone. Additionally, 88% of respondents are unaware of ISWM principles, with only 12% aware, most of whom have received some education on proper solid waste management. The study recommends improving MSWM in Freetown to protect public health and the environment.

Floating Population Increase and Its Influence on the Urban Population Situation:A Case Study in Beijing

Floating population is a special population group in China resulting from the implementation of household registration system. This paper uses a set of floating population survey data, population censuses data and statistical data to analyze the increase and influence of floating population on the urban population situations in Beijing. It is found that Beijing has experienced a rapid increase of floating population since the 1990s and that the increase of this group has become the key factor of the current population expansion in the city. Its distribution in the urban regions intensified and extended the suburbanization process of the capital. In addition, the population structures of sex, age, education and employment in Beijing have changed to some extent due to the influx of floating population.

Empirical Study on Factors Influencing Residents’ Behavior of Separating Household Wastes at Source

Source separation is the basic premise for making effective use of household wastes. In eight cities of China, how- ever, several pilot projects of source separation finally failed because of the poor participation rate of residents. In order to solve this problem, identifying those factors that influence residents’ behavior of source separation becomes crucial. By means of questionnaire survey, we conducted descriptive analysis and ex- ploratory factor analysis. The results show that trouble-feeling, moral notion, environment protection, public education, environment value and knowledge deficiency are the main factors that play an important role for residents in deciding to separate their household wastes. Also, according to the contribution percentage of the six main factors to the total behavior of source separation, their influencing power is analyzed, which will provide suggestions on household waste management for policy makers and decision makers in China.

China Has a Population of 1.2058 Billion with Household Registration

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Socio-Economic Drivers of Deforestation in Roghani Valley,Hindu-Raj Mountains,Northern Pakistan

Deforestation and associated ecological disturbances are the issues of global concern.Researchers have investigated a number of driving forces which accelerate the rate of deforestation at local and regional levels.These include poverty,population growth,market demand and prices,political instability,agricultural expansion and changes in property right and ownership regimes.This paper seeks to explore the impacts of population growth,changing tenure system and other socioeconomic factors on the forest cover of Roghani Valley,located in Hindu Raj Mountains,Northern Pakistan.The present study is mainly based on information collected through participatory observation,selfadministered interviews and questionnaire survey.Geographical Information System(GIS) database is also used for mapping and quantification.The results reveal that in the past three to four decades the study area has been subjected to severe deforestation and about half of the forest area has been converted into barren land.Thus,the area under natural forests decreased from 2099 to 1444 hectares in four decades.This large-scale deforestation is attributed to both proximate and under lying causes particularly traditional land tenure system and demographic development.Consequently,forest resources have been degraded and a number of plant species have disappeared from the forests of the study area while several others are in the process of disappearance.

Multi-Actor Geo-Collaborative Device for Collecting Household Waste in Urban Areas: A Case Study of Lamkansa District, Casablanca, Morocco

The aim of this paper is to develop a Multi-Actor Geo-Collaborative Device to improve the processes of household waste collect (HWC) in urban areas. The proposed device will be tested in the Lamkansa district, in the southwestern part of Casablanca city, Morocco. The approach used is a systemic analysis of communication in order to act on a territory. We have been inspired by several methodological developments concerning multi-actor processes of land use planning. We focused our work on the involvement of the inhabitants in the process of household waste collect. The results show that the urban population can help and contribute to the development of complementary solutions to improve the urban environment and their living environment. Moreover, by integrating citizens in HWC processes, as well as decision communication, we can reduce household waste management costs and make it faster and more efficient, through a geo-collaborative, participatory and incentive logic. The approach described in this article is original, not only considering the technologies used to present and share the collected information, but also regarding the concept of integrating several actors in a collaborative/incentive mode. It arouses great interest by combining geomatics with communication and information sciences. It contributes to improve the participation of the inhabitants in the life of their urban environment in order to establish a reinforced dialogue on the future of their city and public health. Also, it involves the development and testing of new devices and tools for multi-actor collaboration.

Attributable risk and potential impact of interventions to reduce household air pollution associated with under-five mortality in South Asia

Background:Solid fuel use is the major source of household air pollution(HAP)and accounts for a substantial burden of morbidity and mortality in low and middle income countries.To evaluate and compare childhood mortality attributable to HAP in four South Asian countries.Methods:A series of Demographic and Health Survey(DHS)datasets for Bangladesh,India,Nepal and Pakistan were used for analysis.Estimates of relative risk and exposure prevalence relating to use of cooking fuel and under-five mortality were used to calculate population attributable fractions(PAFs)for each country.Potential impact fractions(PIFs)were also calculated assessing theoretical scenarios based on published interventions aiming to reduce exposure prevalence.Results:There are an increased risk of under-five mortality in those exposed to cooking fuel compared to those not exposed in the four South Asian countries(OR=1.30,95%CI=1.07-1.57,P=0.007).Combined PAF estimates for South Asia found that 66%(95%CI:43.1-81.5%)of the 13,290 estimated cases of under-five mortality was attributable to HAP.Joint PIF estimates(assuming achievable reductions in HAP reported in intervention studies conducted in South Asia)indicates 47%of neonatal and 43%of under-five mortality cases associated with HAP could be avoidable in the four South Asian countries studied.Conclusions:Elimination of exposure to use of cooking fuel in the household targeting valuable intervention strategies(such as cooking in separate kitchen,improved cook stoves)could reduce substantially under-five mortality in South Asian countries.

城乡双向户籍制度改革与城乡人口双向流动融合

城乡融合发展的重要标志是人口城乡双向流动与融合,而户籍制度改革滞后造成城乡人口双向流动障碍:城市户籍制度改革滞后造成农村人口向城市转移面临“落户困境”,农村户籍制度改革滞后造成城市人口向农村转移面临“下乡困境”。通过分析农业转移人口与土地的关系、市民化与落户的关系,澄清导致“落户困境”与“下乡困境”的两个认识误区,提出从职业而非身份重新认识农业转移人口群体属性、从居住而非身份重新认识农业转移人口市民化依托载体的新视角,得出通过城乡双向户籍制度改革促进城乡人口双向流动融合的政策建议,包括以“经常居住地”为公共服务载体推进农业转移人口市民化,以“劳动群众集体”为成员资格识别原则推进农业转移人口市民化和下乡市民村民化。

人口老龄化对碳排放作用的研究进展与展望

如何应对人口老龄化,是人类社会面临的共同挑战。碳减排与气候行动是为了实现社会可持续发展而做的全球性努力,每个社会成员都有义务参与气候行动。人口老龄化产生了重要的经济、社会和环境影响,人口结构变动对碳排放的影响程度及具体的影响机制,是近年来学界关注的新兴领域。目前人口老龄化与碳排放关系的实证研究相对零散,采用的研究路线、理论方法、测量标准不统一,缺乏对本领域研究的系统性回顾。论文以评述形式回顾了老龄化与碳排放关系这一领域的实证研究成果,分析现有研究对于老龄化这一人口结构变化对碳排放的影响,将为后续研究提供有益参考和借鉴。

北京市医药分开、医耗联动综合改革前后老年人群医疗机构治疗费用流向研究

目的通过研究北京市医药分开、医耗联动综合改革前后老年人群医疗机构治疗费用流向变化,为优化老年患者就诊流向提供数据参考。方法采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法获取样本,基于《卫生费用核算体系2011》核算老年人群的治疗费用。结果2016—2019年北京市老年人群医疗机构治疗费用由604.57亿元增长至797.54亿元,年均增速为6.83%,其中社区卫生服务中心治疗费用增长最快,增速达24.04%,治疗费用占比由11.31%增长至17.71%,三级医院治疗费用占比下降4.39个百分点。门诊患者治疗费用流向优化明显,低龄老年门诊患者更愿意在社区就诊,但高龄老年患者门诊流向优化更明显。内分泌、营养和代谢疾病,神经系统疾病等慢性病老年门诊患者治疗费用大幅度流向社区卫生服务中心。结论改革对不同年龄和疾病的老年患者就诊影响不同,建议加强基层医疗卫生机构服务能力建设,凸显二级医院发展特色,精准完善老年患者分级诊疗体系。

人口老龄化影响家庭金融脆弱性的机制与缓解路径

近年来,我国人口老龄化程度不断加深。与此同时,家庭部门杠杆率持续攀升,债务风险加剧,金融脆弱性逐步显现。在此背景下,基于2019年中国家庭金融调查数据,通过构建包含偿债能力和资产流动性状况的家庭金融脆弱性指标,实证检验了人口老龄化对家庭金融脆弱性的影响。研究发现:人口老龄化显著加大了家庭陷入金融脆弱性的概率,其影响机制主要包括降低家庭劳动参与和家庭收入、增加医疗保健支出以及抑制人力资本投资;中西部家庭、受教育程度较低家庭以及中低净资产家庭更易遭受人口老龄化带来的负面冲击;积极参加养老保险、提升金融素养水平、积累家庭社会资本能够有效缓解人口老龄化对家庭金融脆弱性的不利影响。从人口老龄化视角探索家庭金融脆弱性的成因,能够为家庭抵御老龄化负面冲击和改善家庭金融福祉提供参考依据,也为防范化解金融风险的制度设计提供了有效思路。

2010—2020年山东省人口流动的特征分析

根据2010—2020年间全国人口普查数据,分析了山东省人口流动的特征。从流动规模看,2010—2020年山东省人户分离流动人口规模有较快增长,流动人口总量虽然全国排名第五,但其构成与广东、浙江不同;从流动区域看,山东省在省际流动中处于人口净流出状态,人口主要流向江苏、北京和上海;流动人口在省内16地市分布不均衡,省内流动人口中约六成为农业户籍人口;与十年前相比,社会型已取代工作型和学习型,成为山东省省内人口流动的最主要原因。

“一人户”社会的兴起与公共政策应对

“一人户”群体的扩大是一种新的人口现象。随着“一人户”群体的持续增加,“一人户”社会正逐步兴起。“一人户”社会的兴起具有人口驱动、多元构成、传统脱嵌、结构约束、灵活支持等显著特征,同时暗含着较高的脆弱性、风险性和不完整性。“一人户”社会的后果和风险已在个人、家庭、社区、国家等层面显现,给家庭公共政策、社会治理体系带来多重挑战。应对“一人户”群体规模扩大的社会风险,需要构建整体性、有针对性和预防性的公共政策。

劳动投入水平、要素禀赋与农户行为可分性检验——基于南方稻农地块层次数据的验证

生产和消费行为交织在一起是农户的重要特征。农户的生产和消费行为是否可分成为众多农户行为模型的基本假设前提,直接影响农户行为分析的结论和政策建议的合理性。通过构建农户模型,从农户农业生产劳动投入水平与家庭人地禀赋关系的视角切入,分析不同要素市场条件下农户行为可分和不可分特征。在此基础上,利用2015、2019年对中国南方稻农地块层次调研的混合截面数据对农户行为可分性进行实证检验。结果表明,当前中国南方稻农行为呈现出可分性特征,在处理了内生性、替换核心解释变量、替换被解释变量,结果依然稳健。进一步分析表明,劳动力市场越完善,农户行为可分性特征越明显;随着时间的推移,农户行为由不可分性向可分性发生转变。与前期关于农户行为可分性检验从劳动力配置视角切入不同,从劳动力投入强度和要素禀赋之间的关系来验证农户可分性,并利用一手调研的地块层面数据进行验证,为基于要素市场识别农户行为可分与不可分的具体情境研究提供了新的视角和经验证据。

流动人口管理中户籍立法嬗变的审视与反思

对流动人口管理的行政法治问题进行深入研究与探讨,既有助于推动流动人口服务与管理机制改革,又有利于夯实基层社会治理根基和提升基层治理能力。流动人口管理与户籍立法发展历经严密控制、管制调控、逐步放开等发展阶段,展现如下特点:从强制人口流动转化为引导人口流动;从强化中央管制转变为扩大地方政府权力;从建立城乡二元结构转变为突破城乡二元格局。国外在平衡人口自由迁移与城市有限资源的关系方面,有一些经验可供我国参考借鉴。我国现行的有关流动人口管理的户籍法律制度在实践中虽具有可行性与合理性,但在服务行政视阈下,仍存在一些亟需重视与解决的不足,亟需加强《户籍法》的引领与保障、推进统一的法律制度体系建设、积极保障流动人口的合法权益和落实居住证制度拓宽的福利与便利。

人口老龄化如何影响家庭杠杆率

近年来,中国家庭杠杆率的上升引发了社会的广泛关注,人口老龄化可能对家庭杠杆率产生影响。理论推导表明,老年人口占比增加会提升家庭杠杆率。实证分析利用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,检验得出人口老龄化对家庭杠杆率的影响为正。机制分析发现,老龄化导致低收入人群在面对住房需求和应对老龄化支出时,倾向使用住房抵押贷款以平滑生命周期消费,进而推高了家庭杠杆率。同时,本文发现家庭面临的健康风险与养老抚幼双重负担,也是老龄化导致杠杆率攀升的潜在作用机制。此外,老龄化对家庭杠杆率的影响在城乡类型和户主受教育水平差异,以及家庭小型化程度之间存在异质性。

流动与融居:我国少数民族流动人口户籍迁移意愿的空间趋势分析

少数民族流动人口的户籍迁移意愿是观测各民族交往交流交融的重要指标。本文基于2012与2017年CMDS数据,采用ESDA方法结合Logistic回归,探讨少数民族流动人口户籍迁移意愿的空间分布、变化趋势以及其影响因素。研究发现:迁移意愿从总体上呈现走低的趋势,并具有空间分异特征;向东迁移意愿显著下降,而向西迁移意愿明显增强。与此同时,空间依赖性与地理集聚度逐渐下降,流动范围以省内跨市为主,表明大流动带来的大融居新格局正逐渐形成。究其原因:国家区域发展战略、配套政策红利、群体社会特性、经济社会融入度与公共服务的有效供给等因素是重要的解释变量。经济社会融入与公共服务保障在东西部地区对少数民族流动人口户籍迁移意愿的促进作用大于中部东北部。因之,当前新时代城市民族工作需要针对我国少数民族流动人口户籍迁移意愿的空间分异与空间演化趋势做出相应的调适。

老龄化背景下住房负担能力对家庭创业行为的影响——来自CHFS数据的证据

基于2013-2017年中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)三期面板数据,利用房价收入比作为住房负担能力的衡量指标,实证分析老龄化背景下房价收入比对家庭创业行为的影响。结果表明:房价收入比越高,家庭参与创业活动的积极性越低;老龄化进程的加快会进一步加剧高房价收入比对家庭创业活动的抑制作用。进一步分析发现,在老龄化加剧背景下,高房价收入比的创业抑制效应主要集中在仅有一套房的家庭中。基于此,提出在促进房地产市场平稳健康发展的同时,需积极加快完善养老服务体系并引导家庭理性配置资产。

助推理论在垃圾分类行为干预中的应用研究

论文梳理了现阶段中国垃圾分类管理相关政策研究,指出将新兴的助推干预工具引入垃圾分类管理工作中的必要性。首先,结合国内外文献分析了助推理论的内涵、分类方式、评价和争议,系统归纳了国内外关于助推理论的应用研究成果,重点分析了助推理论在环境领域的应用研究进展。然后,从默认型助推、显著型助推、启动型助推、社会型助推、承诺型助推等角度讨论北京市现行垃圾分类干预中带有助推特征的政策工具,并对如何完善和改进垃圾分类中的助推工具提供了构想。最后,论文从实施成本角度、政府职能角度、文化背景角度以及实施环境角度分析了将助推干预工具引入中国垃圾分类管理的优势,并对助推理论在垃圾分类中的未来研究方向进行了展望。

不同城市落户门槛对流动人口社会融入的影响差异--基于CMDS2011和2017的分析

本文基于2011年和2017年全国流动人口动态监测调查(CMDS)数据,结合城市层面落户门槛指标,利用多层回归模型,分别从超大、特大城市(以下简称“超、特大城市”)和其他城市角度探究了城市落户门槛对流动人口社会融入的影响。通过分析,本文主要有以下三点发现。第一,整体来看,城市落户门槛会降低流动人口的社会融入,但在不同类型的城市间呈现差异化。第二,进一步的机制分析发现,政府流动人口包容度会中介超、特大城市落户门槛对其流动人口社会融入的提升性影响,但其并不能中介其他城市落户门槛对其流动人口社会融入的降低性影响。这意味着政府流动人口包容度是超、特大城市落户门槛对流动人口社会融入影响的主要机制。第三,异质性分析发现,在超、特大城市中,城市落户门槛对流动人口社会融入的正向影响在非农户口以及高收入人群中更加强烈;而在其他城市中,城市落户门槛对流动人口社会融入的负向影响在非农户口、高学历、精英职业和高收入人群中更弱。这说明,在不同类型的城市中,非农户口以及高社会经济地位人群的自主性都更强。