Effect of Blasting Stress Wave on Dynamic Crack Propagation

Stress waves affect the stress field at the crack tip and dominate the dynamic crack propagation.Therefore,evaluating the influence of blasting stress waves on the crack propagation behavior and the mechanical characteristics of crack propagation is of great significance for engineering blasting.In this study,ANSYS/LS-DYNA was used for blasting numerical simulation,in which the propagation characteristics of blasting stress waves and stress field distribution at the crack tip were closely observed.Moreover,ABAQUS was applied for simulating the crack propagation path and calculating dynamic stress intensity factors(DSIFs).The universal function was calculated by the fractalmethod.The results show that:the compressive wave causes the crack to close and the reflected tensile wave drives the crack to initiate and propagate,and failure mode is mainly tensile failure.The crack propagation velocity varies with time,which increases at first and then decreases,and the crack arrest occurs due to the attenuation of stress waves and dissipation of the blasting energy.In addition,crack arrest toughness is smaller than the crack initiation toughness,applied pressure waveforms(such as the peak pressure,duration,waveforms,wavelengths and loading rates)have a great influence on DSIFs.It is conducive to our deep understanding or the study of blasting stress waves dominated fracture,suggesting a broad reference for the further development of rock blasting in engineering practice.

A novel method for simulating nuclear explosion with chemical explosion to form an approximate plane wave: Field test and numerical simulation

A nuclear explosion in the rock mass medium can produce strong shock waves,seismic shocks,and other destructive effects,which can cause extreme damage to the underground protection infrastructures.With the increase in nuclear explosion power,underground protection engineering enabled by explosion-proof impact theory and technology ushered in a new challenge.This paper proposes to simulate nuclear explosion tests with on-site chemical explosion tests in the form of multi-hole explosions.First,the mechanism of using multi-hole simultaneous blasting to simulate a nuclear explosion to generate approximate plane waves was analyzed.The plane pressure curve at the vault of the underground protective tunnel under the action of the multi-hole simultaneous blasting was then obtained using the impact test in the rock mass at the site.According to the peak pressure at the vault plane,it was divided into three regions:the stress superposition region,the superposition region after surface reflection,and the approximate plane stress wave zone.A numerical simulation approach was developed using PFC and FLAC to study the peak particle velocity in the surrounding rock of the underground protective cave under the action of multi-hole blasting.The time-history curves of pressure and peak pressure partition obtained by the on-site multi-hole simultaneous blasting test and numerical simulation were compared and analyzed,to verify the correctness and rationality of the formation of an approximate plane wave in the simulated nuclear explosion.This comparison and analysis also provided a theoretical foundation and some research ideas for the ensuing study on the impact of a nuclear explosion.

A case study of blasting vibration attenuation based on wave component characteristics

A typical blasting vibration wave is a composite wave,and its attenuation law is affected by the type of dominant wave component.The purpose of the present study is to establish an attenuation equation of the peak particle velocity(PPV),taking into account the attenuation characteristics of P-,S-and R-waves in the blasting vibration wave.Field blasting tests were carried out as a case to specifically apply the proposed equation.In view of the fact that the discrete properties of rock mass will inevitably cause the uncertainty of blasting vibration,we also carried out a probability analysis of PPV uncertainty,and introduced the concept of reliability to evaluate blasting vibration.The results showed that the established attenuation equation had a higher prediction accuracy,and can be considered as a promising equation implemented on more complex sites.The adopted uncertainty analysis method can comprehensively take account of the attenuation law of blasting vibration measured on site and discrete properties of rock masses.The obtained distribution of the PPV uncertainty factor can quantitatively evaluate the reliability of blasting vibration,which is a powerful and necessary supplement to the PPV attenuation equation.

Blast Pressure Measurements of an Underwater Detonation in the Sea

Blast pressure measurements of a controlled underwater explosion in the sea were carried out.An explosive of 25-kg trinitro-toluene(TNT)equivalent was detonated,and the blast pressures were recorded by eight diferent high-performance pressure sensors that work at the nonresonant high-voltage output in adverse underwater conditions.Recorded peak pressure values are used to establish a relationship in the well-known form of empirical underwater explosion(UNDEX)loading formula.Constants of the formula are redetermined by employing the least-squares method in two diferent forms for best ftting to the measured data.The newly determined constants are found to be only slightly diferent from the generally accepted ones.

Investigation of Supersonic Shock Wave Loading on Thin Metallic Sheets

Shock tube experiments were carried out to investigate dynamic behavior of Ultra-high hardness(UHH)steel and Aluminium(Al) sheets of 0.8 mm thickness at 0.55, 0.9 and 1.18 MPa peak-over pressure.Experimental results showed that center point deflection increases with an increase in peak-over pressure for Al sheets. However, UHH steel sheets showed negligible deformation when loaded at low peak-over pressures and showed sudden brittle failure at high peak-over pressures. Similar results were obtained by quasi-static testing, UHH steel failed abruptly while Al showed ductile behavior. Results from literature indicate that to protect structures against shock loading it is necessary that they dissipate energy via plastic deformation. The Al sheets were shown to deform plastically both in quasi-static and shock loading. Thus, hardness along with ductility is required to dissipate supersonic shock waves.

Monitoring and analysis of shock wave in water for underwater drilling blasting

Taking the underwater reef blasting in Gulei sea channel of Xiamen Port as an example,the forming characteristic of shock wave in water for underwater drilling blasting is analyzed.By field monitoring,the pressure of shock wave in water for different distances is attained;the major parameters such as pressure amplitude and positive action time,and the propagation attenuation rule of shock wave in water are analyzed in this paper.The results can be helpful for engineering design and construction and environmental safety assessment.

Joint observations of the large-scale ULF wave activity from space to ground associated with the solar wind dynamic pressure enhancement

This study reports the rare ultralow-frequency(ULF) wave activity associated with the solar wind dynamic pressure enhancement that was successively observed by the GOES-17(Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) in the magnetosphere, the CSES(China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite) in the ionosphere, and the THEMIS ground-based observatories(GBO) GAKO and EAGL in the Earth's polar region during the main phase of an intense storm on 4 November 2021. Along with the enhanced-pressure solar wind moving tailward, the geomagnetic field structure experienced a large-scale change. From dawn/dusk sides to midnight, the GAKO, EAGL, and GOES-17 sequentially observed the ULF waves in a frequency range of0.04–0.36 Hz at L shells of ~5.07, 6.29, and 5.67, respectively. CSES also observed the ULF wave event with the same frequency ranges at wide L-shells of 2.52–6.22 in the nightside ionosphere. The analysis results show that the ULF waves at ionospheric altitude were mixed toroidal-poloidal mode waves. Comparing the ULF waves observed in different regions, we infer that the nightside ULF waves were directly or indirectly excited by the solar wind dynamic pressure increase: in the area of L-shells~2.52–6.29, the magnetic field line resonances(FLRs) driven by the solar wind dynamic pressure increase is an essential excitation source;on the other hand, around L~3.29, the ULF waves can also be excited by the outward expansion of the plasmapause owing to the decrease of the magnetospheric convection, and in the region of L-shells ~5.19–6.29, the ULF waves are also likely excited by the ion cyclotron instabilities driven by the solar wind dynamic pressure increase.

Small Scale Field Experiment on Breaking Wave Pressure on Vertical Breakwaters

A small scale field experiment (SSFE) was performed on vertical breakwaters in the surf zone. The following are some of the findings. Wind seas may yield breaking wave pressure notwithstanding some large deepwater wave steepness, and small elevation of the wall above the mean water level. Caisson breakwaters can withstand some exceptionally high impulsive force peaks (even twice the weight in still water);whereas, with the same sea state and weight, a breakwater composed of layers of solid concrete blocks is destroyed.

Experimental study and theoretical analysis on the effect of electric field on gas explosion and its propagation

The effect of the electric field with different intensity on explosion wave pressure and flame propagation velocity of gas explosion was experimentally studied, and the effect of electric field on gas explosion and its propagation was theoretically analyzed from heat transportation, mass transportation, and reaction process of gas explosion. The results show that the electric field can affect gas explosion by enhancing explosion intensity and explosion pressure, thus increasing flame velocity. The electric field can offer energy to the gas explosion reaction; the effect of the electric field on gas explosion increases with the increase of electric field intensity. The electric field can increase mass transfer action, heat transfer action, convection effects, diffusion coefficient, and the reaction system entropy, which make the turbulence of gas explosion in electric field increase; therefore, the electric field can improve flame combustion velocity and flame propagation velocity, release more energy, increase shock wave energy, and then promote the gas explosion and its propagation.

Attenuation of rock blasting induced ground vibration in rock-soil interface

Blasting has been widely used in mining and construction industries for rock breaking.This paper presents the results of a series of field tests conducted to investigate the ground wave propagation through mixed geological media.The tests were conducted at a site in the northwestern part of Singapore composed of residual soil and granitic rock.The field test aims to provide measurement data to better understand the stress wave propagation in soil/rock and along their interface.Triaxial accelerometers were used for the free field vibration monitoring.The measured results are presented and discussed,and empirical formulae for predicting peak particle velocity (PPV) attenuation along the ground surface and in soil/rock were derived from the measured data.Also,the ground vibration attenuation across the soil-rock interface was carefully examined,and it was found that the PPV of ground vibration was decreased by 37.2% when it travels from rock to soil in the vertical direction.

激波管模拟产生近场爆炸冲击波

激波管可以在实验室环境下模拟爆炸产生冲击波,具有参数易于控制和测量手段准确多样等优势,在爆炸冲击效应的研究中被广泛应用。但与真实爆炸相比,尤其是近场爆炸,激波管产生的冲击波存在正压作用时间难以缩短、超压峰值难以提升的困难。通过对激波管运行理论和数值模拟分析发现:缩短正压作用时间的关键是让反射稀疏波尽快追上入射激波;提升超压峰值的关键是提高驱动气体的驱动能力。为此,设计了一种驱动段为锥形截面的激波管,使得反射稀疏波更快地追上入射激波,从而有效减小激波管设备长度并缩短正压作用时间;同时,采用正向爆轰驱动技术,利用化学能代替高压空气驱动提高驱动气体声速,在低爆轰初始压力下可以获得高的超压峰值。数值计算结果表明,在入射激波马赫数(MS=2.0)相同条件下,相对于等截面驱动方式,采用锥形截面驱动方式时,激波管长度可以减少近2/3,正压作用时间可以缩短近1/2。激波管实验结果表明,锥形截面驱动激波管产生的超压曲线满足近场爆炸冲击波形要求,并获得了超压峰值为64.7~813.4 kPa、正压作用时间为1.7~4.8 ms的爆炸冲击波波形。该研究可为近场爆炸冲击波致伤及装备防护效应评价实验提供参考。

3种现场混装炸药耦合装药炮孔壁峰值压力计算

炮孔壁峰值压力是产生炮孔周围应力场的源头,是造成孔壁附近岩石破坏的强动载荷。对于耦合装药,炮孔壁峰值压力是由爆轰波碰撞孔壁而生产的,通常这种碰撞是斜碰撞,并不是正碰撞。基于这样的物理事实,通过对现有耦合装药孔壁压力计算方法行了评述,并提出斜碰撞的炮孔壁峰值压力计算方法。结果表明,爆轰冲击理论计算结果接近实测值和数值模拟值;引入斜入射系数可计算爆轰波斜入射时孔壁压力,爆轰波碰撞在炸药与孔壁的分界面上,在不同的入射角度下,作用在孔壁的压力是不同的。孔壁压力与炸药特性、岩体特性、爆轰波曲率半径、爆轰波入射角等有关。

高海拔环境下运动装药的爆炸冲击波特性

为了研究高海拔环境下运动装药的爆炸冲击波传播特性,利用AUTODYN有限元软件,研究了不同海拔高度及其解耦对应的低温条件和低压条件对运动装药爆炸冲击波超压场的影响规律;建立了预测低温环境和低压环境下运动装药爆炸冲击波超压的理论计算模型,并通过试验数据和数值模拟进行了对比验证。结果表明,该计算模型可以有效预测不同低温、低压以及低温和低压耦合的高海拔环境下运动装药的爆炸冲击波超压;海拔高度从0升至10000 m,冲击波超压峰值平均减小35.6%,冲击波作用范围增加62.0%;随着环境温度降低,冲击波超压峰值平均增加0.43%,冲击波作用范围减小11.9%;随着环境压力降低,冲击波超压峰值平均减小36.4%,冲击波作用范围增加83.5%;不同海拔高度下装药运动速度引起的冲击波超压增大系数变化规律与解耦对应的低压条件影响规律基本相似;高海拔环境对运动装药爆炸冲击波的作用范围及超压的影响主要取决于低压条件,低温条件的影响程度较小。

松软煤层底板爆破致裂增透模拟试验研究及应用

针对松软煤层爆破增透钻孔施工困难,爆破增透产生的裂隙不发育且易于重新压实的问题,提出在底板岩层开展爆破作业,达到松软煤层增透进而增加瓦斯有效抽采时间的目的。为了监测跨界面应力波传播规律及煤层损伤状况,在实验室构建了物理模型并开展了煤层底板爆破相似模拟试验。同时使用数值模拟的研究方法对煤层底板爆破过程中煤、岩体内部的损伤及裂隙的演化过程进行补充。结果表明:松软煤层底板爆破裂纹沿爆破孔向四周岩体扩展,爆破孔位置和底板煤岩交界面以及煤层内部的破坏较为严重,产生跨界面损伤裂纹。爆炸应力波从松软煤层底板岩层传播到松软煤层时,岩体和松软煤体的交界面产生透射压缩应力波和反射拉伸应力波,透射波作用于松软煤体,使煤层裂隙增加;反射波反作用于岩体,在煤岩交界面形成交叉裂纹,使底板岩层裂隙和松软煤层裂隙贯通,有利于松软煤层的瓦斯垂向运移流动和卸压瓦斯抽采。潘一东煤矿现场应用表明,煤层底板爆破增透后瓦斯抽采纯量及其浓度快速上升,抽采纯量从0.06 m^(3)/min提高到1.46 m^(3)/min,增加了23.33倍;瓦斯浓度从爆破前的10.46%上升到45.50%左右,增加了3.34倍,并且长时间维持在较高水平。研究成果可为深部松软煤层瓦斯高效抽采提供理论基础和技术支持。

炮孔壁初始冲击压力直接测量试验研究

基于电测法构建出一套测试系统对孔壁压力进行直接测量,以获得现场岩石炮孔中的孔壁压力实测数据,根据灵敏度、抗冲击和抗干扰能力等参数,选择PVDF压电传感器作为压力测试系统的敏感元件;根据爆炸荷载的加载特性,选择并联25Ω碳膜电阻的电流模式作为系统的测试电路;最后根据带宽、采样率等参数选择示波器进行数据采集。将测试系统应用于高速公路边坡爆破开挖中,试验得到炮孔壁轴向距炸药0、0.1、0.2、0.3 m 4个位置的压力时程曲线,结果表明:在90/32的装药条件下,轴向距炸药0~0.3 m范围内,孔壁峰值压力范围为1 446~156 MPa;各测点的压力上升时间为6.1~1.5μs,距离炸药越近、压力上升时间越长;对试验值进行拟合,发现在轴向距炸药0~0.3 m范围内孔壁压力峰值呈幂函数递减。试验验证了孔壁压力直接测试系统的可靠性。

赵官矿切顶卸压沿空留巷爆破参数研究

以赵官矿2707W工作面为工程背景,对切顶卸压沿空留巷爆破参数进行研究。结合现场工程地质条件,选用双向聚能拉伸爆破技术对试验段顶板进行预裂。综合运用理论分析计算、现场爆破试验等手段,得到了合理的爆破参数:爆破钻孔深度8.0 m,切顶角度10°,炮孔间距600 mm,装药结构为5+4+3。通过现场钻孔窥视和矿压监测等手段验证了切顶爆破效果良好,在丰富切顶卸压沿空留巷爆破技术理论的同时,也为类似工况提供一定的工程借鉴意义。

深孔聚能预裂爆破切顶卸压机理与应用

为解决悬顶导致的煤柱及邻近巷道高应力和大变形问题,结合工作面顶板地质条件,提出深孔聚能预裂爆破切顶卸压专项方案,采用数值模拟及现场试验对卸压效果开展综合研究。研究结果表明,煤层顶板在切顶后垂直应力减幅为21.62%,预裂切顶措施可显著降低煤柱及邻近巷道围岩应力水平。试验发现,炮孔内轴向贯穿裂缝明显,可实现采空区顶板及时垮落。顶底板在切顶后累计位移量减幅达59.27%,巷道两帮及顶底板移近变形得到有效控制,煤柱垂直应力增量显著降低。实践证明,采用深孔聚能预裂爆破切顶卸压效果显著,可大幅提高作业效率,为类似矿压防治工程提供借鉴。

初始环境压力对RDX基温压炸药冲击波超压和温度的影响

为分析初始环境压力对温压炸药的冲击波超压峰值和温度的影响,在2.6 m^(3)的爆炸罐内开展不同初始环境下不同质量温压炸药的内爆试验,研究初始环境压力对温压炸药冲击波超压峰值与温度的影响.试验结果显示,初始环境压力对冲击波的影响明显,在海拔5 km处产生的冲击波超压峰值衰减率最大.借助Sachs比定律量纲一参数和Hopkins-Brown公式,构建了一个将平原数据推广至不同海拔高度的冲击波入射超压关联模型.进一步分析表明,在相同初始压力下,爆炸温度峰值与炸药量成正比,且随初始压力降低而下降,大药量炸药温度峰值下降程度大于小药量.这些发现对评估温压炸药在高海拔或低气压地区爆炸威力和温度效应评估有着一定的参考价值.

基于自由场爆炸的猪鼓膜破裂规律实验研究

听觉系统各组成部分的机械损伤是爆炸后造成听力损失的主要原因,强脉冲声致听觉损害风险准则仍然存在许多争议,例如:指标选择冲量还是超压峰值,正压持续时间是否重要等。本研究基于自由场实爆条件,设计并搭建了大动物爆炸致伤平台,探究了不同爆炸参数对鼓膜破裂的影响规律,并建立了基于自由场超压峰值和正压持续时间的鼓膜创伤量效关系。通过笔形压力传感器测量自由场超压,通过Friedlander公式拟合超压时程曲线,确定冲击波超压峰值和正压持续时间,并对时域中记录的波形进行归一化能量频谱分析,以确定冲击波在频域上的信号能量分布。对爆炸后的小型猪进行解剖,记录不同爆炸参数下鼓膜创伤程度。以超压峰值和正压持续时间为自变量,对实验数据进行二元逻辑回归分析,并给出鼓膜破裂风险曲线。研究发现,当自由场超压峰值低于170 kPa时,鼓膜无明显损伤;当自由场超压峰值高于237 kPa时,部分鼓膜出现不同程度的破裂和充血。距爆心越近,超压峰值越大,但鼓膜创伤的严重程度并未随之单调增加。在8.0 kg TNT当量的爆炸实验中,鼓膜破裂的严重程度随爆心距的减小呈现先提高再降低的趋势。通过对冲击波载荷特征的分析可知,距爆心越近,正压持续时间越短,高频段能量占比相对更大,小型猪鼓膜破裂的概率可能反而降低,此时仍然出现显著的听力损失和耳蜗损伤。鼓膜作为通过振动传递声信号的黏弹性薄膜结构,其动力学响应可能与载荷频率成分密切相关。除了超压峰值,冲击波波形频谱分布对鼓膜破裂程度影响显著。

舱室内爆下舰船结构损伤的一种计算方法

为了评估舱室内爆多载荷耦合作用下舰船结构的损伤范围,设计了大尺度舱段模型,并开展了舱室内爆毁伤试验,试验后测量了舱室结构的破坏范围及破坏模式,分析了舱室内爆多载荷耦合作用下舰船结构的损伤机理,据此建立了舱室内爆下舰船结构损伤的计算方法。结果表明:(1)舱室内爆下形成的强冲击波载荷和准静态压力载荷可对舰船结构造成大范围的损伤,形成多种破坏模式;(2)舱室内爆下准静态压力载荷是舱室结构损伤破坏的主要毁伤元;(3)建立的舱室内爆载荷下结构损伤变形计算方法可同时考虑强冲击载荷和准静态压力载荷对结构的损伤破坏,理论计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。