Challenges of Vietnamese Agricultural Cooperatives in the 21st Century:The Link Between Efficiency and Legality

The article shows that the situation of agricultural cooperatives in the world in general and agricultural cooperatives in Vietnam in particular are facing certain challenges in the context of globalization in the 21st century.The article points out limitations on:the nature,principles of democratic member control and principles of surplus distribution of the International Cooperative Alliance,as well as Vietnamese law in cooperative management.

The Validity of the Thermohydrogravidynamic Theory Concerning the Predicted Dates of the Maximal Temporal Intensifications of the Global Seismotectonic Processes of the Earth during the Range 2020 - 2023 AD

We present (on the 13th International Conference on Geology and Geophysics) the convincing evidence that the strongest earthquakes (according to the U.S. Geological Survey) of the Earth (during the range 2020 - 2023 AD) occurred near the predicted (calculated in advance based on the global prediction thermohydrogravidynamic principles determining the maximal temporal intensifications of the global seismotectonic, volcanic, climatic and magnetic processes of the Earth) dates 2020.016666667 AD (Simonenko, 2020), 2021.1 AD (Simonenko, 2019, 2020), 2022.18333333 AD (Simonenko, 2021), 2023.26666666 AD (Simonenko, 2022) and 2020.55 AD, 2021.65 AD (Simonenko, 2019, 2021), 2022.716666666 AD (Simonenko, 2022), respectively, corresponding to the local maximal and to the local minimal, respectively, combined planetary and solar integral energy gravitational influences on the internal rigid core of the Earth. We present the short-term thermohydrogravidynamic technology (based on the generalized differential formulation of the first law of thermodynamics and the first global prediction thermohydrogravidynamic principle) for evaluation of the maximal magnitude of the strongest (during the March, 2023 AD) earthquake of the Earth occurred on March 16, 2023 AD (according to the U.S. Geological Survey). .

Hodographs of the Gravitational Two-Body System and Discrepancies between Newtonian Laws of Equivalent Kepler Orbits and General Relativity

We show first that an orbit, which is naturally characterized by its eccentricity and semi-latus rectum, can equally be characterized by other sets of parameters, and proceed to determine mass-independent characterizations. The latter is employed to obtain the laws of equivalent orbits, which by definition have the same eccentricity and orbit’s parameter [1]. These laws relate the values of the same physical observables on two equivalent orbits to the corresponding total mass;they include the laws of velocity, angular velocity, radial velocity, areal velocity, acceleration, period, energy and angular momentum. Regardless of the share of the two bodies of a fixed total mass, the same relative orbit occurs for the same initial conditions. Moreover, the same orbit can be traced by different total masses but with different relative velocities. The concept of a gravitational field generated by a set of masses is shown to be meaningful only when the center of mass is not changed by the test mass. The associated concept of the “nothing”, which is an infinitesimal mass that allows for the property just mentioned to be fulfilled, is introduced and its orbits are determined. The perturbation of the nothing orbits due to its replacement by a finite mass is determined. It is proved that such a replacement can have a qualitative effect resulting in a “phase transition” of an orbit from unbound to bound, and that the nothing’s circular orbits cannot be occupied by any material body. The Galileo law of free fall, on which the equivalence principle hinges and which is exact only for “nothing-like” falling objects, is revised to determine the duration of free fall of a body of an arbitrary mass. The wholeness of Newton’s laws and the associated concept of force as an interaction are highlighted, and some contradictions between the Newtonian laws of equivalent Kepler’s orbits and the general relativistic predictions are discussed. It is demonstrated that Newton’s law of gravitation is not an approximation of Einstein field Equations even in the case of a static weak field. However, both theories have a common limit corresponding to the case in which the alien concept of a field can be incorporated in the Newtonian theory. We also show that the relative velocity’s hodograph [2-4], the alternative Laplace-Runge-Lenz (LRL) vector derived by Hamilton [4-6], as well as an infinite set of LRL vectors, result all from one vector. The hodograph is a proper circular arc for hyperbolic motion, a circle less a point for parabolic motion, and a full circle for bound motion.

Connection between the Principles of Thermodynamics and the Conservation Laws: Physical Meaning of the Principles of Thermodynamics

It has been shown that the first principle of thermodynamics follows from the conservation laws for energy and linear momentum. And the second principle of thermodynamics follows from the first principle of thermodynamics under realization of the integrating factor (namely, temperature) and is a conservation law. The significance of the first principle of thermodynamics consists in the fact that it specifies the thermodynamic system state, which depends on interaction between conservation laws and is non-equilibrium due to a non-commutativity of conservation laws. The realization of the second principle of thermodynamics points to a transition of the thermodynamic system state into a locally-equilibrium state. Phase transitions are examples of such transitions.

Application of annexation principle to the study of thermodynamic properties of Ag-Bi-In metallic melts

Based on the measured activities, the phase diagrams and the annexation principle, the calculating models of mass action concentrations for Ag-Bi and Ag-Bi-In melts have been formulated. The calculated results agree with practice and obey the mass action law, showing that the models formulated can reflect the structural characteristics of both melts. Meanwhile, it confirms that annexation principle is applicable to the Ag-Bi-In metallic melts. The melts involving eulectic which give rise to phase separation, and in which activities exhibit positive deviation from Raoult's law is the basic cause of melts transforming from homogeneous to heterogeneous ones.

Motoyosi Sugita—A “Widely Unknown” Japanese Thermodynamicist Who Explored the 4th Law of Thermodynamics for Creation of the Theory of Life

The purpose of this paper is to introduce to you, the Western people, nowadays a “widely unknown” Japanese thermodynamicist by the name of Motoyosi Sugita and his study on the thermodynamics of transient phenomena and his theory of life. This is because although he was one of the top theoretical physicists in Japan before, during and after WWII and after WWII he promoted the establishment of the biophysical society of Japan as one of the founding members, he himself and his studies themselves have seemed to be totally forgotten nowadays in spite that his study was absolutely important for the study of life. Therefore, in this paper I would like to present what kind of person he was and what he studied in physics as a review on the physics work of Motoyosi Sugita for the first time. I will follow his past studies to introduce his ideas in theoretical physics as well as in biophysics as follows: He proposed the bright ideas such as the quasi-static change in the broad sense, the virtual heat, and the field of chemical potential etc. in order to establish his own theory of thermodynamics of transient phenomena, as the generalization of the Onsager-Prigogine’s theory of the irreversible processes. By the concept of the field of chemical potential that acquired the nonlinear transport, he was seemingly successful to exceed and go beyond the scope of Onsager and Prigogine. Once he established his thermodynamics, he explored the existence of the 4th law of thermodynamics for the foundation of theory of life. He applied it to broad categories of transient phenomena including life and life being such as the theory of metabolism. He regarded the 4th law of thermodynamics as the maximum principle in transient phenomena. He tried to prove it all life long. Since I have recently found that his maximum principle can be included in more general maximum principle, which was known as the Pontryagin’s maximum principle in the theory of optimal control, I would like to explain such theories produced by Motoyosi Sugita as detailed as possible. And also I have put short history of Motoyosi Sugita’s personal life in order for you to know him well. I hope that this article helps you to know this wonderful man and understand what he did in the past, which was totally forgotten in the world and even in Japan.

Application of annexation principle to the study of thermodynamic properties of Ag-Bi-In metallic melts

Based on the measured activities,the phase diagrams and the annexation principle,the calculating models of mass action concentrations for Ag-Bi and Ag-Bi-In melts have been formulated.The calculated results agree with practice and obey the mass action law,showing that the models formulated can reflect the structural characteristics of both melts.Meanwhile,it confirms that annexation principle is applicable to the Ag-Bi-In metallic melts.The melts involving eutectic which give rise to phase separation,and in which activcities exhibit positive deviation from Raoult's law is the basic cause of melts transforming from homogeneous to heterogeneous ones.

F-rough law and the discovery of rough law

By using function one direction S-rough sets （function one direction singular rough sets）, this article presents the concepts of F-law, F-rough law, and the relation metric of rough law; by using these concepts, this article puts forward the theorem of F-law relation metric, two orders theorem of F-rough law relation metric, the attribute theorem of F-rough law band, the extremum theorem of F-rough law relation metric, the discovery principle of F-rough law and the application of F-rough law.

Reflection and operationalization of the common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities principle in the transparency framework under the international climate change regime

“Common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities”(CBDRRC) is the most significant guiding principle in the international climate change regime, created by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992 and inherited by the Paris Agreement 24 years later. This paper examines the operationalization of the CBDRRC principle in one of the cornerstone rules of the regimedits transparency provisions, both in existing practice under the convention and possible evolvement in negotiations under the Paris Agreement, from the perspectives of both international rule-making and domestic implementation. The authors have found a continuous enhancement of the transparency framework since the 1990s, and gradual consolidation of a bifurcated system between developed and developing countries into a common one. The authors argue that the transparency framework, as part of the procedural rules, should be designed to facilitate transparent information sharing in accordance with substantive commitments under international climate change laws. Thus, it indirectly reflects historical responsibilities for climate change, while the framework should also be designed as feasible and reflective of the respective capabilities of nations. Finally, the evolution of the transparency framework will aim to enact common and enhanced provisions while differentiating between developed and developing countries in the near term, and greater transparency-related capacity-building for developing countries.

Quantum Aspects of the Joule-Lenz Law

Quantum aspects of the Joule-Lenz law for the dissipation energy have been studied. In the first step, in an analysis of the energy-time principle of uncertainty, this gives a lower limit of the time interval and an upper limit of the energy interval which can be admitted in a quantum transition process. Moreover, for the low energy excitations, the transition time between the levels is found to be close to the oscillation time periods characteristic for these levels. A reference obtained among the transition time Δt, transition energy ΔE and the Planck constant h indicates that Δt should approach approximately the time period of the electromagnetic wave produced in course of the transition.

Action Origin of the Cosmos

In physical information theory elementary objects are represented as correlation structures with oscillator properties and characterized by action. The procedure makes it possible to describe the photons of positive and negative charges by positive and negative real action;gravitons are represented in equal amounts by positive and negative real, i.e., virtual action, and the components of the vacuum are characterized by deactivated virtual action. An analysis of the currents in the correlation structures of photons of static Maxwell fields with wave and particle properties, of the Maxwell vacuum and of the gravitons leads to a uniform three-dimensional representation of the structure of the action. Based on these results, a basic structure consisting of a system of oscillators is proposed, which describe the properties of charges and masses and interact with the photons of static Maxwell fields and with gravitons. All properties of the elemental components of nature can thus be traced back to a basic structure of action. It follows that nature can be derived from a uniform structure and this structure of action must therefore also be the basis of the origin of the cosmos.

THE CONSERVATION LAW OF NONHOLONOMIC SYSTEM OF SECOND-ORDER NON-CHETAVE'S TYPE IN EVENT SPACE

The conservation law of nonholonomic system of second-order non-Chataev's type in event space is studied The Jourdain's principle in event space is presented. The invariant condition of the Jourdain's principle under infinitesimal transformation is given by introducing Jourdain's generators in event space. Then the conservation law of the system in event space is obtained under certain conditions. Finally a calculating example is given.

The principle of the Internet evolving and a conjecture on the optimal structure of the Internet

In this paper we will give the statistical characteristics and general principles of an optimal structure of the Internet, which is a scale-free network. Since the purpose of the Internet is to allow fast and easy communication, the average path length is used to measure the performance of the network, and the number of edges of the network is used as a metric of its; cost. Based on this, the goal of this Internet optimization problem is to obtain the highest performance with the lowest cost. A multi goal optimization problem is proposed to model this problem. By using two empirical formulas of （k） and （l）, we are able to find the statistical characteristics of the optimal structure. There is a critical power law exponent ac for the Internet with power law degree distribution, at which the Internet can obtain a relatively good performance with a low cost. We find that this ac is approximately 2.1.

THE CONSERVATION LAW OF SECOND-ORDER NON-HOLONOMIC SYSTEM OF NON-CHETAEV'S TYPE

The conservation law of second_order nonholonomic system of non_Chetaev's type was studied by means of the Jourdain's principle. The invariant condition of Jourdain's principle under infinitesimal transformation is given by introducing Jourdain's generators. Then the conservation law of the system is obtained under certain conditions. Finally a calculating example is given.

Building Blocks of Nature

By means of a representation of the elementary objects by the Lagrange density and by the commutators of the communication relations, correlations can be formed using the Fourier transform, which under the conditions of the Hamilton principle, describes correlation structures of the elementary objects with oscillator properties. The correlation structures obtained in this way are characterized by physical information, the essential component of which is the action. The correlation structures describe the physical properties and their interactions under the sole condition of the Hamilton’s principle. The structure, the properties and the interactions of elementary objects can be led back in this way to a fundamental four dimensional structure, which is therefore in their different modifications the building block of nature. With the presented method, an alternative interpretation of elementary physical effects to quantum mechanics is obtained. This report provides an overview of the fundamentals and statements of physical information theory and its consequences for understanding the nature of elementary objects.

The Proof of Riemann Hypothesis, the Key to the Door Is the Periodicity

The Riemann hypothesis is a well-known mathematical problem that has been in suspense for 162 years. Its difficulty lies in the fact that it is involved in an infinite integral which includes infinite series with complex variables. To detour this is in vain, since all the messages are hid in it. To unscramble them, there is a totally new idea, that is, the “periodicity”! By investigating the numerical approximate values of zero points, an explicit distribution law on the critical line was found. To accord with this, a periodic form for the real part of Xi function was constructed and rigidly proved. The Riemann hypothesis can be divided into three progressive propositions. The first proposition (the number of zero points in the critical strip satisfies a certain estimation) had been proved in 1905. The second proposition (the number of zero points on the critical line satisfies the same estimation as in the critical strip) is ever in suspense. It can be solved perfectly with the newly found “periodicity”. The third proposition (all the nontrivial zero points are on the critical line), that is, the Riemann hypothesis, is also true. The proof is a combination of the symmetry, monotonicity, periodicity of the Xi function and the extremum principle of the harmonic functions. It is the moment to draw full stop for this suspending problem.

Village Council and Administration of Justice:A Study Among the Dimasa Kacharis of Assam

Village council is a socio-political organisation that is the connection between people who relate themselves to each other creates an arrangement of persons that makes unit.It is a part of the large social organisation which refers to the institution which maintains rules and regulation of the society.For instance,stability of every social structure is needed to have the connection between the people who relate themselves to each other creates an arrangement of persons that makes unit.The organisation stands for juridical rights of the people’s safeguard and these juridical obligations are inferred in them.Village organisation coincides as in most cases that villages act as territorial social as well as political unit.The Dimasas inhabited in plains of Assam also have their traditional village council which acts as a socio-political unit into their parochial life.In this paper,an attempt has been made to evaluate the function of village council for the maintenance of peace and smooth functioning of the socio-cultural life of the Dimasa Kacharis inhabiting in a rural context of Assam.