From Black Holes to Information Erasure: Uniting Bekenstein’s Bound and Landauer’s Principle

This research aims to integrate Bekenstein’s bound and Landauer’s principle, providing a unified framework to understand the limits of information and energy in physical systems. By combining these principles, we explore the implications for black hole thermodynamics, astrophysics, astronomy, information theory, and the search for new laws of nature. The result includes an estimation of the number of bits stored in a black hole (less than 1.4 × 1030 bits/m3), enhancing our understanding of information storage in extreme gravitational environments. This integration offers valuable insights into the fundamental nature of information and energy, impacting scientific advancements in multiple disciplines.

Determination of the thermal noise limit in test of weak equivalence principle with a rotating torsion pendulum

Thermal noise is one of the most fundamental limits to the sensitivity in weak equivalence principle test with a rotating torsion pendulum. Velocity damping and internal damping are two of many contributions at the thermal noise, and which one mainly limits the torsion pendulum in low frequency is difficult to be verified by experiment. Based on the conventional method of fast Fourier transform, we propose a developed method to determine the thermal noise limit and then obtain the precise power spectrum density of the pendulum motion signal. The experiment result verifies that the thermal noise is mainly contributed by the internal damping in the fiber in the low frequency torsion pendulum experiment with a high vacuum. Quantitative data analysis shows that the basic noise level in the experiment is about one to two times of the theoretical value of internal damping thermal noise.

PRINCIPLES FOR OPTIMUM DESIGN OF OPEN PIT MINES

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Correlation method estimation of the modulation signal in the weak equivalence principle test

In a test of the weak equivalence principle （WEP） with a rotating torsion pendulum, it is important to estimate the amplitude of the modulation signal with high precision. We use a torsional filter to remove the free oscillation signal and employ the correlation method to estimate the amplitude of the modulation signal. The data analysis of an experiment shows that the uncertainties of amplitude components of the modulation signal obtained by the correlation method are in agreement with those due to white noise. The power spectral density of the modulation signal obtained by the correlation method is about one order higher than the thermal noise limit. It indicates that the correlation method is an effective way to estimate the amplitude of the modulation signal and it is instructive to conduct a high-accuracy WEP test.

A Simple Mathematical Formulation of the Correspondence Principle

In this paper we suggest a simple mathematical procedure to derive the classical probability density of quantum systems via Bohr’s correspondence principle. Using Fourier expansions for the classical and quantum distributions, we assume that the Fourier coefficients coincide for the case of large quantum number. We illustrate the procedure by analyzing the classical limit for the quantum harmonic oscillator and the particle in a box, although the method is quite general. We find, in an analytical fashion, the classical distribution arising from the quantum one as the zeroth order term in an expansion in powers of Planck’s constant. We interpret the correction terms as residual quantum effects at the microscopic-macroscopic boundary.

Geometric Interpretation of the Uncertainty Principle

The problems of unattainable infinity and infinitesimal are discussed. Limitations connected with the absolute zero of temperature and the maximal velocity are considered, as well as the consequences of these limitations. A geometric approach is proposed as an alternative to the wave-particle duality to explain the anomalous motion of micro objects. The basis of the geometric approach is a comparison between two geometries differing from each other in the metric of infinitesimal. The interconnection of these geometries is possible through the direct and inverse Weierstrass transformation. The application of this transformation allows one to explain diffraction effects.

A new explanation to homeopathy-analysis of the principles of homeopathy

Homeopathy is approximately two hundred and fifty years old medical system.In homeopathy,extremely small dose of original substances is used to treat diseases that produce similar symptoms of the disease.Therefore,two principles of homeopathy are the law of similars and the law of minute dose.Hahnemann proposed that similar symptoms produced by remedies occupy the space of the disease.Reaction or withdrawal effect of the remedy goes against the symptoms of the disease and thus the disease is cured.Although similar substances are used to treat diseases,some substances produce both similar and opposite symptoms of the disease.Again many substances used in minute dose previously exist in the body as large doses.The other principles of homeopathy are the law of chronic diseases and the law of vital force.Hahnemann considered psora or scabies like syphilis.Like syphilis,he considered skin symptoms as primary symptoms and chronic diseases as secondary symptoms.On the other hand,high potency homeopathic remedies do not contain any original substance to produce a reaction or withdrawal effect and'vital force'theory has been refuted in modern science.Therefore these two principles have limitations too.Hahnemann proposed that water is able to retain the memory of the original substance.Modern observers suggest that water can form nanoparticles like original substances.But there is no strong proof that nanoparticles are found in bloodstream or breast milk.To explain homeopathy these limitations should be amended.

On the Special Application of the Principle of Proportionality under Emergency State

As the two fundamental aspects of modern society,the emergency state and the routine state are not exceptions to the rule of law.They just abide by special legal rules and must adhere to the spirit of the rule of law,such as human rights protection and power restrictions and apply the principle of proportionality.In a state of emergency,public interests are faced with major and urgent threats.In this state,the positioning of the purpose,the examination of the consequences,or the measurement of the legal benefits of the purpose and the consequences all have a certain degree of particularity and complexity.In order to increase the rationality of the principle of proportionality in the state of emergency,and to perform its value function scientifically and effectively,it is necessary to adopt loose application standards based on the characteristics of the state of emergency,grasp the key application links,and limit the scope of application to the review of the rationality of the exercise of emergency powers.Judgment of the legitimacy of the purpose of the exercise of emergency powers and the derogation of civil rights such as human dignity are not within the scope of the principle of proportionality.

论数罪并罚原则的优化及其适用

现有数罪并罚原则的缺陷主要表现为有期徒刑、拘役与管制的并科导致刑罚轻重倒挂,财产刑的并科导致刑罚过重,不利于罪犯重返社会,以及多种并罚原则并存导致诸多疑难问题难以妥善解决。并科原则不符合刑罚追求报应与预防的双重目的,易导致刑罚丧失节俭性。基于明德慎罚的慎刑恤刑观,中国古代的数罪并罚以吸收原则为主,同时以赃罪并赃原则和限制加重原则为补充。当代数罪并罚宜采取吸收原则,并将数罪作为从重处罚的情节。这不仅符合刑罚目的与慎刑恤刑观念,而且可以消除司法实践中因多种并罚原则并存导致的法律适用难题。

柏拉图–伽马模型下尾在险价值度量的贝叶斯估计的渐近行为及其应用

针对柏拉图–伽马风险模型的尾在险价值度量的贝叶斯估计量的渐近行为进行研究有助于对风险度量进行统计推断,以便于风险投资者及时采取相应措施规避风险。首先,通过构造柏拉图–伽马模型的贝叶斯假设,给出了尾在险价值度量的贝叶斯估计量,并利用经典的大偏差和中偏差理论,以及Delta方法得到了尾在险价值度量的贝叶斯估计量的渐近行为,包括渐近正态性、大偏差原理和中偏差原理;其次,给出了尾在险价值度量的贝叶斯估计量的中偏差原理在统计假设检验方面的具体应用,得到了第一类错误和势函数的渐近行为;最后,通过数值模拟的方法,计算并模拟了尾在险价值的置信区间及其区间覆盖率,并在不同样本容量下画出了尾在险价值度量的贝叶斯估计量标准化后的直方图和核密度估计曲线,这与标准正态分布密度函数曲线基本重合,从而验证了估计量的渐近正态性,同时还模拟了尾在险价值度量的贝叶斯估计量相关的尾概率,模拟结果表明样本容量充分大时,尾概率以一定的速度趋近于零,由此验证了估计量的中偏差原理。

紧凑型混合励磁三相饱和铁芯型故障限流器

加装饱和铁芯型故障限流器是限制高压系统短路电流的有效方法,但其需要与外加的限流空心电抗器配合,导致整个限流系统占地面积和体积很大。因此,基于非正交解耦原理提出了一种紧凑型混合励磁三相饱和铁芯型故障限流器(compact hybrid-biased three-phase saturated core fault current limiter,CTFCL),其具有占地面积和体积小的优点。首先,提出了含非正交解耦绕组的CTFCL拓扑。其次,建立了CTFCL的等效电磁路模型,分析了其工作原理。然后,给出CTFCL的参数设计准则,搭建了220 kV的有限元模型,仿真验证了CTFCL的限流效果和电磁特性。最后,设计并研制出小容量样机,开展了实验研究。仿真和实验结果均证明了该文所提CTFCL的有效性,CTFCL对各种短路均有良好的限制效果,且对比得到CTFCL限流系统占地面积和体积较传统三相SCFCL限流系统分别减少了44%和26%,适合实际高压系统的安装与应用。

人工智能时代个人数据保护的困境与出路

人工智能的发展离不开对大量个人数据的处理。只有妥当适用《个人信息保护法》中的目的限制原则和有关个人知情权、决定权的规则,才能有效保障人工智能安全发展。目的限制原则包括“两肢”,一是处理目的自身的限制,二是处理目的对处理方式的限制。目的限制原则与人工智能发展之间有紧张关系,面临适用困境。该原则丧失实效,既会造成最小必要原则等多项原则难以适用,又不利于个人知情权、决定权的行使,还易致使个人数据交易欠缺自愿性、公平性。我国目的限制原则采用“宽进严出”模式,个人数据处理者不必将人工智能发展和应用中对个人数据的每一步处理活动加以披露,而是应分别披露训练机器学习模型、制作用户标签和画像、提供个性化服务等不同处理目的、处理方式,并揭示其各自风险。经由人工智能制作用户标签和画像的,属于个人数据处理活动。该处理活动只有同时包含体现公平价值的设计,才具有充分的合理性。此外,还应构建程序性规则以保障个人能够以集体的方式行使个人对标签、画像享有的有限决定权。

数字技术的司法应用:时空局限性的突破及其规制

数字技术在司法中的应用,实现了对时间与空间局限性的突破。犯罪行为已经率先借助数字技术实现远程、跨境的不接触犯罪,这种犯罪形态为公安司法机关侦查取证、诉讼证明和追赃挽损带来难题。数字技术对于司法时空局限性的突破,还影响到审判公开原则的适用范围、直接言词原则的实践状况,以及远程提审、律师会见、开庭审判的“到庭”概念、诉讼可视化等的方式或内涵。不仅如此,数字技术应用也带来一些隐忧,实体意义上的法庭是否会萎缩、消失,法官功能是否会被智能机器人取代,成为越来越不能回避的话题。数字技术的初步应用,如网上开庭与网络直播庭审,固然有其各自的优势,但也都有一定的弊端,针对这些弊端,需要以一定的原则、制度、规则加以规制,非必要不实行网上开庭以及实行有限的网络庭审直播等,应当是我国当前刑事司法的应对措施。

数据处理目的改变之法律挑战与对策

目的限制原则要求信息处理者对数据进一步处理不得与初始目的不兼容,大数据和人工智能的发展对该原则发起了挑战。大数据分析使用不同的算法分析数据,人工智能通过对所持有的数据进行训练,要求重新使用数据创造新的价值。改变数据处理目的,须在信息主体的基本权利保护、风险控制与促进创新之间构建一个新的平衡。为了给数据的进一步处理提供一定的灵活性,通过场景一致性构建兼容使用理论;为科学研究、统计目的使用数据推定具有兼容性,从而释放大数据分析的价值,并提高法律的可预测性。更进一步,通过代码塑造数据处理目的改变再次利用数据的行为规范。数据的设计和默认保护理念认为代码架构可以通过数据处理场景,将目的限制原则内置到信息系统当中,通过组织和技术保障措施确保数据重新使用具有兼容性与合法性,并保障数据安全。

A High Order Accurate Bound-Preserving Compact Finite Difference Scheme for Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flow

For solving two-dimensional incompressible flow in the vorticity form by the fourth-order compact finite difference scheme and explicit strong stability preserving temporal discretizations,we show that the simple bound-preserving limiter in Li et al.(SIAM J Numer Anal 56:3308–3345,2018)can enforce the strict bounds of the vorticity,if the velocity field satisfies a discrete divergence free constraint.For reducing oscillations,a modified TVB limiter adapted from Cockburn and Shu(SIAM J Numer Anal 31:607–627,1994)is constructed without affecting the bound-preserving property.This bound-preserving finite difference method can be used for any passive convection equation with a divergence free velocity field.

浅埋偏压隧道在变坡面下围岩压力计算分析

为研究浅埋偏压隧道在变坡面下合理的围岩压力的计算方法,该文建立浅埋偏压隧道在变坡面下围岩压力计算模型,运用极限平衡原理推导围岩压力计算公式。引入中间变量β′,将其作为选取变坡条件下的偏压隧道围岩压力计算方法的依据,并将该文推导公式对比规范公式计算值与隧道围岩压力实测值进行验证。研究结果显示:经对比验证,该文公式具有合理性与实用性。且由计算公式分析可得,当自然坡度角增大,水平侧压力系数λ_(1)随之增大;当黏聚力增大,水平侧压力系数λ_(2)呈先增大后减小趋势;当变坡角度增大,水平侧压力系数λ_(2)将会减小。研究表明:偏压隧道存在变坡会影响隧道变坡段一侧的围岩压力,因此利用该文变坡条件的围岩压力计算公式是必要的。

中欧(英)边坡极限状态设计方法差异研究

针对边坡极限状态设计问题,分别根据现行中、欧岩土设计标准,从极限状态设计标准体系、边坡可靠性分析方法、边坡极限状态设计方法等方面进行对比分析。结果表明:中、欧岩土工程设计的力学与数学原理基本一致,但相关标准的工程设计体系却存在显著差异;在边坡极限状态法的分项系数制定上,中国采用的水准Ⅱ方法较欧洲的历史经验法更为先进;中、欧边坡稳定性计算所采取的计算方法存在差异,进行铁路边坡极限状态设计算例对比无意义。

含剪切节理面岩质边坡滑裂面位置及稳定性研究

同向双平面滑动是存在单一地质断层面(剪切节理面)岩质边坡的常见破坏模式之一,但对该种类型的滑裂面计算方法并不充足。为了能够更加高效准确地寻找边坡的滑裂面位置,判断边坡的稳定性,基于极限平衡理论和非线性数学规划模型,假设滑体的滑动方式为同向双平面滑动,再假设目标函数为该岩质边坡的安全系数,运用MTALAB全局最优搜索法,计算含剪切节理面工程边坡在天然工况作用下的滑裂面位置及稳定性,并与极限分析法、强度折减法和毕肖普法进行对比分析。研究结果表明:基于极限平衡理论和非线性数学规划模型得出的滑裂面位置与安全系数基本一致,验证此类方法的可行性,为存在单一地质断层面岩质边坡的滑裂面计算和稳定性分析提供了新依据。

突发事件应对中个人信息权的限制与保障

目前,个人信息保护的重要性已然形成共识,常态法律秩序下个人信息的公私法保护框架正在成型。然而,在突发事件应对中,个人信息的公共属性被不断放大,以政府为代表的公权力机关不当处理个人信息的情况加剧,常态法律秩序下个人信息保护结构失衡。具体表现为,紧急情况下个人信息权行使的程序特殊性、行政优先性、处置紧急性和救济有限性。为应对上述情况,应当厘清突发事件应对中限缩个人信息权的法理依据和理论边界,在遵循正当原则和明确原则的基础上,逐步确立突发事件应对中特殊的个人信息权保护规则,通过加强个人信息权的防御功能、强调紧急权力的行使规则重新平衡突发事件应对中个人信息保护领域公权力与私权利的关系。

数字监察背景下公职人员隐私权保障的法治逻辑

作为宪法所构建的基本权利,隐私权蕴含着自我决定与不被打扰的内涵,理应获得国家的尊重与保障。公职人员同时作为普通公民,也应当享有隐私权。目前各地进行的数字监察措施的探索可分为基于不同目的的措施、基于不同方式的措施以及基于不同对象的措施,其中有关个人信息的获得与公开、个人信息的分析与比对等行为,对被监察对象的影响都落入了隐私权保护的范围。尽管基于公众监督等公共利益的需要,对公职人员的隐私权需要进行一定的限制,但是公职人员仍有权请求避免国家的过度干预,包括避免国家过度的直接侵入与信息外泄。限制的界限在于目的的正当性,手段的适当性、必要性,以及规制所获得的利益与限制所失去的利益间的平衡性。对此,有必要从法律保留、技术治理与责任规范三个方面加强对公职人员隐私权的保障,从而实现个人利益与公共利益的平衡。