An Aspectual Analysis of Grice’s Maxim of Relation:Compared With the Principle of Relevance

The Cooperative Principle proposed by Herbert Paul Grice in 1967 requires speakers’utterances to comply with the objective of discourses,while receivers construct assumptions by reasoning speakers’implicatures.He set some maxims and sub-maxims to attempt to explain how the hearers get what is meant from what is said by speakers.What interests me is that the Maxim of Relation only includes one simple annotation—Be relevant without any other sub-maxims.Honestly,this is too obscure.So I would like to analyse Grice’s Maxim of Relation from its definition as well as classification,the discourse-topic and the relationship with context.And,more remarkable,the research method of this article is to explore the essence of the Maxim of Relation based on the opposite side as Dan Sperber and Deirdre Susan Moir Wilson’s the Principle of Relevance(Relevance Theory).

A retrospective view on the history of natural sciences in XX-XXI

The presented paper is dedicated to a new ret-rospective view on the history of natural sci-ences in XX-XXI cc, partially including the sci-ence philosophy (mainly, the problems of the scientific realism, i.e. the correspondence of science to reality) and also a novel scheme for different classes of sciences with different ob-jects and paradigms. There are analyzed the chosen “great” and “grand” problems of phys-ics (including the comprehension of quantum mechanics, with a recently elaborated new chapter, connected with time as a quantum obs- ervable and time analysis of quantum processes) and also of natural sciences as a whole. The particular attention is paid to the interpretation questions and slightly to the aspects, inevitably connected with the world- views of the res- earchers (which do often constitute a part of the interpretation questions).

A new orthogonality relationship for orthotropic thin plate theory and its variational principle

The thought how dual vectors are constructed in a new orthogonality relationship for theory of elasticity is generalized into orthotropic thin plate bending problems by using the analogy theory between plane elasticity problems and plate bending problems. Dual differential equations are directly obtained by using a mixed variables method. A dual differential matrix to be derived possesses a peculiarity of which principal diagonal sub-matrixes are zero matrixes. Two independently and symmetrically orthogonality sub-relationships are discovered. By using the integral form for elastic bending theory of orthotropic thin plate the orthogonality relationship is demonstrated. By selecting felicitous dual vectors a new orthogonality relationship for theory of elasticity can be generalized into elastic bending theory of orthotropic thin plate. By using the integral form a variational principle which is relative to differential form and a whole function expression are proposed.

A stabilized complementarity formulation for nonlinear analysis of 3D bimodular materials

Bi-modulus materials with different mechanical responses in tension and compression are often found in civil,composite, and biological engineering. Numerical analysis of bimodular materials is strongly nonlinear and convergence is usually a problem for traditional iterative schemes. This paper aims to develop a stabilized computational method for nonlinear analysis of 3D bimodular materials. Based on the parametric variational principle, a unified constitutive equation of 3D bimodular materials is proposed, which allows the eight principal stress states to be indicated by three parametric variables introduced in the principal stress directions.The original problem is transformed into a standard linear complementarity problem（LCP） by the parametric virtual work principle and a quadratic programming algorithm is developed by solving the LCP with the classic Lemke＇s algorithm. Update of elasticity and stiffness matrices is avoided and, thus, the proposed algorithm shows an excellent convergence behavior compared with traditional iterative schemes.Numerical examples show that the proposed method is valid and can accurately analyze mechanical responses of 3D bimodular materials. Also, stability of the algorithm is greatly improved.

Valence state of transition metal center as an activity descriptor for CO_(2) reduction on single atom catalysts

Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))catalytic reduction has been passionately pursued for a long period of time due to its special importance in alleviating the greenhouse effect as well as generating valuable fuels and chemicals[1].Among the various approaches for achieving CO_(2)conversion,considerable efforts have been devoted to electrochemical reduction of CO_(2)since this technology operates at ambient and mild environments and can potentially produce various useful products[2].

A Zero-Relationship Justification of Rights： A Contractual Approach Based on Rawls＇ Device of the ＂Original Position＂

In contemporary moral and political philosophy, there are two leading approaches to the justification of rights. These could be broadly identified as deontological theories and consequential theories. These two schools of theories each have their own strengths and weakness, while there is also a third contractual approach that is under represented. Because Rawls＇ and Scanlon＇s well-known contractual theories are designed for purposes other than the justification of rights, the purpose of this paper is to establish a principle of rights on the basis of Rawls＇ justification device of the ＂original position.＂ First, it supplies a criterion based on human conduct or action. Second, based on this account of human conduct, different types of relationships are constructed and presented to the parties in the ＂original position.＂ Third, it will show that the parties in the ＂original position＂ would choose one of these relationships as the principle of rights. Finally, Rawls＇ first principle of justice will be reformulated. The procedure of choosing a principle of rights in this paper could also be viewed as a demonstration that, when properly situated and motivated, human beings exhibit their potential as rational beings.

比例与预防原则关系理论对气候变化立法的阐释效应

为加快中国气候变化立法步伐,妥善处理比例原则和预防原则在气候风险规制领域的控权与保权问题上存在的抵牾、混用,采取规范分析、比较分析等方法,对二者的适用关系进行立法论和解释论相结合的研究。研究发现,学界对该两项原则的关系存在三种理论主张。其中,取代关系说易引发气候风险的过度预防问题;限制关系说可能会消解预防原则,致使气候风险规制难以有效开展。相较而言,协同关系说更适宜指引中国气候变化立法的建构路径,有助于贯彻《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》等国家政策中的协调式新发展理念,同中国在气候变化应对问题上的国家自主贡献主张理念相吻合。通过进一步的学理、事理和法理阐释发现,气候变化立法有待将“双碳”等议题纳入生态文明建设整体布局和环境法规范体系。协同关系说对中国气候变化立法的指引包括:①坚持总体国家安全观,将适度风险预防原则全面融入气候变化立法,推进气候风险规制的规范解释、气候变化法治原则与制度体系融贯;②促进气候变化减缓性工作的循序渐进、气候变化适应性工作的防微杜渐,优化减缓与适应兼顾并重的气候变化因应制度体系;③推动减污降碳协同增效,构建不同地域、不同行业及央地政府之间“共同但有区别”的气候风险合作治理与责任分工体系;④缓解气候风险规制中自由价值与安全价值间的紧张冲突,强化行政法与环境法的沟通与协调,推动环境法律规制实现由基于确定性的传统秩序行政和福利行政向基于不确定性的风险行政转型,从而促进气候法学的发展。

授权改革试点明确性原则的反思与重构

授权改革试点作为全国人大及其常委会的一种授权类型,理应遵循授权明确性原则。目前,存在照搬一般明确性原则的误区,忽视了授权改革试点作为一项独特授权的特殊性。授权改革试点所遵循的明确性原则,须在授权目的、授权内容、授权范围三要素要求的基础上,根据自身的独特性进一步展开。授权改革试点包括授权暂时调整法律适用和授权试点工作两种类型,二者应对授权目的、对象、期限、地域和请示报告义务进行细化规定。授权范围的明确程度应根据不同类型而有所不同,前者应明确调整的具体法律条款和调整内容,后者应以授权内容的重要性程度作出宽严相济的授权范围规定,以协调改革与法治的内在矛盾。

结合前沿科学研究的专业创新实验:Cu_(2)O晶面与催化性能

催化剂晶面调控及结构-性能关系在材料科学和催化领域具有重要意义。该实验专为化学化工及相关专业的高年级本科生设计,强调氧化物的晶面控制合成和不同晶面对其催化性能的影响。制备了不同形貌Cu_(2)O:立方体Cu_(2)O-c具有6个(100)晶面,多面体Cu_(2)O-14具有6个(100)晶面和8个(111)晶面。由于不同的暴露晶面,对电催化还原CO_(2)反应的催化性能具有显著差异,Cu_(2)O-14比Cu_(2)O-c具有更高CO_(2)还原活性,且乙烯和乙醇产物选择性提高。本实验可以帮助本科生了解晶体晶面的调控原理和晶面-催化性能的构效关系。

宽体飞机地面主轮协同转弯控制律设计

主轮协同转弯技术能有效提高飞机的地面机动性,降低主起落架在转弯过程中受到的附加侧向扭矩,减小重载飞机地面转弯半径,但目前实现此技术的前主轮转角控制律设计方法尚不明确。提出以主起落架受力为约束条件,计算不同滑行速度下的前主轮转角关系,在全速度范围内进行分段选择并离散化,据此设计前主轮协同转弯控制律,以原理样机为对象进行仿真分析,验证了该控制律能有效降低两侧主起落架扭矩和的峰值。提出的设计方法对多轮系地面运载装备的复合转弯控制律设计具有一定的理论指导意义。

Lagrangian theoretical framework of dynamics of nonholonomic systems

By the generalized variational principle of two kinds of variables in general me-chanics,it was demonstrated that two Lagrangian classical relationships can be applied to both holonomic systems and nonholonomic systems. And the restriction that two Lagrangian classical relationships cannot be applied to nonholonomic systems for a long time was overcome. Then,one important formula of similar La-grangian classical relationship called the popularized Lagrangian classical rela-tionship was derived. From Vakonomic model,by two Lagrangian classical rela-tionships and the popularized Lagrangian classical relationship,the result is the same with Chetaev's model,and thus Chetaev's model and Vakonomic model were unified. Simultaneously,the Lagrangian theoretical framework of dynamics of nonholonomic system was established. By some representative examples,it was validated that the Lagrangian theoretical framework of dynamics of nonholonomic systems is right.

Experimental and first-principles calculation of TiN growth mechanism on CeAlO_(3) surface in steel

Regular TiN is harmful to the toughness of steel,and its shape and size need to be controlled.Understanding the behavior of TiN precipitation on CeAlO_(3) surfaces is critical for controlling the morphology and formation process of CeAlO_(3)–TiN composite inclusions in the steel.Experimental results showed that TiN had a square morphology on the CeAlO3 surface,and electron backscatter diffraction phase identification results revealed the orientation relationship between CeAlO_(3) and TiN as follows:(001)_(CeAlO_(3))//(110)_(TiN),(100)_(CeAlO_(3))/(001)_(TiN),and[010]_(CeAlO_(3))/[110]_(TiN).The CeAlO3 crystal structure was studied using the first-principles calculation method,and the adsorption and growth process of TiN on the CeAlO_(3) surface were investigated from the atomic scale.The calculation results indicate that there is no metallic bonding present in the CeAlO_(3) system.Among the low-index crystal planes of CeAlO_(3),the(110)planes terminated with O and CeAlO have the highest and lowest surface energies,respectively,with values of 0.373 and 0.051 eV/Å^(2).On the high surface energy plane of CeAlO_(3),the TiN atomic permutation structure is consistent with the arrangement of Ti and N atoms in TiN(100)or(110).For the low surface energy plane of CeAlO_(3),the Ti and N atoms are arranged in a ring-like structure.

论网络犯罪司法管辖制度的完善

司法通过明确“有利于查清犯罪事实、有利于诉讼的原则”以及对犯罪地的扩张解释、大量的指定管辖和并案处理等鼓励侦查机关及时侦破案件,但也带来了网络案件管辖混乱、侦查管辖与审判管辖错位等问题。反思管辖问题的相关理论和体系,在检视管辖制度的价值和实现路径的基础上,通过建立网络犯罪数据共享平台、推行“三统两分”的一揽子解决方案、明确指定管辖的审查规则以及加强并案处理的检察监督等,以有效保障网络犯罪司法活动的合法、有序开展。

我国涉外信托法律适用的困境及完善路径

涉外信托纠纷在国际司法领域频频发生,各国关于涉外信托的法律冲突现象普遍。我国涉外信托冲突法规则具有一定的局限性,无法妥善解决涉外信托存在的法律适用难题。《涉外民事关系法律适用法》第17条的规定主要存在最密切联系原则缺位、意思自治适用范围受限、连接点过少等问题。通过比较分析信托制度应用发达国家的立法、司法实践和《海牙信托公约》,从引入最密切联系原则、延伸意思自治原则适用范围、软化系属公式连接点、建立信托领域案例指导制度以及加强国际法治交流合作等五个方面入手,提出完善涉外信托法律适用的可行性建议。

Safety climate: Current status of the research and future prospects

In order to study the current situation and prospects of an improved safety climate,this paper provides an ex-tensive literature review and analysis of the concept of safety climate.Following that,a summary of research results and a theoretical framework is presented.First,several definitions of safety climate are reviewed and discussed,and the significance of safety climate to the workshop is considered.Future potential focus areas in safety climate research are noted through the study of measurement tools and the relationship of safety climate to safety performance and safety behavior.Second,the structural model of the safety climate principle and its connotation explanation are also proposed.The five principles consist of 22 levels of safety principles,which can be combined into an overall safety climate structure.The literature on safety climate is drawn from accidents that clearly demonstrate the impact of safety climate on enterprise,government,and society.Finally,six new trends in safety climate research are highlighted.These include the relationship between a feeling of safety and the reality theory,the elimination of cognitive biases in risk perception,safety climate research from a psycho-logical perspective,the quantitative development of safety climate research,the multidimensional structure of a safety climate and the influence mechanisms of safety climate on safety behavior.The results indicate that the safety climate is composed of four dimensions:(1)the attitude of senior executives,(2)safety supervision,(3)safety production environment and(4)the implementation of safety training and education.The aim of this in-depth analysis is to contribute to future research paths across several domains,suggesting the need for a multi-disciplinary approach.

三水铝石矿物颗粒表面吸附芳香族污染物的计算模拟与预测

了解芳香族污染物在矿物颗粒表面的吸附行为对于评估其大气归趋及影响具有重要意义.吸附能(E_(ads))是描述芳香族污染物在矿物颗粒表面吸附行为的重要参数,然而,目前该数据十分匮乏.考虑到大气中存在大量的芳香族污染物,逐个揭示芳香族污染物在矿物颗粒表面的E_(ads)值需要巨大的计算资源和工作量.因此,亟需建立一种能够快速预测芳香族污染物在矿物颗粒表面E_(ads)值的预测模型.本研究采取第一性原理的方法,探究了21个芳香族污染物在矿物颗粒三水铝石(001)面上的吸附机制.结果发现,21个芳香族污染物与三水铝石(001)面主要形成氢键、O—H…π键以及O—H…X(X=Cl/Br)相互作用,其E_(ads)值的范围在-12 kcal·mol^(-1)至-30 kcal·mol^(-1)之间.基于计算得到的21个E_(ads)值,采用多元线性回归分析方法,建立了预测芳香族污染物在三水铝石(001)面上E_(ads)值的定量结构-活性关系模型.该模型具有很好的拟合优度、稳健性和预测能力,能够用来预测含有—CH_(3)、—OH、—COOH、—NO_(2)、—NH_(2)、—CHO、—F、—Cl、—Br官能团的芳香族污染物.本研究结果对于提高目前对芳香族污染物在矿物颗粒表面上吸附行为的理解具有重要意义,并且为进一步揭示芳香族污染物在三水铝石(001)面上的大气转化奠定了基础.

马克思主义中国化“两个结合”的内在关系、深化原则及重大贡献

“两个结合”科学总结了中国共产党百余年来的历史经验和发展成就,推动了马克思主义中国化的创新发展。“两个结合”具体体现了理论与实践、历史与现实的辩证关系,既互相依存、互相联系,又互相区别、相得益彰,是马克思主义中国化持续发展的根本遵循。进一步深化“两个结合”需要坚定不移反对教条主义、反对庸俗结合论、反对文化复古主义。新时代持续深化“两个结合”能够拓展马克思主义中国化的广度和深度,重构中华文化的主体性,彰显中国共产党胸怀天下的情怀。

比例原则在互联网医院个人信息保护中的适用

数字时代背景下,互联网医院模式在算法技术的基础上应运而生,其在患者个人信息的采集、存储、挖掘、应用等多个环节承担安全保护责任。比例原则作为确保利益均衡的重要法则,具有规范订立互联网医院诊疗服务协议、平衡互联网医院利益与患者个人信息权益、完善患者个人信息权益多元保护机制的重要意义。目前,患者个人信息权益保护面临着恶意引发投保困难、定向推送商业广告、显著提高安全风险等现实困境。因此,应遵循比例原则的精神指向,强调正当性、适当性、必要性与均衡性的审查标准,通过重塑告知同意规则、建立数据监管平台、引入合理裁判机制等途径,促进互联网医院利益与患者个人信息权益的平衡协调。

跨国代孕儿童的身份权益保护之困境与破解

各国或各地区法律规定的差异致跨国代孕案件中法律冲突频发、亲子关系认定遭遇种种困境、进而给代孕儿童身份权益保障埋下隐患,鉴此部分欧洲国家在司法实务中采用了儿童最大利益原则,为代孕儿童身份权益的保护提供了新思路。我国可在继续坚持禁止代孕的前提下,在立法中引入儿童最大利益原则,做到区分代孕与代孕儿童,完善我国亲子关系立法和认定规则,限制公共秩序保留的援引,以更好地为跨国代孕儿童的身份权益保护提供法律保障。

体育练功服的设计原则与运动表现提升关系分析

体育练功服作为体育运动的重要组成部分,其设计原则对运动表现的提升具有关键性作用。随着运动科学的不断发展和运动员对运动表现的不断追求,体育练功服的功能性、舒适性以及美观性变得越来越重要。文章主要分析了体育练功服的设计原则与运动表现提升的关系,以期为运动员、设计师和相关研究人员提供优化练功服的建议。