Diagnosis of the Kinetic Energy of the“21·7”Extreme Torrential Rainfall Event in Henan Province,China

An extreme torrential rain(ETR)event occurred in Henan Province,China,during 18-21 July 2021.Based on hourly rain-gauge observations and ERA5 reanalysis data,the ETR was studied from the perspective of kinetic energy(K),which can be divided into rotational wind(V_(R))kinetic energy(K_(R)),divergent wind kinetic energy(K_(D)),and the kinetic energy of the interaction between the divergent and rotational winds(K_(RD)).According to the hourly precipitation intensity variability,the ETR process was divided into an initial stage,a rapid increase stage,and maintenance stage.Results showed that the intensification and maintenance of ETR were closely related to the upper-level K,and most closely related to the upperlevel K_(R),with a correlation coefficient of up to 0.9.In particular,the peak value of hourly rainfall intensity lagged behind the K_(R) by 8 h.Furthermore,diagnosis showed that K transformation from unresolvable to resolvable scales made the ETR increase slowly.The meridional rotational wind(u_(R))and meridional gradient of the geopotential(φ)jointly determined the conversion of available potential energy(APE)to K_(R) through the barotropic process,which dominated the rapid enhancement of K_(R) and then caused the rapid increase in ETR.The transportation of K by rotational wind consumed K_(R),and basically offset the K_(R) produced by the barotropic process,which basically kept K_(R) stable at a high value,thus maintaining the ETR.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LATENT HEAT DUE TO DIFFERENT CLOUD MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON AN AUTUMN HEAVY RAIN EVENT OVER HAINAN ISLAND

We analyzed cloud microphysical processes' latent heat characteristics and their influence on an autumn heavy rain event over Hainan Island,China,using the mesoscale numerical model WRF and WRF-3DVAR system.We found that positive latent heat occurred far above the zero layer,while negative latent heat occurred mainly under the zero layer.There was substantially more positive latent heat than negative latent heat,and the condensation heating had the most important contribution to the latent heat increase.The processes of deposition,congelation,melting and evaporation were all characterized by weakening after their intensification;however,the variations in condensation and sublimation processes were relatively small.The main cloud microphysical processes for positive latent heat were condensation of water vapor into cloud water,the condensation of rain,and the deposition increase of cloud ice,snow and graupel.The main cloud microphysical processes for negative latent heat were the evaporation of rain,the melting and enhanced melting of graupel.The latent heat releases due to different cloud microphysical processes have a significant impact on the intensity of precipitation.Without the condensation and evaporation of rain,the total latent heating would decrease and the moisture variables and precipitation would reduce significantly.Without deposition and sublimation,the heating in high levels would decrease and the precipitation would reduce.Without congelation and melting,the latent heating would enhance in the low levels,and the precipitation would reduce.

Conventional Analysis on a Heavy or Torrential Rain Weather Process

[Objective] The research aimed to analyze a turning weather process in Binzhou City of Shandong Province in midsummer of 2010.[Method] Started from the short-term forecast ideas,the formation reason of heavy or torrential rain and local heavy rainstorm in Binzhou City during 4-5 August,2010 was analyzed from the circulation situation,physical quantity field,radar echo and so on.[Result] The westerly trough and cold air were the trigger mechanisms of precipitation.The warm wet air flow at the edge of subtropical high and the high-altitude low trough were the main systems of precipitation.It was the typical precipitation process that the northwest of subtropical high overlapped with the westerly trough.In the prior period,the high temperature continued.The cold air at 500 hPa made the convection strengthen.It was the main reason that the local precipitation was strong.In the forecast of rainstorm,the specific humidity,K index and SI index were the good physical quantities and reference indexes.In the formation process of rainstorm,K index had the increasing process.When the rainstorm finished,or the rain intensity weakened,K index decreased obviously.SI index indicated the development of convective precipitation.The radar echo analysis found that the mesocyclone appeared in the process for a short time.For it weakened quickly and disappeared in the shift process,the strong precipitation and gale were formed in the west of Binzou,but the hail wasn’t generated.[Conclusion] The research provided the experience for the forecast of such weather in future.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES IN CUMULONIMBUS——PART Ⅱ CASE STUDIES OF SHOWER,HAILSTORM AND TORRENTIAL RAIN

A shower cloud observed in Jiangxi,a hailstorm observed in Hebei and“75.8”torrential rain in Henan are simulated with our microphysical model in a one-dimensional framework.The model,using the radio- sonde data as input,gets its output which shows agreement in many aspects as compared with observations in each case.The glaciation of small cumulus cloud,low precipitation efficiency of hailstorm and the per- sistence of torrential rain are demonstrated.It is also shown that the Bergeron process has little influence, but the warm-rain process plays an important role in the formation of precipitation in cumulonimbus with a warm cloud base.

EVOLUTION FEATURES OF MULTI-SCALE WAVEINTENSITY AND ITS COHERENCE DURING TORRENTIAL RAIN PROCESS

In this paper the Morlet complex wavelet {unction was applied to analyze the evolution features of multi-scale wave-intensity during a torrential rain process.Separating the suhsynoptic scale system on temperature of black body (TBB) fields during a torrential rain process over the Middle and Lower Reaches of Changjiang River in the last dekad of July 1998,the evolution of multi-scale wave-intensity can be expressed by wavelet modules,and its coherence was investigated with the cross spectrum between the multi-scale waves.The results show that the process of the accumulation and release on the energy of meso-β scale system was shown in the torrential rain process,and the meso-α scale system had an interference effect on the meso-β system in a shorter period.

Analysis of a Heavy Rainfall Event over Beijing During 21-22 July2012 Based on High Resolution Model Analyses and Forecasts

The heaviest rainfall over 61 yr hit Beijing during 21-22 July 2012.Characterized by great rainfall amount and intensity,wide range,and high impact,this record-breaking heavy rainfall caused dozens of deaths and extensive damage.Despite favorable synoptic conditions,operational forecasts underestimated the precipitation amount and were late at predicting the rainfall start time.To gain a better understanding of the performance of mesoscale models,verification of high-resolution forecasts and analyses from the WRFbased BJ-RUCv2.0 model with a horizontal grid spacing of 3 km is carried out.The results show that water vapor is very rich and a quasi-linear precipitation system produces a rather concentrated rain area.Moreover,model forecasts are first verified statistically using equitable threat score and BIAS score.The BJ-RUCv2.0forecasts under-predict the rainfall with southwestward displacement error and time delay of the extreme precipitation.Further quantitative analysis based on the contiguous rain area method indicates that major errors for total precipitation（〉 5 mm h^（-1）） are due to inaccurate precipitation location and pattern,while forecast errors for heavy rainfall（〉 20 mm h^（-1）） mainly come from precipitation intensity.Finally,the possible causes for the poor model performance are discussed through diagnosing large-scale circulation and physical parameters（water vapor flux and instability conditions） of the BJ-RUCv2.0 model output.

A Simulation Study on the Characteristics of Cloud Microphysics of Heavy Rainfall in the Meiyu Front

A heavy rainfall in the Meiyu front during 4-5 July 2003 is simulated by use of the non-hydrostatic mesoscale model MM5 （V3-6） with different explicit cloud microphysical parameterization schemes. The characteristics of microphysical process of convective cloud are studied by the model outputs. The simulation study reveals that： （1） The mesoscale model MM5 with explicit cloud microphysical process is capable of simulating the instant heavy rainfall in the Meiyu front, the rainfall simulation could be improved signifi- cantly as the model resolution is increased, and the Goddard scheme is better than the Reisner or Schultz scheme. （2） The convective cloud in the Meiyu front has a comprehensive structure composed of solid, liquid and vapor phases of water, the mass density of water vapor is the largest one in the cloud; the next one is graupel, while those of ice, snow, rain water and the cloud water are almost same. The height at which mass density peaks for different hydrometeors is almost unchangeable during the heavy rainfall period. The mass density variation of rain water, ice, and graupel are consistent with that of ground precipitation, while that of water vapor in the low levels is 1-2 h earlier than the precipitation. （3） The main contribution to the water vapor budget in the atmosphere is the convergence of vapor flux through advection and convection, which provides the main vapor source of the rainfall. Besides the basic process of the auto-conversion of cloud water to rain water, there is an additional cloud microphysical process that is essential to the formation of instant heavy rainfall, the ice-phase crystals are transformed into graupels first and then the increased graupels mix with cloud water and accelerates the conversion of cloud water to rain water. The positive feedback mechanism between latent heat release and convection is the main cause to maintain and develop the heavy precipitation.

突发自然灾害事件多主体风险信息感知全过程模型研究--以郑州“7·20”暴雨灾害事件为例

为给突发自然灾害事件风险信息感知工作提供理论支撑,厘清公众风险信息感知的影响因素和演变过程,构建突发自然灾害事件多主体风险信息感知全过程模型。结合当前应急管理工作实际情况,深入剖析突发自然灾害事件多主体风险信息感知的价值和特征,提炼影响因素,明晰自然灾害信息与前期准备、风险感知以及应急响应三者之间的作用机理,在此基础上构建突发自然灾害多主体风险信息感知的全过程作用模型,并以郑州“7·20”暴雨灾害事件为对照样本进行阐释验证。研究发现:前期准备与包括风险意识在内的应急素养是风险信息感知环节有效开展的必要条件,必须将前期准备、风险感知、应急响应工作进行有机结合,为应对突发自然灾害事件提供更为坚实的助力。

“7·20”郑州极端特大暴雨降水细节特征和成灾过程研究

基于常规探测资料、区域气象站资料、郑州双偏振多普勒雷达产品和ERA-5逐小时再分析数据等对“7·20”郑州特大暴雨降水细节演变、成灾过程和中尺度特征进行探究。结果表明:特大暴雨环流背景罕见,海上远距离台风起到了“水汽转运站”的作用;降水时空分布的复杂性致使西部山区和郑州主城区成灾原因不同;关键环境参数对比分析表明,极端强降水对CAPE值要求不高,高的暖云层厚度和近地面大的露点等指标利于高降水效率的产生,中等强度以上的深层垂直风切变有利于中尺度对流系统的高度组织化;西部山区强降水主要由中尺度孤立对流单体频繁影响所致,列车效应显著;郑州主城区强降水是由高降水效率的对流系统长时间维持造成的,降水粒子尺度大,数密度高,KDP值增大与雨强的突增对应关系较好。

强暴雨条件下110 kV硅橡胶绝缘子雷电冲击电弧发展过程与闪络特性

强暴雨常伴随雷电天气会导致输电线路、变电站和换流站绝缘子表面干、湿部位电场分布不均,易引发电场畸变,同时雷暴引起的雨柱会快速短接绝缘子伞间距,显著缩短电弧发展路径,致使线路跳闸并引起停电事故。为研究强暴雨条件下线路绝缘子雷电冲击放电特性和电弧发展过程,针对3种110 kV线路常用硅橡胶复合绝缘子开展了雷电冲击放电特性测试。结果表明:复合绝缘子雷电冲击电弧发展过程主要分为起弧、局部电弧发展、完全闪络,其放电发展时间及其持续时间均随降雨强度、雨水电导率的增大而降低;电弧平均发展速度随雨水电导率的增加呈幂指数关系上升,最大上升率高达43.8%,并随降雨强度增加呈指数式增大,且与绝缘子伞裙结构参数有关。复合绝缘子雷电冲击闪络电压随降雨强度增加呈负幂指数关系降低,伞间距较大的绝缘子闪络电压受降雨强度的影响愈加明显;雨闪电压随雨水电导率的增加而呈负幂指数下降。基于此,提出了降雨强度、雨水电导率综合影响的复合绝缘子雷电冲击闪络电压计算式,计算结果与试验结果一致性良好,偏差小于7%。研究结果为雷电活动频繁的强暴雨地区输电线路外绝缘设计、选择及防护提供了参考。

“21·7”河南特大暴雨降水特征及极端性分析

利用国家气象信息中心提供的2373个国家气象观测站(以下简称国家站)和区域气象观测站(以下简称区域站)小时降水量资料,从累计降水量、降水强度和时间演变等角度,分析了“21·7”(2021年7月17—22日)河南特大暴雨的极端性特征。结果表明:此次暴雨过程具有持续时间长、累计降水量大、突发性强、暴雨落区集中等特点。6天累计降水量平均达到219.05 mm·站^(-1),有155个站超过600 mm。全省5.43万km^(2)累计过程降水量大于250 mm,超过“75·8”过程(1975年8月)的3.45万km^(2)。强降水主要出现在3个时段(18日15时至19日04时、19日09时至21日08时、21日09时至22日14时),最大降水时段发生在19—21日,落区集中在太行山东南侧、伏牛山东北侧的豫中北地区。有1514个站出现至少1个时次的短时强降水(≥20 mm·h^(-1)),大值中心分别位于郑州、新乡和鹤壁等地,部分区域短时强降水贡献率超过70%。强降水中心在20日中午至21日夜间由河南中部向河南北部移动,强度由强变弱再加强。此次持续性暴雨过程的极端性表现出明显的局地性特征,郑州国家站7月20日17时1 h降水量达201.9 mm,超过“75·8”过程的小时降水强度,并打破全国国家站历史纪录。3 h和6 h最大降水量均发生在郑州尖岗水库附近。郑州站7月总降水量高达902.0 mm,约是近70年历史平均值的6倍。

四川盆地边缘山地强降水与海拔的关系

利用四川盆地1666个站点2011-2015年4-10月的逐小时降水资料及高精度格点海拔高度资料,对降水特征与海拔高度的变化关系进行详细分析,研究发现:(1)汛期总降水量、总雨日、小雨日、中雨日随海拔高度升高而增加,但降水量与雨日随海拔的增长方式并不相同,降水量显著增长区主要集中在200~1200 m,当海拔超过1200 m时降水量迅速减少;大雨日及暴雨日在海拔超过1200 m后也迅速减少。(2)盆地西北部、西南部沿山一带的暴雨日主要由强小时雨强贡献,而盆地东北部的暴雨日主要受持续性降水影响。(3)四川盆地复杂地形对降水的日变化有较为显著的影响,小时雨量及短时强降水频次峰值出现时间均随着海拔高度升高而提前,而短时强降水首次出现时间则随海拔高度升高而推迟。

动力因子对2006“碧利斯”台风暴雨的诊断分析

本文利用2006年登陆台风"碧利斯"暴雨过程高分辨率数值模拟资料,结合湿热力平流参数、广义对流涡度矢量垂直分量、水汽螺旋度、热力螺旋度、散度垂直通量、热力散度垂直通量、热力切变平流参数和Q*矢量散度等8个动力因子,对"碧利斯"台风暴雨进行诊断分析。结果指出:(1)8个动力因子在"碧利斯"台风强降水区均表现为强信号,其中,水汽螺旋度、热力螺旋度、散度垂直通量、热力散度垂直通量等动力因子与降水强度的相关系数均达0.99以上,与总云水物质的相关系数也均达0.97以上,而热力切变平流参数与上述二者的相关系数最低,达0.5左右;(2)8个动力因子中,Q*矢量散度随降水强度先增大后减小,与"霰融化成雨水造成雨水增长"微物理过程随降水强度的变化相似,热力切变平流参数随降水强度呈现"增大—减小—再增大"的变化特征,而其他6个动力因子均呈现单调增长趋势,与"雨水碰并云水造成雨水增长"微物理过程随降水强度的变化相类似;(3)总体看来,水汽螺旋度、热力螺旋度、散度垂直通量、热力散度垂直通量4个动力因子与降水强度及雨水收支相关的总的云微物理过程转化率对应更好,因此,对降水的指示意义也更好。

用新RIEMS模式研究陆面过程对暴雨的影响

对MM5模式中的MYE,MRF以及新引进的NB方案(E ε 1边界层参数化)3种边界层参数化方案耦合了陆面过程模式BATS,形成新的RIEMS模式.用此模式及原MM5模式对2个江淮暴个例进行了数值模拟以考察陆面过程对暴雨模拟的影响,同时也分析了加入BATS后模式对形势场和有关气象场的影响.结果表明加了BATS后,模式在降水场,形势场,低空急流等方面均优于原MM5模式,表明陆面过程短期天气过程也有重要影响.

一次梅雨锋暴雨云物理特征的数值模拟研究

利用中尺度数值模式MM5(V3.6),选用模式中不同的显式云物理方案,对2003年7月4—5日发生在江淮流域的梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,并根据模拟结果对造成此次暴雨过程的对流云团的微物理特征进行了分析。研究结果表明:(1)具有详细云物理过程的中尺度模式MM5对短时强降水过程具有较好的模拟能力,提高MM5模式的分辨率,可以更好地模拟短时梅雨锋暴雨过程,模式中的Goddard云物理方案的模拟结果要优于Reisner方案和Schultz方案。(2)梅雨锋对流云团是一种复杂的固、液、气三相混合体结构,在云体区域内的平均质量密度分布中,水汽的质量密度最大,其次是霰,而冰晶、雪、云水和雨水的质量密度较小且数值大小彼此接近,各种相态粒子质量密度峰值出现的高度随时间无明显变化。雨水、云冰和霰的质量密度随时间演变规律与地面降水强度的变化特征相一致,近地面层水汽密度随时间的演变规律比地面降水强度提前1—2个小时,水汽通量的辐合对暴雨时段内水汽的补充和维持起到了重要的作用。(3)除了最基本的云水向雨水转化的云微物理过程之外,此次降水过程还显示,在中层500—700hPa范围内雪、冰晶等冰相粒子首先转化为霰粒子,而霰和云水的结合进一步加速(剧)云水向雨水的转换,成为短时特大暴雨形成不可或缺的动力机制,云物理过程中的相变潜热与对流运动的正反馈机制是促进暴雨维持和发展的最重要热力因子。

一次强暴雨形成的动力机制

分析了1998年7月武汉强暴雨的天气演变特征,并从理论上探讨了强暴雨形成的动力机制。结果表明:低空急流先于暴雨生成,暴雨最强时低空急流也最强;高空急流入口区右侧及低空急流左侧非热成风梯度的存在,使得中尺度不稳定波的波振幅出现空间不稳定现象,高空急流右侧不稳定波的波振幅和低空急流左侧不稳定波的波振幅向暴雨区增加,暴雨区恰为这两支波叠加后振幅最大的区域,高低空急流耦合下的非热成风、中尺度对流—对称不稳定可能是这类强暴雨产生的动力原因之一。

区域暴雨增强数值预报业务系统及其预报效果分析

该文介绍了区域暴雨增强数值预报业务系统的设计思想、主体结构及主要的关键技术，并总结了该系统业务试验的情况和效果。该系统以ＹＨ模式为基础，对其从坐标系、水平和垂直分辨率及物理过程等方面进行了改进，并结合实时资料处理系统、图形处理等形成了一个比较完整的数值预报业务体系。该系统的特点是使用Ｔ６３预报产品作为初值客观分析的猜测场，引入卫星云图资料、三维嵌套和并行计算技术，在多ＣＰＵ工作站和微机上实现了并行计算的数值预报业务。该系统已成功地进行了业务试运行。

登陆北上热带气旋的特大暴雨落区探讨

由台风降水资料分析发现，登陆北上热带气旋在我国北方地区造成的特大暴雨，集中出现在华北平原西北部和山东～辽东半岛东南部两个相距较远的区域内。对比分析表明，这两个特大暴雨落区的形成，除地形增幅因素外，主要与前期副热带高压位置、热带气旋北上路径及物理量场的分布状况直接相关。同时，相应给出了判别上述两个特大暴雨落区的预报指标和方法。

ATOVS资料的变分同化对一次暴雨过程预报的影响分析

利用ATOVS卫星辐射率资料和T213资料,采用GRAPES3D-Var同化系统和中尺度暴雨数值模式AREM设计了直接用T213做初始场的控制试验和以T213做背景场直接同化ATOVS辐射率资料的同化试验,对2005年7月9—10日发生在湖北西部-河南南部的一次大暴雨过程进行了数值模拟分析。结果表明,直接同化ATOVS辐射率资料获得的分析场可有效改进温度场和湿度场的分布,尤其是对海上、高原等地的改进明显。对比试验结果表明,同化试验较控制试验可更好地模拟出暴雨的天气形势、主要影响系统,对降雨的落区、强度、暴雨发生时段有更好的反映。

一次暴雨过程的数值模拟分析

2005年7月9～10日湖北西部-河南南部出现了一次强降水过程。从天气形势的发展变化，推断出天气系统演变过程的两种可能方式，然后用中尺度数值模式AREM对这次强降水过程进行了数值模拟，在模拟结果的基础上分析了暴雨发展的中尺度过程和特征。这次过程是由辐合线加强和气旋发展两个阶段组成的，在辐合线加强过程中，随着辐合线北侧下空气的南侵以及暖湿空气南南至北倾斜向上发展．上升运动发展到对流层高层后向南北两侧辐散，并在对流层中层构成一对经阳偶极子环流圈，它们的下沉支补偿融入上升运动区中，加强和维持了低层的辐合；而在气旋发展过程中，切变线南侧的湿空气明显向北发展，并在切变线上跨越湿度锋区新生发展出一个β中尺度气旋，气旋南半部的湿空气具有强辐合性并伴有强上升运动发展，紧邻其南侧是湿补偿下沉气流，而上升运动北侧的干下沉气流一直向下伸展到边界层顶附近，受低层湿空气向北发展穿越湿度锋区的作用没有向南融入上升运动区中，文中最后给出了辐合线加强和气旋发展的三维空间结构示意图。