Effects of financial development and capital accumulation on labor productivity in sub‑Saharan Africa:new insight from cross sectional autoregressive lag approach

This study aims to shed light on the effects of financial development and accumula-tion of capital on the productivity of labor in the sub-Sahara African region within the period of 1990–2018.In this work,we used the(dynamic)common correlated effects estimator-mean group and additional techniques such as cross-section autoregressive distributed lag to calibrate the sample into the African subregion to ensure robustness.The findings reveal that financial progress in the region over time leads to an increase in productivity of labor and also the accumulation of capital.Furthermore,financial markets have a progressive impact on the productivity of labor within sub-Saharan African regions.We extend the very limited literature on the nexus between financial development and labor productivity by incorporating capital accumulation into our model which has not been previously studied.

Agricultural Land Use Responses to the Rising Labor Opportunity Cost in Sui County,China

Rising labor opportunity cost is one of the most important characteristics of farmers' economic environment in present China,and brings great agricultural land use changes correspondingly.Based on the stratified random sample of rural households in Sui County,this paper estimates the opportunity cost of farm labors,and then analyzes its effect on farmers' agricultural land use decisions.The findings show that the households with higher labor opportunity cost are more likely to reduce labor intensity and increase labor-saving input in their land use decisions.From the descriptive analysis,we also find these households always prefer grain crop planting,reduce yield-raising input or even rent out their cultivated land.As labor and yield-raising input are two essential positive factors for grain production,continuous declining of labor input and yield-raising input caused by rising labor opportunity cost may influence the grain yield per unit area in the future.

Spatio-Temporal Impact of Rural Livelihood Capital on Labor Migra- tion in Panxi, Southwestern Mountainous Region of China

Labor migration to urban centers is a common phenomenon in the Panxi region of the southwestern mountainous region of China, mainly owing to inadequate livelihood capital in rural areas. Numerous studies have been conducted to explore the relationship between labor migration and its causes, such as individual and family characteristics, but few studies have focused on livelihood capital. This paper examines the impact factors on labor migration employment location selection and duration from a household livelihood capital perspective. A case study of 279 households from 10 villages in the area was carried out in February 2016. We used both qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze the data. On the basis of the 279 questionnaires, the proportion of households with non-labor migration is 48.4%, whereas households with labor migration within a local city and migration across regions account for 28.7% and 22.9%, respectively. Social, financial, and human capitals are the primary factors that influence migrants' employment location choice positively. Among them, social capital has a significant impact on both migration within a local city and across regions; each of the regression coefficients is 1.111 and 1.183. Social, human, and financial capitals also have a positive impact on the duration of labor migration, and similarly, social capital is the highest coefficient with 2.489. However, physical capital only partly impacts labor migration across regions, whereas the impact of labor migration within a local city, and the duration, are not significant. Furthermore, the impact of household natural capital on migration space and time are all negative relationships, especially for labor migration across the regions and duration, with coefficient scores of 4.836 and 3.450, respectively. That is to say, a laborer is inclined to migrate within a local city for a short term, or not migrate at all, if natural capital is abundant. Our analysis results show that household livelihood capital has a strong spatio-temporal impact on labor migration.

The Research on Determinants of Moving Labors’ Settlement in Urban Area

Based on the analysis of the factors affecting the migration of moving labor and the explanation of becoming permanent urban residents,this research takes migration mode(migration) as the dependent variable,sex(sex) ,age(age) ,monthly income(income) ,education degree(edu) ,working experiences(exp) ,social relation(relation) ,and social security(security) as the independent variables.According to the investigation of China Agricultural University in the year 2009,Logistic Binary Choice Model is used to construct the corresponding econometric model and to measure the effects of influencing factors on the selection of migration mode.Result shows that education degree,personal ability,social relation,and social security are the major influencing factors determining the peasant households becoming permanent urban residents;and human capital and social security construction are of great significance to the improvement of farmers’ income and life quality.

An Interpretation of The Song of the Lark From the Marxist Feminism

The Song of the Lark tells the story of young girl Thea who doesn’t give up and achieves her wish when faced with all sorts of setbacks. Based on the Marxist feminism, this paper is going to study the differences that the female and male characters have experienced both in family and society in order to find out the root of females’oppressed status and reveal Cather’s writing in? tention—provide a possible way of improving the dilemma of women caused by capitalist ideology and the patriarchal ideology.

Investment Problems of China Rural Human Capital

The rural human capital refers to the condensation of the physical body, knowledge, skills, and all the abilities that can improve the capacity of the rural labor productivity. The ability is a form of human capital stock and it plays an important role in China＇s development of rural economy and society, but at present the situation of investment in human capital in rural areas is not optimistic. A lot of problems need to be solved such as the inadequate total investment and the irrational structure, as to these issues, strategies and recommendations were proposed in order to strengthen the human capital investment.

Empirical Analysis on the Determinants of Economic Growth in Shaanxi Province, China

Status of economic development in Shaanxi Province is analyzed, showing that Shaanxi Province has achieved the fast and stable economic growth; and total GDP and fixed assets investment have shown a sustainable growth. According to the time series statistics of Shaanxi Province in the years 1978-2008, Cobb-Douglas Function is used to carry out the empirical analysis on the contribution of fixed assets investment and labor input to economic growth of Shaanxi Province, China. Result shows that capital and labor input are the major driving forces for the economic growth of Shaanxi Province. In other words, economic growth mode of Shaanxi Province is still extensive. Economic growth of Shaanxi Province is increasingly dependent on capital investment and technological progress. Contribution rates of capital and labor to economic growth are 66.9% and 33.1%, respectively. Therefore, investment is a source of economic growth in Shaanxi Province through the reform and opening up in the last three decades.

低碳技术发展产业链风险评估

“双碳”目标下,低碳技术将迎来大规模发展,传统技术被加速替代,会对产业链相关行业原材料、资金、劳动力需求以及污染物排放等产生直接影响。因此,亟须提前评估低碳技术发展可能引发的关键要素失衡以及部分行业环境影响攀升风险,以避免威胁产业链安全,制约“双碳”目标实现。为此,选取未来有望大规模普及的电解水制氢、电化学储能、低碳发电技术、电弧炉炼钢技术及多通道燃煤等10类低碳技术作为研究对象,评估2024—2030年各项技术大规模普及对产业链相关行业原材料、资金、劳动力需求和污染物排放的综合影响,识别潜在风险。结果表明:钴、铜、镍、锂、锰等关键矿产资源对外依存度高且未来需求增长快,面临短缺风险相对更大;发展光伏发电技术对资金的需求最大;电化学储能技术普及引致的劳动力需求增长最快;关键低碳技术产业链上游的电气机械和器材制造业将面临严峻的资金和劳动力供给不足风险;煤炭采选业将面临一定的劳动力过剩风险;金属矿采选业将面临较大的环境污染上升风险。并进一步针对技术、组件、上中下游行业可能面临的风险提出了应对策略。

劳动收入变化中的要素收入结构和技能溢价:理论与估计

提高劳动报酬在收入分配体系中的比重是构建新发展格局和实现共同富裕的重要驱动力,本文基于2010—2021年沪深A股上市公司构成的面板数据,从技能溢价和劳资收入比的视角出发,采用固定效应和Tobit模型探讨其对劳动收入份额的影响、作用机制以及其中存在的异质性。研究发现,技能溢价和劳资收入比对劳动收入份额呈显著的负向影响,在经过内生性问题处理和一系列稳健性检验后,结论依然成立。进一步研究发现,技能劳动雇佣比对技能溢价有显著的负向影响。因此,应继续推动技术创新和引导技术进步,改善不同技能劳动要素收入及资本要素收入的关系,以实现高质量发展与共同富裕的双赢。

从劳资对立到相互成就:对抗性劳动法制的反思和变革

西方资本主义国家的劳动法制以“劳资对立”为基础和逻辑,背景是大机器生产时代阶级对立的雇佣关系和中重度体力劳动,我国现行劳动法制在一定程度上受其影响。社会主义不存在劳动者和企业之间关系的根本性矛盾,而且公有制在我国占主导地位,劳动者远超“劳工”范围;普遍的脑力劳动和轻微体力劳动,高度市场化和科技进步条件下的灵活生产、工作,冲击着僵化的劳动法制;随着社会进步,越来越多的人出于兴趣志向和事业追求而工作;中国共产党的领导,确保中国不存在也不允许出现既得“利益集团”。故应当在此新的历史条件和国情基础上,构建一种劳动者和企业相互成就的和谐劳动关系与包容、柔性的社会主义劳动法制,一体适用于各种经营性的雇佣及劳动合作,劳动事故和失业等风险概由社会保险暨社会承担以解决个别企业经营及市场竞争的后顾之忧。

积累率、再生产结构与经济增长——基于中国城市数据的实证研究

以价值衡量的净产出增长取决于社会中的积累率水平、追加资本的结构以及净产出增量的分配结构。经济增长是社会剩余和再生产结构的函数。本文运用我国1998—2019年4个直辖市和283个地级市(含省会城市)数据,对该结论进行了实证检验。研究结果显示:积累率、追加资本结构和劳动收入占比对我国经济增长具有显著性影响,这种影响在我国省会城市与非省会城市以及南方城市和北方城市间具有显著的异质性。在我国全面建设社会主义现代化国家的背景下,保持合宜的经济增长速度是维持社会稳定、实现发展目标的基础。随着我国资本密集度的不断提高、二元经济结构的调整、人口结构的变化以及创新型国家的建设,追加资本中可变资本比例的下降和劳动收入的不断上升,会对经济增长带来抑制作用。因此,应通过保持较高的积累率、调整投资方向、不断提高劳动生产率的方式获得理想的增长速度。

市场型环境规制与劳动收入份额——基于绿色信贷政策视角

本文以2012年颁布的《绿色信贷指引》作为研究对象,在理论层面分析了其影响劳动收入份额的作用机制,并基于微观企业数据,运用双重差分法评估该政策对企业劳动收入份额的具体影响。研究发现:(1)绿色信贷政策显著降低了污染企业劳动收入份额,作用渠道主要是加剧企业的资本深化过程,而不是缩减产出规模,同时外部融资约束也会对劳动收入份额产生影响;(2)该政策显著提升企业劳动生产率,并且资本深化过程对劳动生产率也会产生影响;(3)绿色信贷在市场集中度更高以及技术偏向较低的企业中对劳动收入份额的负向影响更大,同时企业更强的偿债能力对劳动收入份额具有正向作用。本文为进一步推进环境规制与劳动收入分配的协同发展提供了重要经验证据。

农村女性劳动力人力资本差异下的辽宁省农户福利测度分析

研究不同女性人力资本水平下的农户福利状况,对我国构建和谐社会具有重要意义。利用调研数据,通过聚类分析方法将受访农村女性劳动力分为高、中、低人力资本三类,采用模糊评价法进行农户福利水平测度,得出农村女性劳动力整体人力资本水平较低,女性劳动力人力资本与农户福利水平呈现同向变动关系等结论。提出提升农村女性受教育水平、改善农村医疗卫生状况、提高女性健康资本等政策建议。

数据劳动生成与数据要素资本化的逻辑机理——基于政治经济学分析框架

作为资本和劳动双重逻辑范式的数据生产要素正在浸透数字经济时代质的边界,衍生以数据化为核心线索的数据劳动新样态和数据资本新形态的两条交织进路。探索数据要素资本化的演进机理是当前数据要素市场化建设的重要议题。本文基于政治经济学理论框架,在厘清数据劳动概念的基础上,从数据空间的智能内容涌现与知识溢出、生产性数据劳动和数字平台作用场域等维度,分析数据要素参与价值创造和积累全过程的机理。辩证审视数据要素资本化的可能与张力,既要发挥其驱动数字经济增长,拓宽生产可能性边界的正向效用,也要积极破解数据要素资本化进程中凸显的数据主义、劳动协作关系不平衡和知识权力渗透等深层矛盾。基于多样化数据关系的数据资本化基本规律表征和数据劳动价值生产模式,加强数据要素基础制度和数据资本治理现代化体系建设,创造性规范和驾驭数据资本健康发展,打造数据资本新型生态格局,为数字中国建设注入新动能。

非雇佣数字劳动的主体性反思

马克思的劳动异化理论,哈特和奈格里的非物质劳动社会学,福克斯的数字劳动异化分析,是当下阐释非雇佣数字劳动的基础性理论资源。非雇佣数字劳动指的是与数字劳动平台不存在雇佣关系的主体所参与的数字劳动,非雇佣数字劳动主体包括博主、出行信息平台用户、各媒体平台用户等。非雇佣数字劳动的核心要素是信息与符码转换而来的流量,而其背后的原动力却是资本权力的扩张与渗透。非雇佣数字劳动具有两方面的显著特征:一是劳动主体的广泛性,二是劳动场景的随机性。非雇佣数字劳动基于信息通信技术服务商所提供的信息服务而实现,同时存在劳动主体性消解的可能:信息符码转化成数据流量致使非雇佣数字劳动主体被抽象化,劳动主体以无偿性评价行为直接参与去主体性过程,劳动背后的资本野蛮生长直接侵蚀主体性。

我国资本市场开放能否促进企业自主创新?——基于“沪深港通”交易制度的经验证据

自主创新能力提升是增强企业核心竞争力的关键因素,深入探究资本市场开放如何支持企业自主创新对于培育创新型经济发展至关重要。本文基于“沪深港通”交易制度的实施构造准自然实验,以识别资本市场开放对企业自主创新的影响。结果表明,我国资本市场开放通过优化投资者结构,降低企业风险承担,促使劳动力技能升级,最终助推企业自主创新能力提升。异质性分析表明,在融资约束较高、外部融资依赖程度较高、行业竞争度较高、全要素生产率较高、内部治理效率和外部监督水平较高的企业中,资本市场开放对其自主创新能力的助推效应更为凸显。“沪深港通”交易制度实施对标的企业周边非上市企业的自主创新及当地的创新创业活动均具有显著的正向溢出效应。本研究不仅为促进实体经济创新型发展提供新经验证据,也为完善金融支持创新体系提供重要的理论指导。