Impressions of a Foreigner on Life In the People's Republic of China

The undersigned is Egyptian citizen 64 years old, Professional Engineer, C.A., U.S.A,lfxiving in Jinzhou District, Dalian city since more than 10 months, visited China 5 times between March 1998 and May 2000 for establishment of international business relations between the Chinese firms and business partners in the Middle East & Africa.

Research on the Characteristics of Collective Impression of China in the Perspective of Modern Western Peregrinators

Since modern times,western countries had influenced the formulation of rules for travelling China through a series of gunboat diplomacy and a series of unequal treaties,and promoted the formation of three major peregrination routes,namely south China centered on Guangzhou and Shanghai,southwest China centered on the Yangtze River and Chengdu,and north China centered on Beijing and the Great Wall.Overpopulation,lack of curiosity and knowledge,difficulties in board and lodging,good onlookers,beauty of exotic scenery,and intensive farming were the common perceptions of the collective impression of China by the three types of peregrinators coming to China.These perceptions were the historical map for the west to construct the image of modern China,and had a profound influence on the formation of China’s image of “the inferior other”.

China's Traditional Music Enters a New Era——Impression of "China National Concert in Spring Festival of Year of Horse" by HK Zhongyue Orchestra

At 11:00 a.m. of February 10, 2002, the"China National Concert in the Spring Festival ofthe Year of the Horse" was solemnly given in thegolden hall of Vienna. The Hong Kong ChineseFolk Music Orchestra, under the direction of thechief inspector and famous conductor

Performance Evaluation of Public Bus Transportation by Using DEA Models and Shannon’s Entropy:An Example From a Company in a Large City of China

The purpose of this paper is to assess the operational efficiency of a public bus transportation via a case study from a company in a large city of China by using data envelopment analysis(DEA)model and Shannon’s entropy.This company operates 37 main routes on the backbone roads.Thus,it plays a significant role in public transportation in the city.According to bus industry norms,an efficiency evaluation index system is constructed from the perspective of both company operations and passenger demands.For passenger satisfaction,passenger waiting time and passenger-crowding degree are considered,and they are undesirable indicators.To describe such indicators,a superefficient DEA model is constructed.With this model,by using actual data,efficiency is evaluated for each bus route.Results show that the DEA model with Shannon’s entropy being combined achieves more reasonable results.Also,sensitivity analysis is presented.Therefore,the results are meaningful for the company to improve its operations and management.

On the Plaintiff's Subject Qualification for Environmental Public Interest Litigation Instituted by People's Procuratorates

Although it is not the main duty for the People's Procuratorate to institute environmental public interest litigation proceedings, the existence of "reserve" prosecution right of plaintiff not only is beneficial to timely prevention and cure of environmental damage, but also contributes indispensable judicial supervision force to the environmental legality construction. In order to safeguard environmental public interests, many local prosecutorial organizations have practiced environmental public interests litigation. Since Chinese law has not made explicit stipulation on the function of the People's Procuratorate instituting environmental public interest litigation, the plaintiff's subject qualification for environmental public interest litigation instituted by the People's Procuratorate is still in question. In order to propel the People's Procuratorate to completely and fully exercise their power of supervision and prosecution, there shall be corresponding legislation that provides powerful guarantee for the People's Procuratorate instituting environmental public interest litigation.

How the African Public Views China＇s Aid to Africa

As a vital part of China's foreign relations,China's aid to Africa has scored great achievements.Based on data from the Afrobarometer Survey in 2010 and data from the database of China's aid to Africa in 2000-2010 co-created by the US Center for Global Development and AidData,this paper dissects the macro-and micro-level determinants of the African public's perception of the effectiveness of aid from China through an empirical analysis.As descriptive statistics reveal,the African public has a highly positive view of aid from China despite country differences.According to our further analysis of a multilevel model,aid recipients with higher levels of democracy and economic development have a more favorable view of aid from China,while the size and sector of aid from China are not correlated with public favorability.At the micro-level,age,gender,education,race and media consumption are positively correlated with the public perception of aid.In conclusion,China must refocus its future aid programs on livelihood and welfare that directly benefit local people,rather than simply increasing the amount of aid.In delivering its commitments to Africa,China must also attach importance to public communication and "telling the China story " in its international affairs to improve its national image and gain more recognition by the African people.

Public＇s knowledge of the differences between ophthalmologists and optometrists：a critical issue in eye care service utilisation

AIM：To assess the public＇s knowledge of the differences between ophthalmologists and optometrists and identify the factors associated with knowledge.METHODS：The study was a population-based random survey of adults aged 18 years or older conducted in Enugu,south eastern Nigeria,between March and June,2011.Data on respondents＇ socio-demographics,clinical profile,and knowledge of the differences between ophthalmologists and optometrists were collected using a 28-item questionnaire.Data were analysed using descriptive and analytical statistics.Values of P〈0.05 were considered statistically significant.RESULTS：The respondents（P=394） comprised 198 males and 196 females（sex ratio =1.01：1）,aged 18-70（30.9 ±10.8） years.The majority of respondents were single（57.4%）,possessed secondary education（96.9%）,employed（65.2%） and had no health insurance（77.4%）.Their clinical profile showed previous eye exam 54.1%,spectacle wear 41.6%and contact lens wear 5.6%.In the multivariate analysis,participants＇ good knowledge of the differences between ophthalmologists and optometrists was significantly associated with educational status（OR：0.32,95%CI：0.23-0.44,P〈0.0001,β =-0.988）,employment status（OR：1.8,95%CI：1.45-2.25,P〈0.0001,β=0.124）and previous eye examination（OR：1.63,95%CI：1.29-2.07,P〈0.0001,β =0.549）.CONCLUSION：Participants＇ socio-demographic and clinical characteristics are important predictors of good knowledge.The findings may have implications for all stakeholders in eye care delivery.There is need for knowledge enhancement,by the government and eye care providers,through population-based eye health literacy campaigns.

Sustainable Growth in China’s Communications Field: Trend Analysis of Impact of China’s Academic Publications

China＇s cormaaunications industry is an important part of the electronic information industry, and plays a significant role in the national informatization process. In 2006, China issued its National Plans for Medium and Long-term Development of Science and Technology （2006-2020） （NPMLDST）. Since 2006, there has been a rapid increase in the number of citations of China＇s interna- tional papers in the field of communications. In accordance with the goals listed in the NPMLDST, China needs to over- take several competitors by 2020 to be among the top five countries in the field of natural science field. By comparing two Essential Science Indicators （ESI） （i.e., the total number of citations and the number of citations per paper） for China and other countries, China＇s annual growth rate is found to exceed that of other influential countries in the field of sci- ence and technology, and exhibits evident growth-type characteristics. Besides, our study also shows that the short- age of high-quality academic papers in China is the main obstacle to improving the impact of China＇s academic publications.

Intestinal complications in patients with Crohn's disease in the Brazilian public healthcare system between 2011 and 2020

BACKGROUND This is a secondary database study using the Brazilian public healthcare system database.AIM To describe intestinal complications(ICs)of patients in the Brazilian public healthcare system with Crohn’s disease(CD)who initiated and either only received conventional therapy(CVT)or also initiated anti-tumor necrosis factor(anti-TNF)therapy between 2011 and 2020.METHODS This study included patients with CD[international classification of diseases–10th revision(ICD-10):K50.0,K50.1,or K50.8](age:≥18 years)with at least one claim of CVT(sulfasalazine,azathioprine,mesalazine,or methotrexate).IC was defined as a CD-related hospitalization,pre-defined procedure codes(from rectum or intestinal surgery groups),and/or associated disease(pre-defined ICD-10 codes),and overall(one or more type of ICs).RESULTS In the 16809 patients with CD that met the inclusion criteria,the mean follow-up duration was 4.44(2.37)years.In total,14697 claims of ICs were found from 4633 patients.Over the 1-and 5-year of follow-up,8.3%and 8.2%of the patients with CD,respectively,presented at least one IC,of which fistula(31%)and fistulotomy(48%)were the most commonly reported.The overall incidence rate(95%CI)of ICs was 6.8(6.5–7.04)per 100 patient years for patients using only-CVT,and 9.2(8.8–9.6)for patients with evidence of anti-TNF therapy.CONCLUSION The outcomes highlighted an important and constant rate of ICs over time in all the CD populations assessed,especially in patients exposed to anti-TNF therapy.This outcome revealed insights into the real-world treatment and complications relevant to patients with CD and highlights that this disease remains a concern that may require additional treatment strategies in the Brazilian public healthcare system.

Reacting to Epidemics:The Innovative Imperial Public Health System during the Late Northern Song Dynasty

Song China was a period in which China experienced a great increase in its population.Concurrently,the Song dynasty also experienced a rise in the frequency of epidemics and two major wars with the Western Xia and Liao dynasties during the 1000s and 1040s.The consequences of these changes were exacerbated by the increased geographical mobility of certain social groups such as traders and examinees attending civil service examinations.Thus,casualties of wars,epidemics,or disease,especially of people whose families were far away and could not care for them were left without care and“their corpses often lay bare along the roads.”This new social environment created a need for general relief.The Northern Song government(960-1127 CE),especially during the reign of Emperor Huizong,established an innovative public health system to address this issue.The public health system included poorhouses,public hospitals,and pauper’s cemeteries.The first were more of charity organizations,whereas the latter two promoted public health by providing medical services for the poor and burial for those that nobody cared for.In terms of rationale behind these institutions,on the one hand,they constituted an attempt to get the poor and homeless off the streets while providing them relief or burial.On the other hand,it seems that Huizong’s deep concern with medicine propelled him to design and implement a comprehensive public health system oriented to prevent contagion and outbreak of epidemics.This article depicts the background,the organization,and the functions of the system.The article also discusses the conditions and reasons that gave rise to such a unique undertaking by the Northern Song government.

Development of China's Public Health as an Essential Element of Human Rights

September 2017 Contents Preface Ensuring People’s Right to Health Based on China’s Conditions Continuous Improvement of Health Environment and Conditions Public Health Service Capability Improving Steadily Great Improvement in the Quality of Medical and Health Services Improvement of the National Medical Security System

Actual Status of Healthy Lifestyle Habits of Public Health Nurses in Japan

Background: The public health nurse should make efforts to keep his/her own mental and physical health good, which is the professional responsibility. However, a variety of challenging issues have been pointed out with regard to well-being of healthcare professionals. Public health nurses are likely to face some difficulties in their habits of leading healthy lifestyles. The purpose of this study was to identify how Japanese public health nurses actually live their healthy lives. Methods: This study covered 1725 public health nurses in the Chugoku/Shikoku Region. We conducted an anonymous self-completed questionnaire survey. As basic attributes, the following 6 categories were set. The health practice indices used in this research consisted of the 7 practices of Breslow’s Health Practice Index (B-HPI), the Morimoto’s 8 practices, and 6 practices related to lifestyle habits that have been developed independently by the authors of this research (Health Lifestyle Index (HLI)), that is, 16 practices in total. The study plan was approved by the Ethics Committee of Okayama University. Results: We analyzed the 960 (55.7%) valid responses. This survey has demonstrated that the healthy life-style practices of public health nurses are generally good. However, there were some practices such as eating between meals, having little physical activity, and not having a good rest/sleep, that need to be improved. None of the assessment tools correlated with the length of experience. Conclusions: This survey has clarified that the healthy lifestyle practices of public health nurses did not correlated with their length of experience, indicating that the healthy lifestyle practices are not intensified by the accumulated career experience as public health nurses.

Study on the Influence of Farmer Social Capital on Cooperative Supply Willingness of Agricultural Disaster Reduction Public Goods——Based on the Investigation on 515 Farmers

Based on social capital theory,related factors of three dimensions( structure dimension,cognition dimension and relation dimension) of farmer social capital are taken as independent variables,and famer's willingness to cooperatively supply agricultural disaster reduction public goods is taken as dependent variable. Taking 515 farmers in 27 villages of Hubei Province as investigation objects,the influence of farmer social capital on cooperative supply willingness of agricultural disaster reduction public goods is explored by Logistic regression model. Research results show that social solidarity,common value concept,social trust and reciprocal content have positive impact on farmer's willingness of cooperative supply,while annual household income,number of agricultural disaster reduction public goods and social network have negative impact on farmer's willingness of cooperative supply.

Connotation of Public Art from the Perspective of Architecturalization

The phenomenon of cross-boundary fusion of architecture and public art is common.The extension of the two concepts coincides to some extent.Buildings can also be regarded as a special form of public art.From the perspective of architecturalization,this paper clarified the value connotation of public art in terms of the image of the city,cultural symbols,and space shaping,so as to deepen our understanding of architectural public art.

China's Electronic Publications Growing

China had 1,442 officially approvedelectronic publications by the end of 1998.The current number of electronic publishersin China is 64,and there are more than1,000 relatively big producers.In 1997,China produced 1025 sets

The Public Health VS the People＇s Autonomy： Banning Smoking in Orthodox Jewish Community

Smoking is a worldwide problem. Research in recent years has shown us that smoking and second hand smoking can cause many diseases1. As a result of the understanding of the results of smoking, the house of legislator in Israel decided to legislate a law that people under the age of 18 cannot smoke and, a couple of years later, it decided to ban smoking in public places. The problem begins when the law is affecting the person＇s autonomy and the person＇s culture. More than four decades ago when the smoking habit began in Israel, no one knew what the influence would be. Now, although that information is available, the orthodox community in Israel is not exposed to the knowledge. Smoking in this community begins from Purima or from the Bar-Mitzvah3 and from the will of the young orthodox to rebel. This law raises a question： Is it ethical to deprive the young orthodox of the right to smoke？ Alternatively, is there a better way to stop the orthodox from smoking than only the regulation？ In this paper, the author will try to show that regulation alone will not help in the orthodox community, and we need to think on more options to make the orthodox more informed to smoking problems. The author thinks that the best way will be to educate the orthodox community from young age.

“COST OF GROWTH”:REGIONAL PUBLIC GOODS AND CHINA'S NEIGHBORHOOD DIPLOMACY

China is a growing power.It is an important integral part for realizing the Two Centenary Goals and the Chinese Dream to be upgraded from a regional power to a world power. To this end,the neighborhood is of primary importance and the neighborhood diplomacy consists of an impor-

Empirical Test of Wagner＇s law in New Public Management Countries＇ Tax Revenue

The essence of empirical test of Wagner characteristic in new public management countries＇ tax revenue is to test the influence of economic growth on tax growth since new public management movement. Under IMF statistical framework, by using E-G two-step method in co-integration test and Granger causality test and empirically testing of the gross tax revenue and classified tax revenue in Australian, Canada, France, America, Britain these five countries, we can find that most indicators in most countries do not confirm to Wagner＇ s law. With the growth of GDP, tax revenue as a percentage of GDP rises periodically but not permanently. This period can be called the validity period of Wagner＇ s law in financial scale.

China's Quake Rescue Operations Impressed the World

The world was shocked by the devastating earthquake of May 12th in Sichuan province, but the world has also been moved by the courage, selflessness and humanity shown in the country’s massive rescue operations in the terrifying aftermaths of the quake. The impressive relief operations will leave a profound and far-reaching in uence on the nation’s reform and opening-up e orts.