Without thought的“无意识”误区——深泽直人(Naoto Fukasawa,1956~)设计观念的思想基础及其开展路径阐析

日本设计师深泽直人提出的without thought本意为“无需思考”,在国内被翻译为“无意识设计”并广为传播,这在一定程度上导致我国学者过分强调该理念中的“无意识”内容而忽视其思想基础,还同时造成一些学者对该设计理念开展路径的误解。深泽直人设计观念的思想基础可以在生态心理学和禅学中找到来源,从个体意义到普遍价值,without thought中的无意识内涵则可从“行为—意义—价值”三个层面来理解。生态心理学和禅学皆有超越“二元”的思想特征,在认识方法上皆反对将他者对象化和主题化,与此呼应,深泽直人认为设计是一种直觉行为,并明确表明自己不用“分析—推理”的方式开展设计工作,概而言之,其接触“无意识”的设计路径旨在让设计者回到由感性直观构成的“生活世界”中,并以“具身性”的方式实现对他者的理解,通过这种“生命体验”扩展自我的边界,进而创造出具有“共感”的作品。

Strategic Engagement of Private Facilities to Increase Public-Private Mix (PPM) Contribution to Nigeria Tuberculosis Case Notification

Introduction: Finding the missing Tuberculosis (TB) cases remains the single most important priority for TB control in Nigeria. Between 66% - 92% of all cases of respiratory diseases including those with symptoms suggestive of TB are first seen byprivate health providers. Dependable, quality surveillance systems and notification are key roles in health services delivery, particularly as it is related to TB control. However, poor notification has been a challenge. This study was to assess the contribution of the public private mix (PPM) to Nigeria Tuberculosis national case notification. Methods: It was a national cross-sectional study. Data were extracted from the National database and reviewed. Private facilities were engaged in 2017 and assessed over 2018-2020. Interventions included: enrolling private practitioners (Private-For-Profit, Faith Based Organization, Private Medicine Vendors and Community Pharmacists), engaging a private standalone Laboratory for Gene Xpert testing within the network of private facilities, use of Mobile App for easy screening and reporting, instituting a HUB and spoke, and incentives to private providers for participating. Each private provider had a customized approach. Trend analysis was performed using Cochran-Armitage χ2 test for linear trends. Level of significance was at a p value of Results: Total case notification increased from 104,904 cases in 2017 to 138,591 in 2020. There were 2.0% increase in 2018, 13.0% in 2019 and 15.0% in 2020 (p < 0.001). PPM contribution to case notification increased from 10,699 cases in 2017 to 12,625 in 2018, then 17,250 in 2019 and 38,865 in 2020. There were 18.0% increase in 2018, 36.6% in 2019 and 125.3% increase in 2020 (p ). Conclusion: Effective engagement of the private sector in TB control efforts in Nigeria using a variety of approaches resulting in improved TB notification is possible. The National TB Programme should engage all private practitioners such that each practitioner will practice at least one TB service model.

Mutual Efforts Restoring Growth in Education for Public-Private Sectors Partnership:Basis for a Proposed Action Plan

This study aimed to describe the responses of the participants to the Public-Private Sectors Partnerships(PPSP)in Education in DepEd Ibaan District,Province of Batangas,Philippines in order to achieve the schools’goals and sustain Public-Private Sectors Partnership engagement with schools in the district.This study employed the descriptive-qualitative research in which responses of 16 school heads of DepEd Ibaan District who were the respondents were coded,analyzed,and interpreted.School administrators,community stakeholders,future administrators and researchers may use the proposed plan of action as a guide in providing future directions for a Public-Private Sectors Partnerships(PPSP)in Education.

Universal health coverage and public-private participation: towards a new balance?

This commentary discusses the emergence of a new paradigm to address the health policy issues through Public-Private Participation (PPP).The discussion provides a detailed literature review of PPPs by presenting an initial overview of the ideological shift from state to market intervention,then identifying arguments in support of or against public-private approaches and finally exploring the emergence of this new paradigm of PPP or its hybrid forms.It then discusses the contextual realities of Public-Private Participation in health care,and whether an optimal balance is possible with better government stewardship and private provision.Conceptually,the premise of stewardship in governance is that it is possible to create not only efficient but also effective systems.These ideas may find a receptive audience in many countries,especially in the emerging economies with improving standards.In East Asian societies,the concept of stewardship bears a strong resemblance to Confucian ideals of morality in government,with social expectations of those who govern to be principled and virtuous.Increasingly,a pragmatic theory of development seems to apply in public-private,similarly,through it is expected,that public-private participation in the healthcare system should also achieve the goal of Universal Health Coverage through good governance.

Public-private partnership project success circumstances

The public-private partnership has been in use in the world for over 40 years, and has been growing at a varying rate and with mixed success in different countries. Based on the experience gained in selected countries, this article shows key success factors of the public-private partnership.

Public-Private Partnership Arrangement in <i>In-Situ</i>Housing for Slum Rehabilitation in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

The provision of decent accommodation is a major challenge to government in the developing nations. It is a common phenomenon in the urban centres of the developing nations where most houses are in deplorable conditions. The houses are overcrowded with little or no air space between them. There is no basic sanitation in the urban centres as they lack flush toilet, some of the few available flush toilets are piped into seasonal streams, most houses lack defined kitchen areas and healthy sewage disposal method. The cities lack good access roads and functional drainage system with a common practice of environmentally-unfriendly solid waste management methods that create various health challenges to urban dwellers. The aim of the study is to show how in-situ Housing method of slum rehabilitation can be applied through Public/Private Partnership to upgrade houses within a major slum area in Yenagoa. This shall be done with an agreement between the property owners, Real Estate investors and the state government. Basic Research Methodology was applied using questionnaire, direct observation and personal interview techniques to collect data. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques were applied to analyse data through the use of tables and charts. The findings in the study showed that poor housing condition seriously degrade the environmental quality of the study area. The standard of living in the area is very poor as the people lack access to decent accommodation, basic sanitation and social amenities.

Enhancing Access to Bank Credit for Small-Scale Farmers in Kisumu and Kiambu Districts, Kenya Through Public-Private Partnership Initiative

In Kenya, small-scale fanning has immense potential in poverty reduction. The growth of farming activities requires sustainable access to affordable credit to boost and sustain production. This study is initiated to investigate factors influencing access to bank credit by small-scale farmers in Kisumu and Kiambu Districts, Kenya. It is necessitated by lack of a comprehensive study documenting the effectiveness of the partnership initiative in improving access to credit for small-scale farmers. The study seeks to address the following concerns： what factors influence access to bank credit by small-scale farmers under the initiative？ Are small-scale farmers in various parts of the country accessing bank credit equally？ Through which sources do farmers get to know about credit products provided through the initiative？ Primary data was collected from 144 farmers in Kiambu and 127 farmers in Kisumu, sampled using systematic random procedure. The cross-sectional survey design was applied to guide the research process. Quantitative analysis generated cross-tabulations with chi-square and binary logistic regression. The study found that out of 144 credit applicants in Kiambu about 56.3% were successful, while in Kisumu only 37.8% were successful. Access to bank credit was significantly associated with farmers＇ gender, education level, income level, farm size, and farming experience. Besides, women were 1.3 times less likely to access bank credit than men. In terms of regional variation, a Kiambu farmer was 2.7 times more likely to obtain bank credit than a Kisumu farmer. The initiative is an innovative approach for enhancing access to bank credit; however, its potential has not been fully exploited. The study recommends the need： to inform farmers about credit products to clear misconceptions and myths associated with bank credit; develop innovative financing packages for small-scale farmers that are also gender-sensitive; and to initiate a training program targeting farmers with appropriate information.

The Importance of Altruistic Empathy and Collaborative Negotiation in Public-Private Partnerships

The motivation in public-private partnerships （PPPs） is to harness the strengths of public and private partners to deliver essential public services. The ability to transfer risk to the private sector in PPP has been one of the reasons why the public sector relies on the private sector to participate in the development of infrastructure projects. In most instances, the public sector also believes that the private sector can fund the project at a lower cost. The private sector on the other hand, believes that they could achieve a strong financial return based on the concessions that the public sector will provide. If the sectors feel altruistic empathy to each other, they will realize that their original goals are not achievable. However, having understood the other sector＇s needs and constraints, collaborative negotiation will yield a set of common goals. There are no commonly agreed frameworks on collaborative negotiation before PPP is formally established. The objective of this paper is to use deductive analysis to develop a conceptual framework for inquiring into the motivations of the public and private sectors during negotiation. This framework will provide insights on the extent of altruistic empathy of both sectors at the onset and how this altruistic empathy frames collaborative negotiation. This paper shows that collaborative negotiation will influence the success of partnerships and altruistic empathy is an important preamble to collaborative negotiation. This paper provides a frame of reference for future study using other research methods for further validation.

Implications from Park Public-Private Partnership(PPP)Initiatives in China and Japan

In this study,the statistical information of 166 park Public-Private Partnership(PPP)projects in China,such as investment,area,project stage,and locality area,was collected to analyze types of clusters and defined five types.For each type of cluster,it was possible to analyze the merits of park PPP projects in China.The case study also revealed the construction process of the entities that build,manage and operate the projects.With the findings from the analysis,it can present a perspective on Japan and China and compare park Private Finance Initiative(PFI)and PPP projects between Japan and China.

Public-Private Partnerships to Address Global Environmental Problem： Sino-US Cooperation on Climate Change and Energy

The study indicates that public-private partnerships （PPPs） can play ＂strategic＂, ＂practical＂, or ＂regulative＂ roles by making use of ＂instrumental＂, ＂institutional＂, and ＂normative＂ approaches in tackling political issues between countries. PPPs have often been discussed in studies of urban development, service provision, health care, and so on, but they have rarely been analyzed in terms of international relations and political problems on global environmental issues. This study takes an environmental problena---Sino-US energy and climate change cooperation--as a case study to inspect the possible roles and approaches of PPPs. Sino-US cooperation has been launched such as under the Strategic ＆ Economic Dialogue （S＆ED） by both administrations, which has significantly contributed to their reconciliation of domestic abatement policies in climate change, environmental protection, and energy. The establishment of schemes such as the Ten-Year Framework for Cooperation on Energy and Environment （TYF）, the EcoPartnerships, and wide-ranging dialogues and initiatives on clean energy and clean vehicles, in which both public and private actors participate, are among the important approaches of facilitating bilateral cooperation. The study concludes that these schemes have played strategic and practical roles in strengthening the degree of mutual trust and in facilitating the progress of cooperation, although more investigations are needed to considerate their regulative roles. The application of instrumental, institutional, and normative approaches have been observed through the implementation of the TYF and EcoPartnerships.

A Public-Private Partnership Procurement Approach to Sustainable Transport—Zimbabwe Case

Zimbabwe has serious financial constraints so the only viable option to procure infrastructure is through engaging the private sector in public-private partnerships to enhance the chances of successfully undertaking public projects like sustainable transport. This study creates the basis for a potential public-private partnership with a trackless tram/solar energy project in Bulawayo which has multiple advantages for sustainable development goals. It identifies six other projects in Zimbabwe that can provide some guidance for developing an appropriate PPP that could assist procure such infrastructure. The projects are drawn from the three critical sectors of the economy: power generation, highways/transport, and water/sanitation. Empirical investigations of these projects reveal the effectiveness of the PPP concept to deliver infrastructure for emerging economies. This suggests an ideal PPP arrangement that increases the likelihood of getting projects like the proposed sustainable transport project in Bulawayo implemented quickly and efficiently, especially if formulated to incorporate the project’s local socio-economic dynamics.

A Brief Analysis on Risk allocation for Public-Private Partnership Projects in China

Public-Private Partnership （PPP） financing modalily has the ability of alleviating the budgetary pressure to the government. fulfilling the need of infrastructure development, and improving the efficiency of investment and operation. However, the negotiations between the government and the investors are time-consuming and costly, due to the perspective differences in risk allocation and revenue distribution. Disputes often arise during concession period because of changes in various risks or non-performance of its obligalions, especially when one sector was forced to accept the requirements by the other as a result of the unequal status, the project urgency or other reasons. Only a few PPP projects in China could perform successfully. There is therefore a need to develop an equitable risk allocation mechanism for the delivery of PPP projects in China so as to improve the efficiency of private investment in infrastructure development.

Review on the Public-Private Partnership

Traditionally,public goods and services have been provided by the government.In recent decades,however,public-private partnerships(PPP)were created to assist the best use of both public and private sector resources to enhance and extend public infrastructure assets and services.Throughout history,although governments have adopted such a combination of public and private ventures,the 1990s and early 21st centuries have witnessed a clear trend of governments across the world making significant use of different PPP arrangements.The rapid growth of PPPs has occurred since the 1990s throughout the globe as it was considered the preferred tool for public procurement of infrastructure and services.This paper examines the relevant literature of PPP and attempts to identify the historical development,the major reasons,the main types,forms,benefits of building PPP,as well as challenging issues facing the implementation of PPP in today’s world.

Public-Private Partnership Model Used in the Taipei Central Station Project Research

In view of the lack of financial aid and the migration of industries,the role of local governments shifted from social reproduction to development and production,which made the development of the local economy their main responsibility.The local governments hence have to face challenges in their management in regards to the arising changes and needs.This Taipei Central Bus Station Build Operate Transfer(BOT)project of urban formation and development is not only a trend in countries around the globe;it is also an area the Taiwan Residents governments are actively involved in.With the impact of urbanization,the size of highly functional cities has surpassed core city administrative regions;therefore,this has generated various planning,administrative and policy issues.This study examines the public-private partnership(PPP)views on urban development;the research methodology will be designed to focus on qualitative research,the following conclusions were made:(1)The basic goal of global city competitiveness of Taipei was promoted by implementing“qlubarnization”,a spatial development strategy dependent on intercalary abilities.(2)Taipei is located in the hub of Asia,linking China's Mainland and Taiwan,facing the world,peaceful and stable,rich and diverse in culture,such that adopting the“hybrid or mixed-use development model”will allow“the national gate of the country program—Central Station,Central Park”to become an international city brand.(3)Taking the“Taipei Main Station PPPs model development of the Taipei Central Bus Station BOT project of nine precincts specific land development projects”as a key success indicator,the government took privatization or PPP into consideration,loosened the monopoly on urban infrastructure,created infrastructure services and a maintenance market,positioned the city as a“supranational”entity in terms of capital flow,and sought a coherent land policy.

The Physical Universe and the Theoretical Value of Science:Reflections on the Thought of G.Leopardi

The essay has two main purposes.The first consists of discussing some literary and philosophical thoughts on the epistemological value of science by one of the most famous and celebrated poets in Italian literature,Giacomo Leopardi.The poet firmly believes in the cognitive power of science,capable of revealing false beliefs with the light of reason.However,in his mature reflections,what will radically change will not be the value of scientific activity itself,always admirably accepted,but rather its true salvific force.Leopardi was not a scientist,but he used the scientific culture of his time to critically address the great existential themes of man concerning nature and the universe.He had amply demonstrated a scientific culture since his youthful'History of Astronomy',which would reappear in many of his other literary works.His deep and meditative reflections on the nature of finite and infinite space and time are a clear and fruitful testimony to this.However,Giacomo writes icastically,reason alone is not enough;it needs imagination.The second concerns a first reconstruction of the influence that the philosophy of Enlightenment had on Leopardi’s thought especially in relation to these topics:atheism,rejection of providentialism and anthropocentrism,the conception of nature,the question of the relationship between human and animal intelligence,the rejection of metaphysics,the importance of scientific knowledge.

On Master Tanxu’s Thought of the Middle Way

This paper discusses Master Tanxu’s Thought of Middle Way from three aspects:interpreting the Middle Way with the Tiantai Sect’s thought of“Three Truths as a Unity”(三諦圓融),discussing“the Truth of the First Meaning of the Middle Way”(中道第一義諦)from the relationship between“the One Mind”and the Middle Way,and discussing gradations of practice of the Middle Way.

Research on the Cultivation of Craftsmanship in Huang Yanpei’s Education Thought

Skilled talents are the main support for the strategic development of science and technology in China.The quality of talents is an important guarantee for the transformation and upgrading of national industries.By analyzing and studying Huang Yanpei’s thought on vocational education,this paper focuses on the cultivation of students’craftsmanship in vocational schools.First,we analyze the results of previous research and then elaborate on the connotations of Huang Yanpei’s education thought and craftsmanship spirit.Lastly,we propose five suggestions for the cultivation of craftsmanship.Our research work carries certain reference value to the study of craftsmanship cultivation in Huang Yanpei’s education thought.

习近平文化思想的科学内涵、价值意蕴与原创性贡献

确立习近平文化思想是推动实现中华民族伟大复兴的现实需要,也是正确应对国际领域复杂意识形态斗争的迫切需求。习近平文化思想深化了对文化本质和文化自信自强的认识,深化了对文化发展道路的认识,深化了对新时代文化使命的认识,深化了意识形态工作与党和国家中心工作之间关系的认识,深化了对意识形态阵地管理的认识。习近平文化思想回答了新时代我国文化建设举什么旗、走什么路、坚持什么原则、实现什么目标等根本问题,涵盖文化建设的方向、目标、道路、原则等重要方面,是相对完整的思想体系。要正确理解“两个结合”、特别是“第二个结合”,高度重视意识形态安全,在学思用贯通、知信行合一中把学习贯彻习近平文化思想引向深入。

数学基本思想在集合教学中的运用

为帮助学生全面深入地理解集合概念,对数学基本思想在集合教学中的运用进行了研究。数学基本思想一般包括抽象、推理与模型,教师从集合概念的抽象性、集合关系的抽象性出发,引导学生理解数学抽象思想;从集合推理运算的基础、集合恒等式的推理与证明出发,引导学生理解数学推理思想;从计数与概率论、数理逻辑中的集合模型出发,引导学生理解数学模型思想。

习近平文化思想的内涵、特征与核心要义

习近平文化思想是新时代党领导宣传思想文化建设经验的理论总结与思想提升,极大丰富和发展了马克思主义文化理论,在党的文化事业发展史上具有里程碑意义。从内涵看,习近平文化思想是以文化使命为统领,由文化传承、文化创新、文化权益、文化共识、文化引领等方面构成的完备理论体系。从特征看,习近平文化思想具有鲜明的科学性、人民性、实践性、发展性,不仅体现了习近平文化思想的本质,而且展现了习近平文化思想的理论形象。从核心要义看,习近平文化思想主要围绕保障文化安全、坚定文化自信、建设文化强国、增强文化影响等价值目标为新时代宣传思想文化建设提供思想武器和行动指南,为以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴坚定信念、振奋人心、凝聚力量。