Investigating the structural effect of electrospun nano-fibrous polymeric films on water vapor transmission

Electrospun polymers have many applications in the industry.However, the structure of these polymers has been less widely considered by researchers.In this work, the structural effect of electrospun and casted films of polyacrylonitrile(PAN) and polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) polymers on water vapor transmission were investigated.Sorption of water vapor was measured at 35, 60 and 80 ℃ and different relative humidities.The diffusion coefficients were calculated based on mass changes of the polymer sample.The water vapor transmission rate(WVTR) was also measured at 35 ℃ and 90% relative humidity.The results indicated that electrospun nano-fibrous polymers(ESNPs) absorb much higher water vapor compared to non-porous casted polymers.The interaction of water molecules with mentioned polymers was investigated based on Flory-Huggins theory.The Flory-Huggins interaction parameter of electrospun films was less than casted films, suggesting much better interaction of water molecules with electrospun films.It was also found that electrospun films have anomalous kinetic behavior and do not obey the Fickian diffusion model.Finally, it was revealed that ESNPs show less resistance to water vapor transmission and they are good candidates for the applications of water vapor separation using membranes.

Surface warming patterns dominate the uncertainty in global water vapor plus lapse rate feedback

Climate feedbacks have been usually estimated using changes in radiative effects associated with increased global-mean surface temperature. Feedback uncertainties, however, are not only functions of global-mean surface temperature increase. In projections by global climate models, it has been demonstrated that the geographical variation of sea surface temperature change brings significant uncertainties into atmospheric circulation and precipitation responses at regional scales. Here we show that the spatial pattern of surface warming is a major contributor to uncertainty in the combined water vapour-lapse rate feedback. This is demonstrated by computing the global-mean radiative effects of changes in air temperature and relative humidity simulated by 31 climate models using a methodology based on radiative kernels. Our results highlight the important contribution of regional climate change to the uncertainty in climate feedbacks, and identify the regions of the world where constraining surface warming patterns would be most effective for higher skill of climate projections.

Cause analysis and solutions of water blocking damage in cracked/non-cracked tight sandstone gas reservoirs

After hydraulic fracturing treatment,a reduction in permeability caused by the invasion of fracturing fluids is an inevitable problem,which is called water blocking damage.Therefore,it is important to mitigate and eliminate water blocking damage to improve the flow capacities of formation fluids and flowback rates of the fracturing fluid.However,the steady-state core flow method cannot quickly and accurately evaluate the effects of chemical agents in enhancing the fluid flow capacities in tight reservoirs.This paper introduces a time-saving and accurate method,pressure transmission test(PTT),which can quickly and quantitatively evaluate the liquid flow capacities and gas-drive flowback rates of a new nanoemulsion.Furthermore,scanning electron microscopy(SEM)was used to analyze the damage mechanism of different fluids and the adsorption of chemical agents on the rock surface.Parallel core flow experiments were used to evaluate the effects of the nanoemulsion on enhancing flowback rates in heterogeneous tight reservoirs.Experimental results show that the water blocking damage mechanisms differ in matrices and fractures.The main channels for gas channeling are fractures in cracked cores and pores in non-cracked cores.Cracked cores suffer less damage from water blocking than non-cracked cores,but have a lower potential to reduce water saturation.The PTT and SEM results show that the permeability reduction in tight sandstones caused by invasion of external fluids can be list as guar gum fracturing fluid>slickwater>brine.Parallel core flow experiments show that for low-permeability heterogenous s andstone reservoirs with a certain permeability ratio,the nanoemulsion can not only reduce reverse gas channeling degree,but also increase the flowback rate of the fracturing fluid.The nanoemulsion system provides a new solution to mitigate and eliminate water blocking damage caused by fracturing fluids in tight sandstone gas reservoirs.

Studies of Process and Mechanism for Preparing Nano-Sized CeO_2 Powders via Homogeneous Precipitation in Alcohol-Water Solvent

Nano-sized CeO_2 powders were synthesized by homogeneous precipitation method in alcohol-water solution with HMT as precipitator and the nano-particles were characterized by TEM and BET. The process parameters which influenced the sizes and agglomeration of nanometer CeO_2 powders were studied and the influence mechanism was discussed. The results show that the average size of the particles prepared by the above method with the best process parameters is about 8 nm, and the particles are of smaller size and better dispersion than those obtained from the ordinary powders synthesized by homogeneous precipitation in water solution.

Revisiting the Seasonal Evolution of the Indian Ocean Dipole from the Perspective of Process-Based Decomposition

The seasonal phase-locking feature of the Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD)is well documented.However,the seasonality ten-dency of sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTAs)during the development of the IOD has not been widely investigated.The SSTA tendencies over the two centers of the IOD peak in September-October-November are of different monthly amplitudes.The SSTA tendency over the west pole is small before June-July-August but dramatically increases in July-August-September.Meanwhile,the SSTA tendency over the east pole gradually increases before June-July-August and decreases since then.The growth rate attribution of the SSTAs is achieved by examining the roles of radiative and non-radiative air-sea coupled thermodynamic processes through the climate feedback-response analysis method(CFRAM).The CFRAM results indicate that oceanic dynamic processes largely contribute to the total SSTA tendency for initiating and fueling the IOD SSTAs,similar to previous studies.However,these results cannot ex-plain the monthly amplitudes of SSTA tendency.Four negative feedback processes(cloud radiative feedback,atmospheric dynamic processes,surface sensible,and latent heat flux)together play a damping role opposite to the SSTA tendency.Nevertheless,the sea surface temperature-water vapor feedback shows positive feedback.Specifically,variations in SSTAs can change water vapor con-centrations through evaporation,resulting in anomalous longwave radiation that amplifies the initial SSTAs through positive feedback.The effect of water vapor feedback is well in-phase with the monthly amplitudes of SSTA tendency,suggesting that the water vapor feedback might modulate the seasonally dependent SSTA tendency during the development of the IOD.

Inventory of the Thermo-Physiological Behavior of Fabrics—A Review

A comprehensive literature review was performed to create an inventory of thermal-physiological quantities for fabrics from different fiber materials, material blends, and fabric structures. The goal was to derive over-arching concepts that cannot be seen by the individual studies alone. Equations of best fits suggest non-linear changes for fabric thickness, thermal and water-vapor resistance with changes in material blend ratio. Air permeability decreases with increasing fabric density and fabric weight wherein the degree of decrease differs among fabric materials, blend ratio, and fabric structure. Water-vapor transmission rates strongly depend on fabric thickness, material, and blend, but marginally depend on fabric structure as long as the fabric and material thickness remain the same.

Moisture vapor transmission rates of various transparent dressings at different temperatures and humidities

Background Transparent dressings are commonly used to cover central venous catheter sites. However, it has been suggested that they might not allow adequate moisture vapor transmission, resulting in local moistness that promotes bacterial growth. We compared the moisture vapor transmission rates （MVTRs） of different, currently used transparent and traditional gauze dressings. We aimed to determine the MVTRs at different temperatures and humidities. Methods The dressings were used to seal 50-ml plastic centrifuge tubes containing 20 ml deionized water： Tubes in group 1 were covered with 12 layers of ordinary gauze, group 2 with IV3000, group 3 with OPSITE FLEXlGRID, group 4 with 3M HP Tegaderm, and group 5 with 3M Tegaderm. The tubes were placed upright in an artificial climate cabinet, so that the dressings were not touching the water, in order to simulate the conditions of medical dressings in contact with the skin. The average MVTRs were determined under different conditions. MVTRs were also determined with tubes from groups 2-5 laid on their sides, allowing the dressings to touch the water, so simulating contact of the dressings with sweating skin, or wounded skin with exudates. We also calculated the dressings＇ self-reactive abilities by comparing their MVTRs in contact with the water surface with those when not in contact with the water surface. Results Group 1 demonstrated the highest MVTR, followed by groups 2, 4, 3 and 5 under conditions simulating contact of the dressings with normal skin at the following temperatures and humidities： 20℃/30%, 20℃/60%, 20℃/90%, 37℃/30%, 37℃/60% and 37℃/90%. When the relative humidity （RH） increased, the MVTRs decreased. The MVTRs differed significantly among different dressings and RHs： At high temperature （37℃） and high humidity （90%）, the MVTR of the transparent dressings in group 2 was higher than that of group 1 （P 〈0.01）. The reactive MVTR was highest in group 2 （10.2-16.3 times 〉MVTR） while that of group 4 was second highest （2.6-9.6 times 〉MVTR）. Conclusions RH and temperature had significant effects on the MVTRs of different dressings. The IV3000 transparent dressing used in group 2 was as effective as ordinary gauze. These results suggest that increased infection rates due to low MVTRs might not be a problem. The clinical implications of these observations for catheter-related infections need to be further investigated in multicenter studies.

Ozone kinetics of dimethyl sulfide in the presence o water vapor

The outdoor smog chamber was used to thorough investigate the rate constants of gas-phase reaction between dimethyl sulfide （DMS） and ozone （O3） under conditions of relative humidity 55.0%-67.8% at （296±2）K for the first time. The rate constants were measured, at a total pressure of 1 atm, to be （10.4±0.2） × 10^-19 cm^3·molecule^-1·s^-1 at relative humidity of 67.5%±0.3% at 298K, （10.1±0.1） × 10^-19cm^3·molecule^-1·s^-1 at relative humidity of 66.5%±0.5% at 296K, （7.75±0.39） × 10^-19cm^3·molecule^-1·s^-1 at relative humidity of 64.8%± 0.1% at 294K and （3.42±0.21） × 10^-19cm^3·molecu- le^-1·s^-1at relative humidity of 55.8%±0.8% at 295K. Base on these results, it is possible to see the reaction of O3/ DMS in the presence of water vapor as an important sink for DMS in the earth atmosphere.

冻融循环作用下路基结构水热汽迁移规律研究

在冻融循环环境下,路基结构内水分迁移是导致道路冻胀、融沉变形的主要原因。为了探究冻融循环条件下路基结构的水热汽迁移规律,模拟了实际工程的路基结构,基于半透膜材料开展了冻融循环条件下的水、汽分离的水分迁移试验,通过监测试样的水热变化、荧光素上升图像、补水量和集水量变化曲线,得到了水分迁移规律,进而分析了土的孔隙结构、升降温速率和温度梯度等因素对水汽迁移和液态水流出特征的影响。试验结果表明,在土水势作用下,马氏瓶的水分首先以水-汽混合的形式在土柱中向上迁移,达到一定高度后,转变为以水汽的形式向上迁移。非饱和土柱的水汽会透过半透膜向碎石层和控温板底迁移,在整个冻融循环过程中,水汽向碎石层和控温板底的迁移量呈现线性增加的趋势,表明水汽迁移在水分聚集过程中的作用不可忽视。碎石层和控温板底液态水的流出主要集中在每个冻融周期的两个阶段,第一阶段为降温阶段,以冷凝水为主;第二阶段为融化阶段,以融化水为主,融化水占一个冻融周期液态水流出量的70%以上。粉质黏土孔隙较小导致水汽迁移主要受体积含气率的影响,随着粉质黏土土柱含水率的增加,水汽迁移量呈减小趋势。而砂土的孔隙较大,水汽迁移主要受水汽扩散增强因子的影响,随砂土土柱含水率的增加,水汽迁移量呈增大趋势。降温速率减小使冻结锋面有一个缓慢下移的过程,减小土体冻结对水汽迁移通道的封闭影响。升降温速率的减小导致碎石层和控温板底的水分聚集量增大。较大的温度梯度导致水汽扩散系数和水汽密度梯度的增加,从而引起碎石层和控温板底的水汽迁移量增大。

渤海湾西岸一次局地极端短时强降水事件的成因分析

2021年9月4日早晨,渤海湾西岸的天津滨海新区出现短时强降水,过程累计降雨量达224.2 mm,最大小时雨强为110.9 mm·h^(-1),均打破当地建站以来的历史纪录。利用加密自动气象观测站、风廓线雷达、多普勒雷达等观测资料,结合欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA5再分析资料,分析该事件成因及其与海陆环境的关系,探讨对流系统新生、组织化机制以及水汽输送特征等。结果表明:(1)对流单体在海岸线海水一侧新生后西移登陆,经多次与后向新生对流单体合并加强,最终发展为具有中γ尺度涡旋且位于线状中尺度对流系统前端的强降水系统。(2)对流单体新生地点与两条地面辐合线的相交点对应。一条南北向的风速辐合线位于海上,与水陆表面摩擦系数差异有关;另一条东西向的风向辐合线位于陆地,由东北残余冷空气与原有偏南风相遇而成。(3)由于清晨海面湿度比陆地大,湿空气被向岸偏东气流从渤海湾带到西岸,为对流系统的发生发展提供热力条件;而850 hPa持续存在暖性切变线,为多个对流系统线状组织排列提供了动力支持;值得关注的是,浅层残余弱冷空气在925 hPa造成明显的中尺度锋生。(4)次级垂直环流促进周围水汽汇集和垂直向上输送加强,而水汽垂直递减率的大小(水汽垂直辐合)对小时雨强有指示意义。分钟雨强很可能与中γ尺度涡旋有内在联系。

承压含水层水压传递速率变化规律

含水层内水压以能量的形式传递,其传递速率远大于水质点的迁移速率,水压传递速率对高压水体下工程安全施工及灾害预测预报具有重要意义。以无黏性土承压含水层为研究对象,通过理论分析、数值模拟、现场试验及室内物理模型试验等方法对水压传递速率变化规律进行探讨。结果表明:含水层中水压变化传递具有明显的滞后性,传递速率并不是无限大或接近声速,且存在随传递距离增加逐渐衰减的现象,水压径向传递的滞后时间t与水压传递距离r呈二次幂函数关系;稳定边界压力水头越大,在承压含水层中同等水压变量的传递速率越快,渗透系数越大水压传递速率越快;当渗透系数一定时,水压传递滞后时间与传播距离的拟合系数C随边界稳定压力水头的增加呈一阶指数函数减小;现场试验表明,边界稳定压力水头差异性不大时,在传输距离较远的条件下,其水压传递平均速率基本相当;室内试验表明,瞬态脉冲水压力随传递距离增加,波形发生明显变异,峰值压力逐渐减小、脉冲压力波波长变大、峰值压力传递速率减小,随传输距离的增加其传递速率呈指数函数衰减,说明瞬态脉冲水压力能量随传输距离增加快速衰减;瞬态脉冲压力值越大其初始阶段的传递速率越快,但随传输距离的增加其传递速率衰减幅度更大。研究成果对水压传递速率变化规律的影响机制及其应用于地下工程突水灾害预测及防治具有重要的理论及实践指导意义。

增强物理交联提升聚乙烯醇耐湿耐热性能

利用玉米淀粉(CS)和桃胶(PG)协同改性聚乙烯醇(PVA)法,制备了PVA/CS/PG复合膜,考察了PVA分子量、不同CS添加量以及PG添加量(在相同CS添加量条件下)对PVA/CS/PG复合膜耐湿、耐热性能的影响。结果表明:CS与PG的羟基与PVA发生了氢键相互作用,PVA/CS/PG复合膜的晶粒尺寸减小,交联密度增加。同时,随着CS和PG含量的增加,复合膜的网格尺寸逐渐减小,热稳定性能提升。水蒸气透过测试表明,当w(CS)=2%和w(PG)=2%时,PG/CS/PVA复合膜含水率较未处理原膜提升了11.5%,水蒸气透过率下降了43%。

原油负压稳定装置拔出率特性分析

原油稳定装置的拔出率是原油稳定深度的决定性因素。负压稳定工艺是国内油田所采用的主要的原油稳定方式之一。针对某油田联合站负压闪蒸稳定工艺,利用HYSYS软件,模拟分析负压稳定系统操作温度、操作压力、原油含水率等对稳定装置拔出率的影响规律,明确负压稳定系统优化运行参数,提高稳定系统运行能力和水平。

芜湖市一次引发严重内涝暴雨过程的水汽输送特征

基于自动气象观测站降水数据、中国降水数据集、ERA5再分析资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析数据,使用水汽收支分析、HYSPLIT后向轨迹追踪和水汽输送贡献率等方法对2022年6月5日凌晨芜湖市一次引发严重内涝暴雨过程的水汽输送特征进行了分析。结果表明:此次暴雨过程出现在200 hPa分流区和850 hPa低空急流左前方,500 hPa冷空气在低空急流出口北侧不断激发对流云团,形成强降水。高层辐散和低层辐合增强了水汽的水平辐合和垂直输送,西南低空急流持续加强,将水汽不断输送至暴雨区,为暴雨的出现提供了必要的水汽条件,使芜湖市在强降水发生前水汽充沛,湿层深厚且持续增湿。暴雨出现时大气可降水量、850 hPa比湿、水汽通量和水汽通量散度分别达到71.0 kg·m^(-2)、16.0 g·kg^(-1)、15.0 g·hPa^(-1)·cm^(-1)·s^(-1)和-3.0×10^(-6)g·cm^(-2)·hPa^(-1)·s^(-1)。850 hPa水汽通量散度的变化与暴雨的出现和强度变化有较好的对应关系,雨强最强时段可达-8.0×10^(-6)g·cm^(-2)·hPa^(-1)·s^(-1)。水汽收支和追踪分析结果显示:水汽流入主要发生在对流层低层的西边界和南边界,暴雨发生前流入层深厚,有向上的水汽垂直输送。整层水汽流入量约为56.0×10^(7)t·h^(-1),主要流入高度为850~700 hPa,单层流入量最大可达9.0×10^(7)t·h^(-1),水汽主要源自孟加拉湾和南海,其水汽通道轨迹占比为32.0%,水汽输送贡献率达55.4%。暴雨出现时水汽流入层降低,流入量减少,水汽垂直输送减弱,总水汽净流入集中在850 hPa,净流入量为1.0×10^(7)t·h^(-1)左右,水汽主要源自南海,其水汽通道轨迹占比为46.0%,水汽输送贡献率达60.3%。

基于低场核磁共振的水泥砂浆终凝前水化特征研究

为探究水泥砂浆终凝前的水化及水分布特征,减少水化过程对水泥基材料性能的不利影响,采用低场核磁共振(NMR)设备实时观测水泥砂浆凝固过程中孔径和水分分布变化,并基于核磁共振T2谱定量表征了水泥砂浆水化程度以及水化速率,揭示了水泥砂浆终凝前微观孔隙结构、水分分布及水化反应规律。研究结果表明:毛细孔随水化程度的提高逐渐转变为更小孔径的过渡孔和胶凝孔;试件内部孔隙中存在水的传输及转移,前3 h内物理束缚水主要转化为沁水覆盖在试件表面,部分传输到胶凝孔中;3 h后,有更多小孔隙生成,在毛细孔压力作用下,毛细孔中的水传输到过渡孔和胶凝孔中;水化程度随水化时间增加而逐渐增大,但水化速率以倒“S”形变化,初始阶段逐渐减小,当减小到休眠阶段后基本保持不变,随后又加速反应一段时间后保持稳定。

药品及食品包装用聚乙烯膜阻隔性能研究

目的 研究不同厚度低密度聚乙烯膜与高密度聚乙烯膜的氧气透过量和水蒸气透过量的变化情况,分析膜厚度对氧气透过量和水蒸气透过量的影响,为药品包装及食品包装在厚度、材质选择方面提供依据和指导。方法 分别采用压差法和红外法对不同厚度的聚乙烯膜进行氧气透过量和水蒸气透过量的测试。结论 氧气透过量随聚乙烯薄膜的增加而降低,水蒸气透过量随聚乙烯薄膜的增加而降低。相同厚度的膜,高密度聚乙烯膜的氧气透过量和水蒸气透过量均低于低密度聚乙烯膜。不同厚度不同材质的聚乙烯膜氧气透过量和水蒸气透过量不同。

防水透汽层隔汽层技术指标及应用场景

从防水透汽层、隔汽层的作用原理和应用现状出发,通过分析关键性能指标——水蒸气透过性能的含义和要求,根据我国热工设计分区,对不同气候的应用场景提出了具有针对性的防止水汽侵入建筑围护结构内的设计方案,避免水汽对建筑物保温性能和耐久性能造成伤害。

硅烷偶联剂对无溶剂环氧涂层防腐性能的影响

研究了硅烷偶联剂对无溶剂环氧涂层在潮湿环境下防腐性能的影响。对含硅烷偶联剂的无溶剂环氧涂层的吸水率、水蒸气透过量、阴极剥离及热水浸泡后的湿附着力进行了测试,发现硅烷偶联剂会使涂层对水的阻隔性下降,表现为添加量超过10%时涂层吸水率快速增大,添加量超过5%时涂层水蒸气透过量、阴极剥离半径明显增大,热水浸泡后湿附着力下降。

建筑材料水蒸气渗透系数实验研究

为了研究建筑材料的热湿物性参数,根据ASTM标准和GB/T 17146—1997设计实验,测试了膨胀聚苯乙烯（EPS）,挤塑聚苯乙烯（XPS）和聚氨酯（PU）这3种常用建筑保温材料和水泥砂浆、混凝土、多孔粘土砖等建筑材料在不同相对湿度条件下的水蒸气渗透系数（相对湿度覆盖范围为11.3%～97.3%）.将实验数据进行最小二乘拟合,所得到的拟合公式适用的相对湿度范围为0～100%,可用于建筑围护结构的热、湿传递计算.

湿度对聚乙烯醇膜阻隔性能的影响

采用美国Mocon公司的3/33MG透湿仪和2/21MH透氧仪在不同相对湿度(RH)下对聚乙烯醇(PVA)膜的水蒸汽透过率(WVTR)、氧气透过率(OTR)进行了一系列测量,并在此基础上分析了RH变化对PVA膜阻隔性能的影响规律。实验结果表明,湿度越大,聚乙烯醇膜的WVTR、OTR越大,且聚乙烯醇膜的氧气和湿气透过率与相对湿度间存在指数关系。