Epidemiological Aspects of Obesity, Overweight and Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Associes in Semi-Urban Areas (Case of Sébikotane)

Introduction: Obesity and overweight are a public health problem. The general objective was to determine the epidemiological aspects of obesity, overweight and associated risk factors in a semi-urban environment. Patients and Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study conducted on November 28 and 29, 2023 in Sébikotane. It focused on volunteers for screening for chronic non-communicable diseases. Epidemiological and clinical data were evaluated. Results: One hundred and twenty-nine cases of obesity were recorded (28%). Two hundred and eighty-two cases were overweight or obese (61.3%). The mean age was 49.55 years, with a standard deviation of 12.41 years. The age group [40 - 49 years] was the most representative, with 85 cases (30.1%), and the majority were female, with 264 cases (93.6%). Primary education was the most common, with 75 cases (46.3%). Grade 1 obesity concerned ninety-seven cases (75.2%), and diabetes was present in thirty cases (23%). Hypertension was present in ninety-five cases (33.7%). Obesity was more marked in the age group [40 - 49 years] with 45 cases (36%). Conclusion: Obesity and overweight are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The development and implementation of a prevention and management program is essential.

Drawing lines in the sand: The growing threat of obesity in type 1 diabetes

In this editorial,we comment on the article by Zeng et al published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Diabetes in 2024.We focus on the epidemiological,pathophysiological,and clinical interplay between obesity and type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM).Overweight and obesity represent a growing threat for modern societies and people with T1DM could not be an exception to this rule.Chronic exogenous insulin administration,genetic and epigenetic factors,and psy-chosocial and behavioral parameters,along with the modern way of life that incorporates unhealthy eating patterns and physical inactivity,set the stage for the increasing obesity rates in T1DM.As our knowledge of the underlying mechanisms that lead to the development of obesity and hyperglycemia expands,it becomes clear that there are overlap zones in the pathophysiology of the two main types of diabetes.Stereotypes regarding strict dividing lines between“autoimmune”and“metabolic”phenotypes increase the risk of trapping physicians into ineffective therapeutic approaches,instead of individualized diabetes care.In this context,the use of adjuncts to insulin therapy that have the potential to alleviate cardiorenal risk and decrease body weight can reduce the burden of obesity in patients with T1DM.

Time trends and disparities of obesity and related national policies and programs in Nepal:a systematic review Author links open overlay panel

Objective Overweight and obesity prevalence has increased in low-income countries.This study systematically reviewed the obesity trend,disparities,and prevention and control efforts in Nepal.Methods We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for articles and reports published between January 1,2004 and December 31,2022.Additional information on National policies and programs related to obesity prevention was retrieved from governmental websites and consultation with relevant experts.Overweight and obesity were defined using the World Health Organization body mass index cut points.Thirty-two studies and reports were included.Results Overall,overweight and obesity rates increased in all groups in Nepal although nationally representative data remained limited.The combined overweight and obesity(OW/OB)and obesity rates in women aged 15-49 years increased from 8.5%to 22.2%and from 0.9%to 5.1%between 2006 and 2016,respectively.OW/OB and obesity rates in men were 17.1%and 2.5%based on data from the 2016 Demographic and Health Survey.OW/OB rate in under-five children increased from 0.6%to 2.8%between 2006 and 2016.Obesity rates for school-age(5-9 years)boys and girls in 2016 were 2.4%and 2.8%,respectively,and were 1.1%and 1.4%for male and female adolescents aged 10-19 years,respectively.OW/OB prevalence was much higher among women,residents in urban areas and central provinces,and in higher socioeconomic status groups.Projected prevalence of OW/OB and obesity for 2030 in adults aged 15-49 was 44.7%and 8.3%,respectively,while it was 2.2%for OW/OB in preschool children.Policies and direct interventions that specifically focused on obesity prevention and control are limited.Conclusions OW/OB prevalence in Nepal has increased during the past 1.8 decades,disproportionately affecting population groups.Existing interventions mostly focused on undernutrition with some indirect implications for obesity prevention.In the future,Nepal needs to develop population-based programs for obesity prevention.

Evaluation of retinal and choroidal thickness changes in overweight and obese adults without ocular symptoms by swept-source optical coherence tomography

AIM:To evaluate the relationship of overweight and obesity with retinal and choroidal thickness in adults without ocular symptoms by swept-source optical coherence tomography(SS-OCT).METHODS:According to the body mass index(BMI)results,the adults enrolled in the cross-sectional study were divided into the normal group(18.50≤BMI<25.00 kg/m^(2)),the overweight group(25.00≤BMI<30.00 kg/m^(2)),and the obesity group(BMI≥30.00 kg/m^(2)).The one-way ANOVA and the Chi-square test were used for comparisons.Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationships between the measured variables.RESULTS:This research covered the left eyes of 3 groups of 434 age-and sex-matched subjects each:normal,overweight,and obesity.The mean BMI was 22.20±1.67,26.82±1.38,and 32.21±2.35 kg/m^(2) in normal,overweight and obesity groups,respectively.The choroid was significantly thinner in both the overweight and obesity groups compared to the normal group(P<0.05 for all),while the retinal thickness of the three groups did not differ significantly.Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that BMI was significantly negatively correlated with choroidal thickness,but no significant correlation was observed between BMI and retinal thickness.CONCLUSION:Choroidal thickness is decreased in people with overweight or obesity.Research on changes in choroidal thickness contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms of certain ocular disorders in overweight and obese adults.

Food insecurity increases the risk of overweight and chronic diseases in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis

To investigate the relationship between food insecurity(FI)and overweight/obesity(OW/OB)or corresponding chronic diseases in adolescents,33 studies with 181135 individuals were included in this meta-analysis.Six studies and 10 studies,reported a higher risk of overweight and obesity in adolescents experiencing FI,respectively(OR 1.38,95%CI 1.20‒1.58,P<0.0001;OR 1.11,95%CI 1.01‒1.22,P=0.035,respectively).Based on the pooled results,adolescents with severe FI had the highest risk of OW/OB(OR 1.45,95%CI 1.20‒1.75,P<0.0001).The pooled OR indicated no signifi cant association between FI and OW/OB,when the adolescents were stratifi ed into those under 6 years old and those between 6 and 18 years old.Eleven studies assessed the relationship between FI and the risk of chronic diseases.The anemia subgroup was significantly associated with FI(OR 1.67,95%CI 1.30‒2.13,P<0.0001).Severe FI was reported to increase the risk of hypertension(OR 1.59,95%CI 1.28‒1.98,P<0.0001).Furthermore,a pooled analysis revealed a signifi cant association between FI and the risk of chronic diseases in both 6 and 6-18-year-old subgroups.

Gender Differences in the Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity,Associated Behaviors,and Weight-related Perceptions in a National Survey of Primary School Children in China

Objective To in vestigate potential gender differences in the odds of overweight/obese, weight-related perceptions, and behaviors among Chinese school children. Methods Height, weight, and a survey of weight-related perceptions and behaviors were measured in a nationally representative survey of 12,811 children in primary schools in China. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess gender differences, adjusting for confounders. Results Boys had higher odds of being overweight/obese compared to girls within both urban [adjusted odds ratio （OR） 2.30, 95% CI 2.00 to 2.65] and rural areas （OR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.55 to 2.20）. Girls reported healthier diets （e.g., daily vegetables OR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.73 to 0.85） whereas boys consumed fried food （OR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.38） and sugar-sweetened drinks more often （OR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.34 to 1.65）. Gender differences included higher odds of boys perceiving themselves as overweight if they had more highly educated mothers （OR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.68）, less educated fathers （OR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.99）, and if they frequently consumed carbonated drinks （OR = 1.48, 95% CI 1.07 to 2.05）. Conclusion Childhood obesity prevention in China should be gender-focused, particularly for boys who reported an unhealthier diet but were less likely to see they were fat, even though more boys were overweight or obese than girls.

Influence of overweight and obesity on the mortality of hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia

BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with a better prognosis in patients with community-acquired pneumonia(the so-called obesity survival paradox),but conflicting results have been found.AIM To investigate the relationship between all-cause mortality and body mass index in patients with community-acquired pneumonia.METHODS This retrospective study included patients with community-acquired pneumonia hospitalized in the First Hospital of Qinhuangdao from June 2013 to November 2018.The patients were grouped as underweight(<18.5 kg/m^(2)),normal weight(18.5-23.9 kg/m^(2)),and overweight/obesity(≥24 kg/m^(2)).The primary outcome was all-cause hospital mortality.RESULTS Among 2327 patients,297(12.8%)were underweight,1013(43.5%)normal weight,and 1017(43.7%)overweight/obesity.The all-cause hospital mortality was 4.6%(106/2327).Mortality was lowest in the overweight/obesity group and highest in the underweight group(2.8%,vs 5.0%,vs 9.1%,P<0.001).All-cause mortality of overweight/obesity patients was lower than normal-weight patients[odds ratio(OR)=0.535,95%confidence interval(CI)=0.334-0.855,P=0.009],while the allcause mortality of underweight patients was higher than that of normal-weight patients(OR=1.886,95%CI:1.161-3.066,P=0.010).Multivariable analysis showed that abnormal neutrophil counts(OR=2.38,95%CI:1.55-3.65,P<0.001),abnormal albumin levels(OR=0.20,95%CI:0.06-0.72,P=0.014),high-risk Confusion-Urea-Respiration-Blood pressure-65 score(OR=2.89,95%CI:1.48-5.64,P=0.002),and intensive care unit admission(OR=3.11,95%CI:1.77-5.49,P<0.001)were independently associated with mortality.CONCLUSION All-cause mortality of normal-weight patients was higher than overweight/obesity patients,lower than that of underweight patients.Neutrophil counts,albumin levels,Confusion-Urea-Respiration-Blood pressure-65 score,and intensive care unit admission were independently associated with mortality in patients with community-acquired pneumonia.

Interpretation of WHO Guideline:Assessing and Managing Children at Primary Health-care Facilities to Prevent overweight and Obesity in the Context of the Double Burden of Malnutrition

Along with the transitions of social and economic development,dietary patterns and physical activity and life-styles,the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has increased at an astonishing rate in the past decades,and has become one of the most serious public health challenges.Meanwhile,the stunting rate has declined with slowly pace,while millions of young lives are still be threatened by wasting all over the word.The present situation of Double Burden of Malnutrition should be recognized clearly and addressed seriously,which refers to,the common presence of both obesity and underweight in the same populations,communities and even families.In order to provide guidance on the appropriate assessment and management of infants and children presenting to primary health-care facilities,to reduce the risk of overweight and obesity among children,the Guideline Assessing and Managing Children at Primary Healthcare Facilities to Prevent Overweight and Obesity in the Context of the Double Burden of Malnutrition was developed and released by WHO in 2017 using the procedures outlined in the WHO handbook for guideline development.The WHO Guideline(2017)is intended primarily for use in low-and medium-resource settings where both under-nutrition and obesity are prevalent.In this guideline,there are three prioritized speci c areas and questions for infants and children presenting to primary health-care facilities:anthropometric assessment,care of infants and children with acute or chronic malnutrition,and care of children who are overweight or obese.It is recommended that for infants and children aged<5 years presenting primary health-care facilities,weight and length/height should be measured and evaluate adequately,general nutrition and physical activity counselling should be provided for related caregivers and families,identi cation and appropriate management plan should be developed at primary health-care level.The discrepancies of the recommendation on the three prioritized areas in di erent guidelines are compared in this paper.All the related guidelines emphasize the important of anthropometric measurement and monitor of growth for primary care workers and suggest dietary and physical activity counselling for obese people.Almost all the guidelines provide recommendations on breastfeeding and continued feeding counselling from the aspect of improving the status of acute or chronic malnutrition.The setting condition should be carefully considered when taking the guidelines of di erent organizations and countries into application.

Risk Factors for Overweight and Obesity among Children Ages 0 to 3.5 Living in the Miramichi Public Health Region of New-Brunswick, Canada

Obesity, a major risk factor in numerous pathologies, poses a public health problem. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of the risk of overweight, overweight and obesity, as well as to identify and analyze the risk factors for weight gain among children in Miramichi in New Brunswick’s Horizon Health Network (HHN). This descriptive cross-sectional study was done between 2009 and 2014. The study population was composed of 335 children (185 boys and 150 girls) ages 0 to 42 months and their parents. Overweight and obesity were determined according to World Health Organisation (WHO) criteria adapted for Canada. A logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the risk factors associated with overweight and obesity. The prevalence of risk for overweight is 21% at birth as opposed to 55% at 42 months (both sexes together), and the prevalence of risk for overweight including obesity affects 11.8% of children, that is, 12.7% of boys as opposed to 10.94% of girls (p < 0.0001). The prevalence among boys is 1.2 times that among girls. This study also reveals that at 42 months, the average prevalence of obesity is 6.5% (8% for boys and 5% for girls). The mothers of overweight children have a higher post-pregnancy BMI (32.78 ± 4.16 kg/m2) than do the mothers of children who are a healthy weight (26.17 ± 7.90 kg/m2) (p < 0.0001). Moreover, 29.7% of children are overweight when both parents are overweight compared to 14.97% when both parents are a healthy weight (p < 0.05). This means that children are twice as likely to be overweight when both parents are overweight compared to children whose parents are a healthy weight. Otherwise, only 17% of the 335 children assessed in this study were breastfed and started on solid foods in accordance with the WHO recommendations. This study clearly shows that overweight is associated with sex, birth weight, parental obesity, maternal breastfeeding and the age of introduction of solid foods. The prevalence and identification of risk factors for overweight and infant obesity used to screen at-risk children will have the advantage of allowing adapted prevention strategies to be established.

Association of Television Watching Practices of Mothers on Overweight and Obesity of Their Under-5 Offspring in Urban Bangladesh

Childhood overweight and obesity, is an emerging public health concern in developing countries like Bangladesh. However, regular television watching by child’s mother and its impact on excess weight gain or overweight and obesity to their offspring is not reported elsewhere. The aim of the present analysis was to determine the socio-demographic characteristics among overweight and obese children based on those mothers who watch television regularly and compare this finding with malnourished and well-nourished under-5 children. A total of 20,800 under-5 children were enrolled during 1996 to 2012 in the Diarrheal Disease Surveillance System (DDSS) of Dhaka Hospital of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b). Mean weight-for-age z-score (–1.61 vs. –2.30;mean difference: ?0.69;p < 0.001), height-for-age z-score (–1.42 vs. –1.99;–0.57;<0.001), weight-for-height z-score (–1.59 vs. –1.07;–0.53;<0.001), BMI-for-age z-score (–1.09 vs. –1.61, –0.52;<0.001) differed significantly between the children whose mother did and did not watch television regularly. Under-5 children whose mother watched television regularly (2%) compared to those who did not (1%), had 2.28 [(95% CI-1.61 - 3.24) p < 0.001] times increased odds of being overweight and obese. Television watching of mothers is associated with childhood overweight and obesity and is one of the most public health concerns in Bangladesh. These changes may be in part of better socio-economic condition, changes in life style behaviour and dietary pattern.

Changing Trend of Overweight and Obesity and Their Associated Factors in an Urban Population of Bangladesh

There is a scarcity of information examining the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the general population of Bangladesh. Thus, the present study aimed to estimate the changing trends and socio-demographic characteristics of overweight and obese individuals among an urban population inDhaka,Bangladesh. The present study included data from 49,532 patients enrolled in the Diarrheal Disease Surveillance System (DDSS) at theDhakaHospitalfrom 1993-2011. Overweight and obese was categorized among under-5 children (n = 508), 5 19 years (n = 96), and >19 years (n = 1330). Data was compared with normal weight and malnourished individuals of respective age strata. The proportion of overweight and obese increased from 0.64% 5.15% among children 0.001), 0.80% 6.70% among 5 19 years (p 0.001), and 3.66% 16.94% (p 0.001) among >19 years. Among those under-5, males [OR = 1.31 (95%CI 1.08, 1.57)] those with higher socio-economic status [1.99 (1.02, 3.82)], higher monthly mean family income [3.76 (2.41, 5.86)], non-slum residence [2.01 (0.74, 5.51)], high maternal literacy rate [3.66 (2.31, 5.79)], and using sanitary toilet [1.47 (1.07, 2.01)] were at higher risk of being overweight and obese compared to well-nourished and malnourished children. Among individuals 5 19 years, those with higher socioeconomic status and use of sanitary toilet were at higher risk of being overweight and obese. Among those >19 years, additionally males were less likely to be overweight and obese [0.59 (0.49, 0.68)]. Over the last two decades the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Dhaka city has increased at least five folds and it was much higher among those with better socioeconomic status.

Overweight, obesity and associated factors among secondary school students in a northern city of Vietnam in 2011

Overweight and obesity is an emerging public health problem among school-aged children in Bac Giang city in the Northen part of Vietnam recently. This study aims to identify overweight-obesity prevalence of secondary school children in this city and it’s associated factors. The study was a nested case control in a cross-sectional study design in 1528 secondary students selected from 4 secondary schools in 2 inner communes and 2 suburban communes of Bac Giang city, Vietnam. Result: Overweight prevalence among secondary school students in Bac Giang was 6.7%, the prevalence of obesity was 2.0%. Overweight and obesity is more prevalence in male students, inner communes and students from family have higher income and higher food expense. Overweight and obesity was associated with higher energy intake, more fat consumption, having supplement meals and bedtimemeal, increased physical activities and increased sleep duration. Conclusion: Education campaign targeting reducing overweight and obesity should target both parents about dietary adequacy and balance and children about more physical activities.

Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity in the Schools of Parakou in 2017

Introduction: The dietary changes and the new lifestyles which occurred in low-income countries like Benin resulted in a nutritional transition with its burden of overweight and obesity among the child and adolescent population who is still suffering from undernutrition. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with overweight and obesity in the schools of Parakou in 2017. Patients and Methods: This research work is a cross-sectional descriptive and analytic study carried out from May to June 2017 in the state-owned and private high/secondary schools of Parakou. It focused on a representative sample of 730 high school students randomly selected according to the WHO two-stage cluster sampling technique. The weight and size of each of the students included in the study were measured;and then their body mass index (BMI) was calculated. The data related to respondents’ dietary pattern and lifestyle were collected. Those data were processed using the software Epi Info version 7.2.1. The prevalence ratio (PR) was used to measure associations with their confidence interval and the difference was considered significant when p < 05. Findings: In total, 730 students were involved in the study, including 377 male i.e. a ratio of 1.1. Prevalence of overweight/obesity was estimated at 16.2% including 12.5% of overweight and 3.7% of obesity. The factors associated with overweight and obesity were female sex, excessive intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and drinks, low level of physical activity and family history of obesity. Conclusion: A behavior change regarding the different contributing factors is necessary to reverse the trends in overweight and obesity prevalence in the high/secondary schools in the District of Parakou.

The prevalence of hypertension overweight/obesity and its relation with cardiovascular disease among middle-aged Chinese population

Objective To investigate the prevalence of hypertension overweight/obesity and the combined effect on the incidence of cardiovascular disease(CVD).Methods The study population(aged from 35 to 64)were selected from 9 regions of China by cluster sampling method.The baseline was conducted in 2010,and the follow-up survey was done in 2017.Participants with 24≤BMI28 kg/m^2 was defined as overweight,BMI≥28 kg/m^2 was defined as obesity.

Overweight and Obesity: Epidemiological, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Aspects (Preliminary Study of 64 Cases Followed in Dietetic Consultation and Review of the Literature)

Obesity and excess weight are on the rise in developing countries, which is a source of legitimate concern on the part of the institutions responsible for the health of populations. Overweight and obesity are the fifth most common risk factor for death worldwide, killing at least 2.8 million people each year. In view of the importance of the subject and the lack of sufficient data in our context, it seemed appropriate to us to carry out this preliminary work in Burkina Faso on a population of subjects followed in consultation with Nutrition and Dietetics. The general objective of our work, of a descriptive cross-sectional type, was to describe the epidemiological, clinical, biological and therapeutic aspects of obesity in a population of consultants, black Africans over a period of one year. The study concerned three (03) private care establishments (clinics) in the city of Ouagadougou in which a Nutrition and Dietetics consultation was available. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study which concerned 64 patients followed in nutrition and dietetics consultations from January 2 to December 31, 2012. The material of the study is represented by the analysis of the files of 64 patients followed in consultation of Nutrition and Dietetics in three (03) medical clinics. The most affected age groups were 30 to 40 years (19 cases) and 40 to 50 years (18 cases);53 women (82.8%) and 11 men (17.2%), i.e. a sex ratio of 4.82. Among our patients, 12 people were overweight (18.75%), 23 had moderate type I obesity (35.94%), 15 severe type III (23.44%) and 14 had type III obesity massive (21.87%). Android-like obesity was predominant in 53 people (82.81%). Among our patients 16 (25%) presented with dyslipidemia, 49 (76.56%) had eating disorders. The most common cloudy snacking was observed in 33 people (67.35%). In terms of evolution and therapy, 31 people (48.44%) followed the diet at term;the others had either abandoned or discontinued treatment, namely therapeutic changes in lifestyles. A total of 51.56% were lost to follow-up. The mean duration of follow-up was 2.7 months. In sum, obesity mostly affects young adults (30 to 40 years old) and females, with a predominance of type I obesity (moderate). Android-type obesity was predominant in both sexes. Preventive actions are needed for citizens of Ouagadougou.

Oral health status and performance of oral functions in children and adolescents in the treatment for overweight or obesity

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of oral functions and oral conditions in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity, investigating possible associations with treatment for weight reduction. Developing a cross-sectional research and quantitative approach with inductive and descriptive and critical analysis of data, such as from a range of 95%, the universe was represented by children and adolescents who were overweight or obese, in both sexes, treated at reference centers for the treatment of obesity by the National Health System, in Campina Grande, Paraíba, 2010-2012. As the control group considered subjects of the same age, in the process of screening for attention in the places listed, but without the condition of overweight or obese, the research was started after the approval by the Ethics Resarch Committee of the UEPB under the protocol number 0513.0.133.000-09. As instruments for data collection were used in the questionnaire and clinical examination, of the 70 surveyed, most were female, ranging in age from 3 to 17 years, overweight, without comorbidities and carriers of deleterious oral habits;especially the nail biting, significantly associated with female sex p < 0.05. Consistency was the preferred food paste and chewing quickly, unilaterally, without discomfort or gagging constant. There was a significant difference between the values of the DMFT index, the presence of visible biofilm and the frequency of halitosis, for groups with overweight or obesity, with association between time of treatment and medications.

Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Overweight and Obesity in Adults in Saudi Arabia

Obesity and overweight are prevalent in Saudi Arabia (24.95% & 31.80%). Also, childhood obesity in the country is a challenge, with 6% - 10% of preschool and school-age children. The burden of being overweight and obese is disastrous. Therefore, the Saudi Diabetes Scientific Society constituted a team to develop a guideline. The team reviewed the local Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Obesity in Saudi Arabia;and conducted a rigorous review of relevant evidence-based scientific literature. After a thorough assessment, a consensus was reached to use the Australian guideline as the main guideline to be adapted and localized to be suitable for the Saudi people. To avoid duplication of efforts, the team adopted the grading of evidence used by the Australian guideline. The updated version was presented in a workshop, and the recommendation of the participants was included. The final draft was distributed for review, and comments were included. This document presents the result of such an effort as a local guideline.

Measuring the Association of Overweight and Obesity with Human Disease and Other Factors in Bangladesh

Overweight and obesity in people are epidemic in North America and internationally. In the United States, the number of overweight children and adolescents has doubled in the last two to three decades, and similar increasing rates are being observed worldwide, including developing countries as Bangladesh where an increase in Westernization of behavioral and dietary lifestyles is evident. Human diseases associated with overweight and obesity are similar in children as in the adult population. The main purpose of this study was to examine the association between overweight and obesity with human disease and other factors in Bangladesh. We have attempted to estimate the relationship between associated variables by using the Pearson Chi-Square test. It also showed how important an individual variable is by itself. The study also employed a statistical technique namely, logistic regression analysis which has been used to find out the association of overweight and obesity with human disease and other factors. We have seen that 16.96% people are overweight and 4.14% people are obese, i.e. 21.1% people are overweight or obese in Bangladesh. From the logistic regression analysis technique among the independent variables type of place of residence, Highest educational level, Wealth index, Current marital status, Ever had vaccination, Had fever in last two weeks, Had cough in last two weeks, Short, rapid breaths, Problem in the chest or blocked or running nose have significant effect on dependent variable BMI classification.

Prevalence and Determinants of Overweight and Obesity among the Catholic University of Eastern Africa Staff, Langata Campus, Nairobi, Kenya

Background: Overweight and obesity are escalating global problem, causing multiple life threatening non-communicable diseases including cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis and some forms of cancer [1] [2]. Although the burden is particularly heavy in developing countries including Kenya, yet extensive data is still lacking in these countries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for obesity and overweight among the Catholic University of Eastern Africa (CUEA) staff, Langata Campus, Nairobi, Kenya. Methods and Materials: A cross sectional, descriptive study was carried out among 301 CUEA staff. WHO stepwise-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data regarding respondents’ socio-demographic, lifestyle characteristics and anthropometric. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22.0. Descriptive Data were descriptively analyzed into proportions and frequency tables, while to determine relationships between various variables;One-Way ANOVA was employed. The ethical approval to conduct the study was obtained from KNH-University of Nairobi Ethical Review Committee. The institutional permission was granted by the administration of CUEA. The consent was obtained from the respondents before data collection was commenced. Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among the respondents was 47.5% and 36.3% respectively. Based on waist circumference (WC), the prevalence of overweight and obesity among men was 42.6% and 37.2% respectively. While among the women the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 56.8% and 19.5% respectively. The mean BMI (p = 0.006) and the mean WC (p = 0.004) were significantly higher among respondents aged ≤40 years old. Additionally, the mean WC was significantly higher among male respondents compared to the female counterparts (p = 0.003). Daily consumption of vegetables (p = 0.022) and fruits (p = 0.017) was significantly associated with lower WC. While, higher WC (p = 0.015) and BMI (p = 0.003) were significantly associated with daily consumption of fast foods. Respondents who had involved in vigorous intensity physical activity for ≥20 minutes for ≥3 days in a week had significantly lower mean BMI (p = 0.025) and mean WC (p = 0.002) compared to respondents who did not involve in any vigorous intensity physical activity for ≥20 minutes for ≥3 days in a week respectively. Additionally, respondents who had involved in moderate intensity physical activity for ≥30 minutes for ≥5 days in a week had significantly lower mean BMI (p = 0.011) and mean WC (p = 0.023) than respondents who did not involve in moderate intensity physical activity for ≥30 minutes for ≥5 days in a week respectively. Moreover, both mean BMI (p = 0.002) and WC (p = 0.005) were significantly higher among respondents who drink alcohol ≥ 3 standard drinks per drinking occasion compared to those who drink less than 3 standard drinks per drinking occasion. Conclusion and recommendation: There is a high prevalence of overweight and obesity among the respondents. Consumption of fast foods and excessive alcohol is a predictor for obesity. While high consumption of fruits and vegetable and engaging in physical activities are protective against obesity. Institution like the Catholic University of Eastern Africa should be involved in lifestyle modification programs that lead to improve nutrition, physical activity and behavioral change.

Epidemiology of Overweight and Childhood Obesity in Abidjan:Cases Collected by the Nutrition Department of the National Institute of Public Health in Abidjan(Côte d’Ivoire)

Objective:The objective of this work is to describe the epidemiological profile of overweight or obese children monitored at the nutrition service of the National Institute of Public Health(INSP)of Abidjan.Methodology:This is a retrospective and cross-sectional study that took place from April 28,2017 to December 28,2018 at the Nutrition Department of the INSP.It concerned 181 children or adolescents of both sexes aged 5 to 19 years monitored for their excess weight in the said service.Data was collected using a summary sheet of medical records over the study period.Results:The results obtained indicate that out of all 181 young patients,130(71.8%)were girls,of which 122(67.4%)were obese.49.2%of these patients were between 10 and 14 years old with a mean age of 12.24 years.Their biochemical assessment showed that the disturbance was always greater in obese patients except for the proportion of biochemical results disturbed in uric acid level which was higher in overweight subjects.These subjects developed eating disorders such as overeating for 87.8%and snacking in 55.2%of them.Conclusion:The epidemiological profile of overweight children and adolescents requires a rapid fight against this pathology.