Feeding Practices and Use of Lysine and Methionine in Pigrationing on Intensified Pig Breeding in the West Center and Hauts Bassins Regions of Burkina Faso

The aim of the study was to assess feeding practices and the use of lysine and methionine in pig rationing on intensified and semi-intensive pig breeding in the Koudougou and Bobo-Dioulasso areas. To this end, a cross-sectional survey was carried out on 87 breeding in these towns. A Discriminant Factorial Analysis (DFA) confirming a k-means classification of the data collected was used to retain 71 breeding divided into three breeding classes: Class A (32.4% of breeding), Class B (14.08%) and Class C (53.52%). The results show that the majority of pig breeders were men between the ages of 36 and 59. Average herd sizes were 35 ± 28;79 ± 42 and 89 ± 21 pigs for Classes A, B and C respectively. The main breeds of pig found on the breeding were crossbred, Large white, local, Landrace and Duroc. Class A (26.1%), B (30%) and C (15.8%) breeders were familiar with both lysine and methionine. Class A breeders distributed feed staggered (65.2%) and in rations (34.8%). Lysine (13%) and methionine (8.7%) were purchased at 5250 FCFA/kg. Those in class B distributed feed staggered (50%) and in the form of rations (50%), in which they incorporated lysine (30%) and methionine (30%) purchased at a cost of 2500 FCFA/kg and 3000 FCFA/kg respectively. Rationing and staggered feeding were practiced by 23.7% and 76.3% of Class C breeders respectively. Only lysine purchased at 3400 FCFA/kg was incorporated into rations by 10.5% of breeders. The high cost of lysine and methionine was incriminated by Class A (100%), B (33.3%) and C (50%) breeders. In conclusion, intensive pig breeding, the practice of rationing and the incorporation of the amino acids lysine and methionine are of ascending importance from classes C, A to B. The high cost of feedstuffs, particularly lysine and methionine, compromises their use in rations, which could have a negative impact on expected breeding performance. The screening and use of feeds rich in and/or enriched with these amino acids, through the development or adaptation of technologies, could improve the efficiency of rations and the productivity of intensive pig breeding in Burkina Faso.

Different dietary methionine to lysine ratios in the lactation diet:effects on the performance of sows and their offspring and methionine metabolism in lactating sows

Background:Over the last decade,the nutritional requirements of lactating modern genotype sows have increased.The current nutritional recommendations might be unable to meet the needs of increased litter size and milk production,and thus the nutritional requirements need to be re-evaluated.The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary methionine to lysine(Met:Lys)ratios on the performance of and methionine metabolism in lactating sows.Results:During the 1st week of lactation,piglets reared on sows in the 0.37 to 0.57 Met:Lys ratio groups grew faster than those reared on sows in the control group(0.27)(P<0.01).The 0.37-ratio group showed increased levels of GSHPx in plasma during lactation(P<0.01)and decreased concentrations of urea nitrogen in the plasma of sows(P<0.05).Compared with the 0.27-ratio group,the levels of T-AOC and GSH-Px in the plasma and homocysteine in the milk of lactating sows were significantly increased in sows in the 0.47-ratio group(P<0.01).In sows fed a 0.57-ratio diet,the levels of glutathione and taurine in the plasma and milk were improved significantly during lactation.However,the content of TBARS in the blood(P<0.05 at day 7 and P=0.06 at weaning day)was increased(P<0.01).Moreover,there were linear increases in the levels of homocysteine in the blood and milk of sows during the lactation period(P<0.01)with increased dietary Met:Lys ratios in the lactation diet.Conclusions:The current study indicated that increasing the dietary Met:Lys ratio(0.37~0.57)in the lactation diet had no significant effect on the overall performance of sows or the colostrum and milk composition,but it increased piglet mean BW and piglet ADG during the first week of lactation.Increasing dietary methionine levels had no significant effect on antioxidant function in lactation sows,even though it increased levels of GSH and GSH-Px in the plasma of sows during lactation.However,the content of homocysteine in the plasma and milk increased during lactation due to a high level of dietary methionine.

An Elevated Dietary Cysteine to Methionine Ratio Does Not Impact on Dietary Methionine Efficiency and the Derived Optimal Methionine to Lysine Ratio in Diets for Meat Type Chicken

Optimal dietary methionine (Met) to lysine (Lys) ratio in presence of elevated dietary cysteine (Cys) levels was derived for meat type growing chicken. Twelve averaged weighed Ross 308 birds (each 50% of male and female per dietary treatment) were utilized in N balance trials. During starter (d10 - 20) and grower period (d25 - 35) five dietary treatments were used. Diets based on uniform mixtures of maize, wheat, soybean meal, potato protein and fish meal were supplemented with crystalline amino acids (AA). In diets 1 - 3, the dietary Cys to Met ratio was set as 85, 95 and 105 to 100, respectively. Diet 4, at a Cys to Met ratio of 105 to 100, was additionally supplemented with betaine (BET) as methyl group donor. Diets 1 - 4 were limiting in Met, diet 5 without L-Lys·HCl addition was limiting in Lys. Individual N-balance data per treatment were utilized for assessing protein quality and efficiency of dietary Met (Diets 1 - 4) or Lys (Diet 5) based on “Goettingen approach”. Elevated dietary Cys supply and supplemented BET failed to improve both dietary protein quality and Met efficiency. The established optimal Met to Lys ratio was on average 34 to 100 for growing chicken during starter and grower period, respectively.

Lysine, Methionine and Tryptophan Requirements of Beijing Ducklings of 0-2 Weeks of Age

A feed trial was conducted with a total of 1 134 Beijing ducklings to study the optimum level of dietary lysine （Lys） （0.95, 1.10, 1.25%）, methionine （Met） （0.26, 0.46, 0.66%） and tryptophan （Trp） （0.20, 0.30, 0.40%） for those ducklings during a phase of 0-2 weeks. Ducklings were randomly allotted to 27 groups according to a 3 × 3× 3 factorial arrangement and fed a basal corn-soybean-peanut meal diet containing 20.26% CP, 12.45 MJ kg^-1 ME. The results from this study indicate that Lys affected body weight （P〈0.01）, feed intake （0-14 d） （P〈0.01）, but had no effect on feed/gain （0-14 d） （P〉0.05）, uric acid concentration （P 〉 0.05）. Methionine influenced body weight （P 〈 0.01）, feed/gain （P 〈 0.05）, and feed intake （P 〈 0.01）. Tryphtophan had no effect on indices measured. The requirement of the Lys and Met for Beijing ducklings of 0-2 weeks of age were 1.10 and 0.46%. The requirement of Trp for Beijing ducklings of 0-2 weeks of age was not more than 0.20%.

Construction and Expression of Methionine-rich and Lysine-rich Fusion Gene in Bacillus natto

Methionine and lysine are restrictive essential amino acids of livestock, they are also the most attentive indexes in the feed production to carry out the quality control and quality evaluation. Their contents in feed directly affect livestock protein synthesis. Bacillus natto has excellent probiotic properties. In this experiment, we used the genetic engineering method, fusion PCR technique, to connect methionine-rich gene （zein） from maize endosperm protein with lysine-rich gene （Cflr） from the pepper anther, then the fusion gene was inserted into the expression vector pHT43, and the recombinant plasmid pHT43/zein-Cflr was constructed. The recombinant plasmid was transferred into Bacillus natto, and induced by IPTG for the expression of the fusion gene. We found an apparent band at 40 ku site for the recombinant strain by SDS-PAGE. The contents of methionine and lysine were individually detected with HPLC, the quantities of methionine and lysine in the recombinant strain increased by 18.37% and 24.68% than the wild one, respectively. We also verified the stability of the recombinant bacterium during passaging, and found the stability was 100%. This study provided research-basis for the application of the recombined Bacillus natto as feed additive.

Study on Lysine and Methionine Content Promotion of Soybean Meal by Probiotic Fermentation Process

Soybean meal （SBM） is commonly used for livestock feeds, but its application in diets for livestock is limited due to some antinutritional factors. The contents of methionine and lysine of soybean meal were promoted by Bacillus natto and Leuconostoc mesenteroides fermentation, benefial for the livestock feeds. It was crude protein （CP） 56.8%, methionine 43.56 mg · g^-1, and lysine 74.87 mg · g^-1, cows fed a diet with FSBM milk yield raised 14.2%, the change in the milk protein, the lactose and the dry matter content had also obvious increase. This convenient technique offers helpful exploration for industrialization of soybean meal fermentation.

Application of Protein Feed Processed by Microbial Fermentation to Dairy Cow

Methionine （Met） and lysine （Lys） have been reported as the first two limiting amino acids （AA） for maximum milk yield and milk protein production. Supplying these AA may improve microbial protein synthesis and therefore improve milk production without adding excess N to the environment. This observation utilized fermented soybean meal （SBM）, cottonseed meal （CSM）, rapeseed meal （RSM） and corn by Bacillus subtilis 168 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides as core feedstuffs to produce special biological protein feed for dairy cow. The results showed that the milk production, milk protein percentage, milk fat percentage and milk DM percentage of test groups in trial period were significantly more than those of the control group （P〈0.01）, the results showed that adding fermenting protein feed in dairy cow diets could significantly improve milk yield, milk protein and milk fat content. The economic benefits of actual application were analyzed, the group of 0.5% was the best compared with the other groups.

Rapid chromatographic method to decipher distinct alterations in lipid classes in NAFLD/NASH

AIM: To establish a simple method to quantify lipid classes in liver diseases and to decipher the lipid profile in p62/IMP2-2/IGF2BP2-2 transgenic mice.METHODS: Liver-specific overexpression of the insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein p62/IMP2-2/IGF2BP2-2 was used as a model for steatosis.Steatohepatitis was induced by feeding a methioninecholine deficient diet. Steatosis was assessed histologically. For thin layer chromatographic analysis, lipids were extracted from freeze-dried tissues by hexane/2-propanol, dried, redissolved, and chromatographically separated by a two-solvent system. Dilution series of lipid standards were chromatographed, detected, andquantified. The detection was performed by either2',7'-dichlorofluoresceine or a sulfuric acid/ethanol mixture.RESULTS: Histological analyses confirmed steatosis and steatohepatitis development. The extraction,chromatographic, and detection method showed high inter-assay reproducibility and allowed quantification of the different lipid classes. The analyses confirmed an increase of triglycerides and phosphatidylethanolamine and a decrease in phosphatidylcholine in the methionine-choline deficient diet. The method was used for the first time to asses the lipid classes induced in the p62-overexpressing mouse model and showed a significant increase in all detected lipid species with a prominent increase of triglycerides by 2-fold. Interestingly, the ratio of phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylethanolamine was decreased, as previously suggested as a marker in the progression from steatosis to steatohepatitis.CONCLUSION: The thin layer chromatography analysis allows a reliable quantification of lipid classes and provides detailed insight into the lipogenic effect of p62.

Lipid metabolism and m^(6)A RNA methylation are altered in lambs supplemented rumen-protected methionine and lysine in a low-protein diet

Background:Methionine or lysine has been reported to influence DNA methylation and fat metabolism,but their combined effects in N6-methyl-adenosine(m^(6)A)RNA methylation remain unclarified.The combined effects of rumen-protected methionine and lysine(RML)in a low-protein(LP)diet on lipid metabolism,m^(6)A RNA methylation,and fatty acid(FA)profiles in the liver and muscle of lambs were investigated.Sixty-three male lambs were divided into three treatment groups,three pens per group and seven lambs per pen.The lambs were fed a 14.5%crude protein(CP)diet(adequate protein[NP]),12.5%CP diet(LP),and a LP diet plus RML(LP+RML)for 60 d.Results:The results showed that the addition of RML in a LP diet tended to lower the concentrations of plasma leptin(P=0.07),triglyceride(P=0.05),and non-esterified FA(P=0.08).Feeding a LP diet increased the enzyme activity or m RNA expression of lipogenic enzymes and decreased lipolytic enzymes compared with the NP diet.This effect was reversed by supplementation of RML with a LP diet.The inclusion of RML in a LP diet affected the polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA),n-3 PUFA,and n-6 PUFA in the liver but not in the muscle,which might be linked with altered expression of FA desaturase-1(FADS1)and acetyl-Co A carboxylase(ACC).A LP diet supplemented with RML increased(P<0.05)total m^(6)A levels in the liver and muscle and were accompanied by decreased expression of fat mass and obesity-associated protein(FTO)and alk B homologue 5(ALKBH5).The m RNA expressions of methyltransferase-like 3(METTL3)and methyltransferase-like 14(METTL14)in the LP+RML diet group were lower than those in the other two groups.Supplementation of RML with a LP diet affected only liver YTH domain family(YTHDF2)proteins(P<0.05)and muscle YTHDF3(P=0.09),which can be explained by limited m^(6)Abinding proteins that were mediated in m RNA fate.Conclusions:Our findings showed that the inclusion of RML in a LP diet could alter fat deposition through modulations of lipogenesis and lipolysis in the liver and muscle.These changes in fat metabolism may be associated with the modification of m^(6)A RNA methylation.

The use of feed-grade amino acids in lactating sow diets

Background: The use of feed grade amino acids can reduce the cost of lactation feed. With changing genetics,increasing feed costs, and higher number of pigs weaned with heavier wean weights further evaluation of higher inclusion levels of feed-grade amino acid in lactation diets than previously published is warranted. Two experiments(Exp.) were conducted to determine the optimal inclusion level of L-lysine HCl to be included in swine lactation diets while digestible lysine levels remain constant across dietary treatments and allowing feed grade amino acids to be added to the diet to maintain dietary ratios relative to lysine to maximize litter growth rate and sow reproductive performance. Furthermore, the studies were to evaluate minimal amino acid ratios relative to lysine that allows for optimal litter growth rate and sow reproductive performance.Results: Exp. 1: Increasing L-lysine HCl resulted in similar gilt feed intake, litter, and reproductive performance.Average litter gain from birth to weaning was 2.51, 2.49, 2.59, 2.43, and 2.65 kg/d when gilts were fed 0.00, 0.075,0.150, 0.225, and 0.30% L-lysine HCl, respectively. Exp. 2: The average litter gain from birth to weaning was 2.68,2.73, 2.67, 2.70, and 2.64 kg/d(P < 0.70) when sows were fed 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.4% L-lysine HCl plus valine,respectively. No other differences among dietary treatments were observed.Conclusions: Collectively, these studies demonstrate corn-soybean meal based lactation diets formulated with a constant SID lysine content for all parities containing up to 0.40% L-lysine HCl with only supplemental feed grade threonine and a methionine source have no detrimental effect on litter growth rate and subsequent total born.

Bacillus subtilis Co-transfected with a Lysine-rich and a Methionine-rich Protein Gene and Its Effect on Cow Milk Production

The probiotic Bacillus subtilis （B. subtilis） was widely applied in animal production as feed additive. Lysine （Lys） and methionine （Met） were the two most important limiting amino acids in livestock animal feed. Raising Lys and Met contents in B. subtilis would provide better effects for animal production and save Lys and Met supplements. We still didn＇t know whether Lys- rich and Met-rich protein genes from plants could be transfected into B. subtilis and expressed at a high level so as to improve animal production, such as milk production as an additional diet. The Lys-rich protein gene （Cflr） and Met-rich 10 ku-δ Zein were cloned from pepper anther and maize endosperm, respectively. Then they were constructed into plasmids individually and successfully cotransfected into B. subtilis. Upon IPTG induction, mRNAs and protein expressions could be observed. Lys and Met contents in the fermentation broth were raised by 65.92% and 46.39%, respectively. After feeding 200 g and 400 g· cow^-1· d^-1, transgenic B. subtilis fermentation broth, the milk yield, milk protein and milk fat contents all significantly increased. The Lys-rich protein gene （Cflr） and Met-rich 10 ku-δ Zein were successfully transfected into B. subtilis. Contents of Lys and Met in the transgenic B. subalis obviously raised and the fermentation broth of the transgenic bacteria could effectively improve milk yield and quality.

Catalytic Activity of Amino Acids-Metal Complexes in Oxidation Reactions

Studies were carried out to determine the activity of complexes of the essential amino acids DL-Lysine and L-Methionine with heavy metals in the oxidation of cyclohexene with tert-butylhydroperoxide in toluene at 80°C. All complexes were prepared through interaction of metal ions and DL-Lysine and L-Methionine at room temperature in aqueous solutions. Only the complexes of Mo and W were obtained from acidic aqueous solution. These complexes were characterized by FT-IR, Moessbauer spectroscopy and EPR analysis. The products of the oxidation reactions were identified by GC/MS analysis. The complexes of Mo and V showed the best activity in the epoxidation reaction of cyclohexene in comparison with other complexes, such as Ni, Mn, Zn, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe and W. Using semi-empirical quantum-chemistry methods, the full energy of the Mo complexes was calculated and their probable structure is presented.

不同蛋白水平下平衡蛋氨酸和赖氨酸对生长早期皖西白鹅生长性能和氮代谢的影响

试验旨在研究不同饲粮蛋白水平下平衡蛋氨酸和赖氨酸对生长早期皖西白鹅生长性能和氮代谢的影响。选取180只1日龄的皖西白鹅,公、母各半,随机分成6组,每组5个重复,每个重复6只鹅。试验期28 d。试验采用双因素交叉设计,饲粮蛋白水平分别为20%、18%和16%,分别平衡赖氨酸或蛋氨酸。结果显示,与平衡赖氨酸组相比,平衡蛋氨酸组提高了平均日采食量(ADFI)和平均日增重(ADG)(P<0.01);20%蛋白水平组ADFI和ADG高于其他两组(P<0.01);18%蛋白水平组F/G极显著低于其他两组(P<0.01),氨基酸与蛋白水平在ADFI、ADG和F/G方面存在交互作用(P<0.01)。平衡赖氨酸组食入氮、沉积氮和氮利用率极显著高于平衡蛋氨酸组(P<0.01);20%蛋白水平组食入氮极显著高于其他两组(P<0.01),排出氮显著高于其他两组(P<0.05),沉积氮和氮利用率显著低于其他两组(P<0.01),氨基酸与蛋白水平在食入氮和沉积氮方面存在交互作用(P<0.01);平衡蛋氨酸组显著提高了蛋氨酸的利用率(P<0.01),20%蛋白水平组氨基酸利用率下降(P<0.01),氨基酸与蛋白水平在氨基酸利用率方面存在交互作用(P<0.01)。差异代谢物主要富集脂质、肽和有机酸通路,18%蛋白水平+平衡氨基酸组富集通路:丁酸代谢、神经活性配体受体相互作用、ABC转运蛋白、甘油磷脂代谢、α-亚麻酸代谢。赖氨酸是1~28日龄皖西白鹅的第一限制性氨基酸,18%蛋白水平+平衡赖氨酸(1.00%Lys+0.28%Met)更利于1~28日龄皖西白鹅的生长发育和氮代谢。研究表明,饲粮赖氨酸可上调与氮代谢呈显著正相关的特征性代谢物(如丁酸、脱氧腺苷、鸟嘌呤、甜菜碱等),蛋氨酸可上调与氮代谢呈显著负相关的特征性代谢物(如组氨酸、肌酸、3-羟基丁酸、黄嘌呤等)。

单晶多级孔ZSM-5分子筛酸性质对正庚烷催化裂解反应传质性能的影响

采用L-赖氨酸作为介孔模板剂,通过调控铝源(偏铝酸钠)添加量改变分子筛硅铝比,在单晶分子筛内部引入晶内介孔,成功地合成了一系列具有不同硅铝比的单晶多级孔ZSM-5分子筛,研究了其酸性质对正庚烷催化裂解反应传质性能的影响。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、N2物理吸附、氨气程序升温脱附(NH_(3)-TPD)、吡啶红外(Py-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等表征了单晶多级孔ZSM-5分子筛的物理结构、酸性质和微观形貌。同时,利用零长柱(ZLC)装置测试获取了正庚烷在单晶多级孔ZSM-5分子筛中的表观扩散系数,用于反映其传质性能。研究结果表明,随着硅铝比的提高,单晶多级孔ZSM-5分子筛的物理结构基本保持一致;传质性能随酸量的减少而提升,催化裂解性能随酸量的增加而提高。当单晶多级孔ZSM-5分子筛的Si/Al从80提高至140,正庚烷的表观扩散系数提升了87%以上;当单晶多级孔ZSM-5分子筛的Si/Al=80时,正庚烷的转化率最高可达97.5%,乙烯和丙烯的选择性分别为24.3%和35.1%。

平衡赖氨酸和蛋氨酸的低蛋白日粮对育雏期皖西白鹅血液生化和胸腺结构的影响

目的:探究平衡赖氨酸和蛋氨酸的低蛋白日粮对育雏期皖西白鹅血液免疫指标和胸腺结构的影响。方法:选用180只1日龄皖西白鹅作为研究对象,随机分为6组,每组30只;试验采用3×2因子设计(不同蛋白水平:20%、18%、16%,分别平衡赖氨酸、蛋氨酸),于14和28日龄分别采集血液和胸腺,研究不同氨基酸平衡模式及蛋白水平对育雏期皖西白鹅血液免疫指标以及胸腺结构的影响。结果:14日龄时,D组MCV、MCH显著高于E、F组(P<0.05);F组血清TP、ALB、AST含量显著高于D、E组(P<0.05),D组UA极显著高于F组(P<0.01);A组TG含量显著高于B、C组(P<0.05);28日龄时低蛋白组ALP显著高于高蛋白组。14与28日龄各组胸腺器官指数无显著差异(P>0.05);结构变化不明显(P>0.05)。结论:低蛋白日粮平衡氨基酸可以提高育雏期皖西白鹅的蛋白质利用率,降低尿酸沉积,且对胸腺发育没有负面影响。

Effects of dietary threonine:lysine ratioes and sanitary conditions on performance, plasma urea nitrogen, plasma-free threonine and lysine of weaned pigs

Two 21 d-experiments were conducted to determine the optimum standardized ileal digestible(SID)threonine:lysine ratio(Thr:Lys) for weaned piglets reared under clean(Exp. 1) or unclean(Exp. 2) sanitary conditions and fed antibiotic-free diets. In each experiment, 90 mixed-sex pigs(Duroc × [Yorkshire × Landrace]; initial BW 7.2 ± 0.3 kg) were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments each with 6 replicates(3 pigs per pen). The dietary treatments were 5 graded levels of SID Thr:Lys(55,59, 63, 67 and 71%). Diets were corn-wheat-soybean meal-based with a constant SID Lys of 1.18% that was set to be second limiting amino acid. In Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, plasma-free Thr increased(P = 0.05) with increasing dietary SID Thr:Lys. In Exp. 1, the SID Thr:Lys for gain-to-feed ratio(G:F) was optimized at 65%.In Exp. 2, the estimated optimal SID Thr:Lys for overall G:F was 66.5%. In conclusion, an average optimal SID Thr:Lys of 65 and 66.5% could be used to optimize feed efficiency for weaned pigs under clean and unclean sanitary conditions, respectively.

Histone 3 lysine 36 to methionine mutations stably interact with and sequester SDG8 in Arabidopsis thaliana

Post-transcriptional modifications of histones play important roles in various biological processes. Here, we report that Arabidopsis plants overexpressing histone H3 lysine to methionine mutations at histone H3.1K36(H3.1K36M) and H3.3K36(H3.3K36M) have serious developmental defects with early-flowering and change in the modifications of endogenous histone H3, including acetylation at lysine 9(H3K9ac), trimethylation at lysine 27(H3K27me3), di-and tri-methylation at lysine 36(H3K36me2 and H3K36me3). In addition, H3K36M mutation alters its subcellular localization and interacts with H3K36 methyltransferase SDG8. Our results support a model in which H3K36M stably interacts with SDG8, and inhibits the activity of SDG8 by sequestering SDG8, resulting in a dominant negative effect to affect the proper expression levels of a variety of genes and plant development.

Optimal sulfur amino acid to lysine ratio for post weaning piglets reared under clean or unclean sanitary conditions

Two 14-day experiments,each with 90(Duroc×[Yorkshire×Landrace]; 7.3 ± 0.6 kg) piglets,were conducted to determine the optimum sulfur amino acid(SAA) to lysine(Lys) ratio(SAA:Lys) for piglets when reared under clean or unclean sanitary conditions using performance and non-performance response criteria. Piglets were randomly assigned to the following dietary treatments. The basal diet contained 1.18% standardized ileal digestible(SID) Lys, and the SAA:Lys was 52%. In diets 2 to 5, the basal diet was supplemented with 4 graded levels of DL-Met to make SAA:Lys of 56%, 60%, 64% and 68%. In Exp.1, piglets were housed in disinfected clean room. In Exp. 2, piglets were housed in a room previously occupied by other pigs and was not disinfected. On the last day, blood was collected to measure plasma urea nitrogen(PUN) and one pig per pen was euthanized to collect jejunal tissue to measure villus height(VH), crypt depth(CD), and VH:CD. In Exp. 1, increasing SAA:Lys linearly and quadratically increased VH and VH:CD(P < 0.05). In Exp. 2, increasing SAA:Lys linearly increased(P < 0.05) VH and VH:CD and linearly and quadratically decreased PUN(P < 0.05). Estimated PUN and VH-based optimum SAA:Lys requirements for clean and unclean sanitary condition were 60%, 63% and 66%, respectively.

过瘤胃氨基酸对反刍动物生产性能及氮排放的影响

[目的]研究过瘤胃赖氨酸(RPLys)、过瘤胃蛋氨酸(RPMet)对反刍动物生产性能及氮排放的影响。[方法]以荷斯坦牛为例,选用40头体重600 kg左右且泌乳期60 d左右的健康荷斯坦牛进行试验,随机分为4组,每组10头,分别为L组(日粮中补充30 g/头·d RPLys)、M组(日粮中补充30 g/头·d RPMet)、LM组(日粮中补充RPLys、RPMet各30 g/头·d)和CK组(不添加RPLys、RPMet),分别测定日均干物质采食量、日均产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、乳体细胞数、粪氮、尿氮、氮总排放量。[结果]与CK组相比,L组、M组、LM组日均干物质采食量、乳糖率无显著变化(P>0.05),日均产奶量、乳蛋白率显著增加(P<0.05),乳体细胞数、粪氮、尿氮、氮总排放量均显著降低(P<0.05);L组乳脂率无显著变化(P>0.05),M组、LM组乳脂率显著增加(P<0.05)。[结论]RPLys和RPMet可改善奶牛生产性能,调节乳房健康水平,降低氮排放,减少环境污染,助力畜牧业绿色高效发展。

中华绒螯蟹对赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和精氨酸的需要量

试验以酪蛋白、白鱼粉、豆粕和晶体氨基酸为蛋白源,配制了15组试验饲料,分别测定了中华绒螯蟹幼蟹对赖氨酸(Lys)、蛋氨酸(Met)和精氨酸(Arg)的需要量。养殖试验在室内玻璃纤维水族缸中进行,试验水温为(28±3.0)℃,pH为7.4左右,试验周期为56d。试验组1～试验组5为Lys试验,试验组6～试验组10为Met试验,试验组11～试验组15为Arg试验,试验用蟹平均初重分别为:Lys试验(2.050±0.027)g,Met试验(2.027±0.033)g,Arg试验(2.05±0.032)g。每个试验设5个氨基酸梯度,其中Lys梯度为:1.58%、1.98%、2.38%、2.78%和3.18%;Met梯度为:0.50%、0.75%、1.00%、1.25%和1.50%;Arg梯度为:1.39、2.09、2.79、3.49和4.19%。每个梯度设3重复。试验结果表明,Lys试验中,试验组3(含2.38%Lys)获得最大的增重率和特定生长率,但与试验组2(1.98%Lys)和试验组4(2.78%Lys)之间没有显著性差异;且试验组3的全蟹水分含量显著较低,而蛋白质含量显著较高(P<0.05)。Met试验中,试验组8(含1.00%Met)的增重率和特定生长率显著较高(P<0.05),而其它试验组的增重率和特定生长率差异不显著(P>0.05);试验组10全蟹水分含量显著较高,而粗蛋白含量显著较低(P<0.05)。Arg试验中,试验组14(日粮含3.49%Arg)的增重率和特定生长率显著高于其它试验组(P<0.05);而各试验组间全蟹营养组成均没有显著性差异。根据试验的生长反应和二次曲线回归分析,确定了中华绒螯蟹幼蟹饲料中最适赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和精氨酸的需要量分别为2.34%,1.12%和3.62%。