Flexner's legacy and the future of medical education:Embracing challenge and opportunity

This editorial comments on the article by Alzerwi.We focus on the development course,present challenges,and future perspectives of medical education.Modern medical education is gradually undergoing significant and profound changes worldwide.The emergence of new ideas,methodologies,and techniques has created opportunities for medical education developments and brought new concerns and challenges,ultimately promoting virtuous progress in medical education reform.The sustainable development of medical education needs joint efforts and support from governments,medical colleges,hospitals,researchers,administrators,and educators.

Effects of China's Administrative Approval Reforms on Transaction Cost and Economic Growth

China＇s economic growth miracle despite complicated administrative approval formalities prompted us to raise the following question： ls it true that reforming administrative approval will promote economic growth？ Based on our analysis on market entry, we discovered that reforming administrative approval will spur economic growth by reducing transaction cost for firms. Administrative approval may suppress social cost and propel China＇s economic growth; China＇s gradualist approval reforms may indeed propel economic growth by reducing transaction cost for firms. With the data of prefecture-level cities during 2000-2013 and data of companies listed on the SME board during 2010-2014, we tested the effects of approval reforms on economic growth and on transaction cost, and employed instrumental variable and PSM for the treatment of the endogeneity problem - all these tests led to robust and consistent results. Moreover, we discovered that difference in government policy implementation in the approval process is the root cause of corruption and rent seeking.

Administrative reforms and the impacts on rural-urban relations in China

New and distinctive regions of economic interaction and growth, known as Extended Metropolitan Regions (EMRs), are emerging in China. This paper will examine the role of the various levels of the Chinese governments and their administrative reforms in the development of one of the urbanising regions in China: the Shenyang Dalian EMR, Liaoning Province. It is primarily concerned with to what extent EMR's spatial growth pattern is influenced by governmental policies and how the changes in administrative boundaries have impacted rural urban relations.

A Study on the Reform of China's Agricultural Administration System

After various reforms,China's agricultural administration system has been changing functions and improving structure,and it has basically met the requirements of agricultural and rural economic development,but in some areas,it can not be adapted to modern agricultural development. Based on the analysis of the necessity of improving agricultural administration system and the problems in current agricultural administration system,this paper comes up with the viable path choice of China's agricultural administration system reform.

China's Reform on Administrative System

Five Features of China’s Reform on Administrative System China started with the great historic process of Reform and Open-up more than 30 years ago.Since them,reform on China’s administrative system has been under way.To sum up the course of 30 odd years,the features of China’s reform on administrative system are as follows.First,as China’s reform made its first breakthrough in rural areas,

Public Accounting and IPSAS in Portugal： The Accounting Standardization System for Public Administrations

The Accounting Standardization System for Public Administrations （SNC-AP） was approved by Decree-Law No. 192/2015, of September 11 and constituted the new accounting system for public administrations in Portugal, which will take effect from January 1, 2017, although there were pilot entities that are already applying it in the year 2016. The reasons for the approval of these accounting regulations are presented in the approval diploma itself, the existence of a strong fragmentation and outdated accounting standardization for the public sector. This paper intends to analyze the public accounting reform in Portugal based on the SNC-AP and the impacts that it will determine in public institutions in terms of accounting in relation to the previous POC-P regime and sectoral plans as well as the resources involved in the Implementation. Likewise, it is intended to assess whether all public bodies subject to its adoption will proceed to its implementation on January 1, 2017, as planned. For this purpose, the data available on this subject will be used, in particular those of the Directorate-General for the Budget of the Ministry of Finance.

Japanese Social Mentality and the Change in the Approval Rates of the Abe Administration

From June to July of 2017, the approval rates of the Abe administration fell sharply, in stark contrast to the long-term stability since 2012. The stability of Abe＇ s approval rates originated from the people＇ s negative support for him and their opposition to the Security Laws and other important events as well as the scandals under his administration. The opposition and negative support originated from the people＇s ＂acquired helplessness＂, ＂Abenomics＂, the sharp drop in the opporttmity costs of voting and other conditions. The sudden fall of Abe＇ s approval rates was not due to the change in the aforementioned conditions, rather because of the collapse of his image including personality owing to Abe＇ s perceived arrogance and his estrangement with the people. In the context of the temporary stabilization of approval rates, Abe dissolved the House of Representatives ahead of schedule and held a general election, taking full advantage of the internal strife between the opposition parties, to achieve his goal of ruling until the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. His victory in the recent election does not accurately demonstrate that Abe is completely immune to negative impact, thus he will to use the Korean Peninsula crisis and other issues to demonstrate his ability of safeguarding Japan＇s security, seek reconstruction of his image, and further enhance his approval rate to stabilize his administration.

The Study of Legal Property of Household Registration System in Our Country

From ＂the case that three girls have some fate but have different value＂ to ＂the case that Hai Cheng took a police substation to court with three times＂, currently the household registration system of our country not only plays the role of account registration and account management, but also undertakes the limitation of migration movement, and for the additional functions of the lowest life guarantee, social insurance, compulsory education, employment and other social security benefits, it also makes a difference between local registered permanent residence habitant and nonlocal registered permanent residence habitant. Just because of these additional functions, the household registration system has become complicated, which originally has clear nature. Therefore, only it is necessary to define the legal nature of our country＇s current household registration system, can executive power be supervised and the rights of citizens get relief.

Registration system reform and initial public offering ownership preference:Evidence from China

Whether registration system reform(RSR)can curb administrative intervention and create a fair market environment has long been a concern in China.We explore this issue from the perspective of the initial public offering(IPO)preference based on the entropy balancing method,and findings are as follows.First,an IPO ownership preference exists under approval system.That is,state-owned enterprises(SOEs)are more likely than private enterprises to obtain IPO approval.However,RSR significantly changes this preference,especially for non-politically connected private enterprises.Second,the post-IPO market performance of SOEs is inferior to that of private enterprises under approval system,thus excluding the view that approval is prioritized for SOEs because of superior performance.Third,compared with SOEs,private enterprises are more likely to switch the issuance system from approval system to registration system;this change makes it easier for them to obtain IPO approval,indicating that private enterprise owners perceive the registration channel to be fairer.Fourth,the effect of RSR on IPO ownership preference mainly occurs in companies in three major urban agglomerations in China—the Pearl River Delta,the Yangtze River Delta,and the Beijing–Tian jin–Hebei region—and in technology-intensive industries.Collectively,our findings reveal that RSR cultivates a fairer IPO approval process.

Tasks and Priorities for Comprehensively Deepening Reform of China’s State Sector of Economy

The Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee ushered in a new chapter of China＇s comprehensive deepening of reform. The basic objective of comprehensively deepening reform of the state sector of economy in the new chapter is to fully integrate this sector with a sophisticated market economic system with the market playing the decisive role in resource allocation. In order to achieve this objective, China is confronted with the four major priorities of adjusting the functions and layout of the state sector of economy according to national mandates, expediting the mixed ownership reform, creating a classified and multi- tiered new system for the administration of the sector, and developing a modern corporate system for SOEs to ensure an efficient micro-level governance mechanism for the sector. （1） The functions of the different types of SOEs should be accurately defined and SOEs should be divided into the three types of public policy SOEs, functional SOEs, and commercial SOEs. This classification forms the premises for reforming the state sector of economy. Based on the functions of the three types of SOEs, the directions and emphases for strategic adjustment should differ as well. （2） The mixed ownership reform should adhere to the methodological principles of combining top-down and bottom-up approaches, implementing pilot programs, and promoting coordinated progress. Practical implementation should ensure fair and standard reform procedures, reform programs consistent with laws and regulations, open and fair equity transfers, as well as fair and transparent internal distributions. The mixed ownership reform of SOEs should introduce the employee stock ownership system and adhere to the principles of compatible incentives, shared growth, and long-term development. Monopolistic sectors should be transformed into competitive market structures to create conditions for the implementation of mixed ownership for SOEs. （3） The new system for the administration of the state sector of economy should comprise three hierarchies： the Commission for the Administration of State Economy at the top level, state capital operation companies or state capital investment companies at the intermediate level and general for-profit enterprises at the bottom level, which administer public policy, functional SOEs, and commercial SOEs respectively. （4） Under the new system for the administration of the state sector of economy characterized by the three hierarchies and categories, the key for perfecting the modern corporate system of SOEs is to establish a differentiated, classified governance mechanism, i.e., different corporate governance mechanisms should be created for SOEs of different functions and roles.

Gene therapy research in China

Since 1980, many Chinese scientists haveinvestigated the somatic cell therapy and started thebasic research on gene therapy. From 1990’ s, someimportant advances in gene therapy research havebeen achieved in China. For example, the clinicaltrial of hemophilia B was approved in China andpublished in Human Gene Therapy. Many originalpapers have been published in the internationaljournals. Many gene therapy research projects havebeen funded by the National N atural ScienceFoundation and National High BiotechnologyFoundation. The National High BiotechnologyFoundation has supportcd 10 gene therapy

The Logic Analysis of the External Institutional Financial Organizations of China

Starting from the initial conditions of China＇s financial reform, this article analyzes the reasons of the External Institutional Financial Organizations （the EIFOs） stepping into a tight comer. The financial marginal reform carded out by the authority has no endogenous solution under the initial conditions such as the dominance of state-owned finance, the lack of market basement for interest forming, of real finance price, administrative approval system, and of market basement for financial supervision.

China's Next Step:to Reform Monopoly Industries

Based on the study of enterprise managerial corruption in Chinese SOEs, this paper points out the new characteristics of managerial corruption in Chinese SOEs:administrative monopoly has become increasingly common, while corruption for personal gains by SOE leaders hits become less and less frequent.This means the reform of SOEs has entered a new stage in which the core problem is how to deal with administrative monopoly.

Taxpayers Fraudulent Behavior Modeling The Use of Datamining in Fiscal Fraud Detecting Moroccan Case

The fraudulent behavior of taxpayers impacts negatively the resources available to finance public services. It creates distortions of competition and inequality, harming honest taxpayers. Such behavior requires the government intervention to bring order and establish a fiscal justice. This study emphasizes the determination of the interactions linking taxpayers with tax authorities. We try to see how fiscal audit can influence taxpayers’ fraudulent behavior. First of all, we present a theoretical study of a model pre established by other authors. We have released some conditions of this model and we have introduced a new parameter reflecting the efficiency of tax control;we found that the efficiency of a fiscal control have an important effect on these interactions. Basing on the fact that the detection of fraudulent taxpayers is the most difficult step in fiscal control, We established a new approach using DATA MINING process in order to improve fiscal control efficiency. We found results that reflect fairly the conduct of taxpayers that we have tested based on actual statistics. The results are reliable.

The Emergence of Illiberal Democracy in the European Union:The Hungarian Case

In 2010,the Hungarian government established so-called“illiberal democracy.”Western courtiers have looked on with bewilderment over the past eight years at this political trajectory of Hungary.Some post-Communist countries that were committed to common European values,have already been implementing this illiberal democracy model.The perceived interests of the“nation”are taking centre stage and governments are subject to far fewer checks and balances.They are turning instead towards an alternative social,political,and economic model,in which the cultivation of traditional values and distinct national identities are of paramount ideological importance.This new model is frequently characterised by widespread,systematic state corruption,and an increasingly authoritarian political culture.The paper tries to shed light on the reasons of development of illiberal democracy in the European Union by examining the case in Hungary.Furthermore,the paper defines the price of partially giving up certain principles of liberal democracy,such as checks and balances,political pluralism,economic equality of market constituents,or the rule of law,in return of hoped greater economic and state efficiency.

Approaches to Legalize Higher Education Administration System in China

The higher education administration system in China has been a central theme in the reform and development of our country's higher education. In the past two decades,deviation from reform goals, absence of reform participants, vagueness of reform approaches and other problems have occurred despite the significant effects gained through constant innovations in the reform under the guidance of government policies. For the purpose of better reforming the higher education administration system, the concept of ruling by law, or that of managing the university by law, should be applied. The key is to rationalize the relationship between government and higher institutions as well as to fully exercise the autonomous management of universities and colleges in order to achieve an overall reform of higher education administration system that is conducted from within and without.

Judicial Administration Reform Promotes Human Rights——An interview with Zhang Sujun,Vice-Minister of Justice

Following is a transcript of an interview given to Human Rights by Zhang Sujun, China＇s Vice-Minister of Justice, on how the on-going judicial administration reform promotes the protection of human rights in the country.

政策试验的议题情景与多重功能——基于相对集中行政许可权改革的考察

政策试验是中国改革的常用话语叙事,各级领导人对政策创新的试验路径均给予肯定。政策试验通过局部地区的试点开展,构建议题学习网络,增进多主体互动,利用各方知识开展认知学习,从而推进政策创新与治理变革。从不确定性的视角,提出政策试验的“议题情景—功能定位”分析模型,区分政策试验的四种类型,即生成型试验、测试型试验、倡导型试验、拓展型试验,并分析不同试验类型的功能定位。生成型试验适用于深度不确定性的决策议题,政策干预的选项及价值具有不确定性,决策系统提出概念性质的愿景目标,传递出新信号,鼓励地方政府开展创新探索,将愿景目标转化为操作方案;测试型试验适用于政策干预的内部效度具有不确定性、决策系统已经确定的政策选项,通过局部试点进行评估学习;倡导型试验针对外部效度的不确定性,通过在更大范围内开展试验,从差异性中总结经验教训,进一步校准政策工具;拓展型试验针对内部和外部效度已经得到检验的政策工具,决策系统通过议题再建构,将新理念、新工具拓展到更广泛的应用场景。考察相对集中行政许可权的改革历程发现,相对集中行政许可权改革经历了地方创新、多方参与、扩大试点、议题再定位的演化历程,发挥了方案生成、效果检验、经验推广、治理变革等多重功能,这些功能互相衔接,共同构成了政策试验的功能图谱。在改革过程中,多方主体之间具有持续的互动学习,经由概念学习将模糊目标转化为创新方案,经由评估学习、示范学习、迭代学习,将地方探索的成功经验纳入国家政策。研究表明,政策议题的不确定性对试验模式的选择具有直接影响,政策试验的组织模式及功能定位在不同阶段具有差异性。

综合行政执法改革过程中的多维结构变迁与能动者策略

推动执法权属地化与综合化是夯实基层政权建设的重要一环,但在政策实践中,并不必然带来治理效能的提升。事权下放后,基层治理结构的实质性变革如何形塑执法主体的行为策略,以提升事权承接的有效性,是亟待回答的重要议题。文章从“结构—过程—功能”的视角出发,对一个街道综合行政执法体制改革进行系统考察,构建理解多维结构变迁中能动者策略生成的分析框架。研究发现,在改革过程中,综合执法部门所嵌入的横向结构在权力、责任和资源维度发生系统性变迁。执法主体在基层治理结构所设定的规则约束与行动空间中,基于复杂性和概率性两个维度,划分四种类型的执法任务,并能动地创设动员式、裁剪式、扩容式等执法策略,衔接再配置的结构性要素与复杂外部事务治理环节,从而有效回应“块块”运作规则和事权下放的内在要求。

2023年度数理科学部基金项目评审工作综述

本文总结了2023年国家自然科学基金委员会数理科学部的项目申请、同行评议和资助情况,并总结了科学基金的改革进展。