Reform Paths of Rural Land Property Rights System in the Context of Agricultural Modernization

The reform of rural land property rights system can promote large-scale and intensive agricultural production,improve the quality of laborers,improve agricultural production efficiency,increase farmers'income,and effectively promote the development of agricultural modernization.In the context of the reform of the"separation of three powers",the rural land property rights system still has problems in terms of ownership,use rights,disposal rights,and income rights,which affect the healthy development of agricultural modernization.In this situation,it is necessary to further clarify the subject of rural land ownership,thoroughly improve the right to use rural land,vigorously improve the right to dispose of rural land,effectively protect the right to benefit from rural land,and deeply promote the reform of the rural land property rights system in order to effectively promote the development of agricultural modernization.

Impacts of Changes in Structure of Rural Land Property Rights on Agricultural Performance

In the reform process of the rural land property rights system,the incentive mechanism of the rural land property rights system has a crucial impact on the production activities of rural economic entities.Due to the different rights structures of the property rights system in different social and economic development stages,the land rights and interests enjoyed by rural economic subjects are different,and the degree of incentives for farmers is also different.This difference in incentives affects farmers investment in agricultural production factors,which in turn affects agricultural performance.This paper analyzes the incentive impacts of the structure of rural land property rights on the changes of farmers land rights and agricultural performance since the founding of the People s Republic of China,in order to further deepen the reform of the land system,protect the rights and interests of farmers,promote the modernization of agriculture and rural areas,and explore the realization form and operation mechanism of the rural collective land system in the new era.

Practice Mode and Value Research of Reform of Rural Collective Economy Property Right System in Beijing Rural-urban Continuum

In the research, reform of rural collective economy property right system in Beijing rural-urban continuum was explored in terms of background, cause, pro- cess and practice modes by surveying and interviewing, and the value of system reform on urbanization in rural areas was illustrated from the perspective of farmers who lose lands. The results showed that since reform and opening-up, disadvan- tages of collective economy property are always the fundamental cause of reform; rural-urban contradiction produced from rapid urbanization makes the reform much more urgent; shareholding co-operative system is the essence of reform of collective economy property right system. Rural collective economy property right system in Beijing includes stock-assets quantification shareholding co-operative system, share- capitalization of contractual land management right, farmers as shareholders by investment, and resource and capital mode, with advantages and disadvantages respectively. The common character should be noticed is that all modes have share on contractual right of land, indicating the core of the reform of property system lies in asset quantification and stock quota. In improving urban-rural integration and modern market system, as well as endowing more rights to farmers, reform of rural collective economy property right system is of great significance, which provides a transition space and buffer mechanism for urbanization in rural areas.

Survey on the Peasants' Will of Forest Land Transfer in the Reform of Collective Forest Right System——On the Case of 180 Peasant Households in Lishui City of Zhejiang Province

Taking sample survey in the eighteen villages of Yunhe, Longquan and Qingyuan County of Lishui City of Zhejiang Province, the results show that the forest land transfer of sample peasants is mainly transfer-out, the private treaty of forest land transfer is the main pattern of most peasant households, forest right trading market hasn't got wide approval in peasants, peasants' dependence on land is reducing, and so on. Through analysis, the reasons of influent transfer of forest land include peasant's subjective will, less type of transfer objects, dull information communication, big difference of expected price and imperfect development of intermediary organization. In order to promote a healthy development of forest land transfer, the paper puts forward proposals of strengthening policy publicity, improving system, identifying property right, pushing variety of transfer types, developing forest land market, cultivating subject of market and so on.

On the Restricting Factors & System Arrangements of Chinese Land Tenure Marketization

As a general rule of Economics of Development,economic growth and development require rational institution guarantee.Land Tenure.As a main institution factor in agricultural development,closely relates to the reform of Chinese agriculture.Based on the relevant theories of Economics of Institution and Economics of Development,and combined with the marketization process of Chinese Land Tenure of Property Rights,the article studied the effects of institutional factors and put forward some choices in the development of agriculture,which is of both significant and practical importance.

Methods and Paths for Rural Collectively Owned Profit-oriented Construction Land Entering into Trading Market

On the basis of analyzing cases of existing rural collectively owned profit-oriented construction land entering into trading market,this paper put forward several thoughts,introduced methods and paths for rural collectively owned profit-oriented construction land entering into trading market,including reforming rural collective land property right system,cultivating new rural collective economy organizations,helping them to become market entities; improving various legal systems,making clear range of construction land entering into trading market; formulating scientific benefit allocation mechanism; establishing fair and transparent decision making mechanism.

Path Choice of Rural Land Transfer in China

Establishing rural land collective property right system with clear ownership,complete powers and functions,smooth transfer,and strict protection is the basic guarantee to the equal exchange of land elements. In this study,the reform of relevant legal systems to China's rural land transfer was introduced firstly,and then the guiding ideology of China's rural land transfer was proposed. Finally,the ways of practicing rural land transfer in China were discussed. Based on the premise of insisting on and improving the strictest land preservation system,farmers should have the right to occupy,use,and transfer their contracted land,and they can transfer their land contracting and management right in ways of exchange,subcontracting,renting,stock cooperation,and trust. Exploring the ways of equal exchange of land elements according to local conditions is an important political and economic issue concerning the livelihood and development of farmers in China,so it should be conducted under the guidance of the correct ideas to integrate scattered land in China's rural areas,develop moderate-scale management,shorten the income gap between urban and rural areas,and realize balancing development of urban and rural areas in China.

地方改革试点的实践样态与行动逻辑--基于“激励-问责”协同性框架的多案例分析

改革试点是一种重要的治国理政机制。中国的改革试点不仅是一种纵向的分级制政策实验,在横向上地方改革试点还表现出明显的地方性差异。改革试点对应的是宽泛的政策指导与政策的灵活性,政策执行的条件将直接影响地方改革效能。在地方改革试点中,激励结构与问责力度是影响政策执行的两个关键要素。基于全国农村产权制度改革的多案例研究结果表明,地方政府的激励结构、问责强度和资源禀赋构成了地方改革试点的使动条件,地方主政者的行动态度、行动空间和行动能力构成了地方改革试点的能动条件,两者协同促使地方政府采取争先创新、稳妥有序、应付避责与象征执行的行动策略。因此,在地方改革试点中,要营造更具包容性的政策环境,建立相对均衡的制度结构,激发地方改革创新的积极性和能动性,以提升地方治理效能。

农村集体产权制度改革综合评价及障碍因子分析

基于改革政策目标,从产权能力完善、集体经济发展和农民权益保障三个方面,运用熵权TOPSIS法和障碍度模型,对中国30个省(区、市)2014—2021年的农村集体产权制度改革进行综合评价和障碍因子分析。研究发现:中国农村集体产权制度改革水平总体呈平稳上升趋势,区域间呈现“东高西低”的特征,各地区改革水平的差距呈逐步缩小态势;各省(区、市)农村集体产权制度改革的主要障碍因子是农业机械化水平、家庭农场发展水平、农村市场化程度、集体经营收入水平、集体经济组织管理能力和农村居民财产性收入占比,基本属于集体经济发展维度,表明农村集体经济发展水平与改革规划目标仍有差距,还需进一步提升集体产权改革的经济效能。

制度变迁背景下集体建设用地改造与政府角色回归:以佛山市南海区为例

集体建设用地再开发是盘活存量,促进城市高质量发展的主要途径,伴随着集体土地产权制度路径依赖式的变迁:自上而下的土地确权正式化集体建设用地的存在,赋予村集体权利,但在土地初次开发中自下而上形成的制度制约着改造。文章探讨制度变迁下,地方政府如何与村集体互动,化解上述制度制约,促进集体建设用地市场化改造的。研究发现,集体建设用地正式化开启了改造市场,但仍受空间破碎、集体土地经营内卷化、开发权模糊的约束。地方政府发挥了企业化的非正式角色,与村集体形成合作与竞争并存的协商型合作关系。合作在于政府从供、需两侧化解前述制约,充当村集体与市场主体间的“交易中介”,降低交易成本,助力改造。竞争表现为村集体为攫取地租把持政府,损害社会公平。地方政府的“非正式”角色应予以制度化,以规避其在维护社会公益上的失灵。

论农村土地制度改革的整体性

农村土地制度改革的整体性体现为两方面,即实现地权平等和地权体系具有适应实践发展需要的有效性、开放性与包容性。家庭承包地“三权分置”政策的法律化和承包期延长,土地征收规则的更新、集体经营性建设用地入市和建设用地指标化交易,以及农村宅基地“三权分置”政策的实施,是农村土地制度改革整体性推进的主要体现。土地利用规划及其实施,以及政府在地权交易中的法律地位,是分析地权交易规则科学性的两个基本因素。为进一步整体性地推进农村土地制度改革,实现其既定政策目标,需要建立科学的农村集体产权制度,深化土地收益分配机制,以市场需求为导向完善土地利用规划机制和土地指标交易机制。

建党以来农地所有制结构的产权实现逻辑、经验与启示

通过探秘并遵循农地占有的内在逻辑思路,围绕农地公有制及其产权市场化政策演变主线,结合不同时期社会主要矛盾变化和党的经济社会发展战略,系统梳理了建党以来农地所有制结构的产权实现历程,归纳了百余年我国农地产权制度变革模式、历史经验和重要启示。研究结论表明,新时代我国农地产权制度创新必须坚持社会主义农地国有化方向、优化农地公有产权结构、扩充财产性农民土地权利和提高民事化市场化农地占有权能等。

农地产权制度改革与农地流转响应:预期偏离与逻辑阐释

农地所有权归属集体以来,产权拆分及农民产权份额的扩大和强化是产权制度改革的主要思路。然而,理论上有效的农地产权制度改革,却在农地流转的推动成效方面呈现时段上的异质性。随着时间的演进,改革对农地流转的正面作用渐衰,甚至表现出对农地流转的抑制。为解释理论与现实的偏差,聚焦改革路径的形成逻辑,重点阐述了改革历程及改革对农地配置的影响成效,提炼出改革成效不足的系统性成因。研究认为,产权理论的引入为确定改革方向提供了理论依据,过去的改革经验为决策层延续产权赋予式改革提升了信心,规模经营路线的确立加强了坚持并推进改革的必要性和紧迫性。改革开放以后,农地产权制度朝着扩大集体成员权能的方向不断推进,却在现阶段表现出抑制农地流转并冲击农地承包权稳定性的负面影响。对此,构建了涵盖政策有效性、农地多功能性以及中央决策层认知调整在内的解释框架。认为在追求现代农业发展的目标导向下,扩大集体成员的土地权能并不可取,增强农村基本经营制度中“统”的作用并以社会保障弥补农户对农地的非生产性寄托是关键。

土地发展权视角下全域土地综合整治工具探索——以佛山市南海区“三券”为例

全域土地综合整治是稳妥推进农村土地制度改革的关键抓手。在全域土地综合整治中,不同的整治模式会造成土地发展权的非均衡配置,使得被赋予土地发展权的项目容易实施、被削减或终止土地发展权的项目难以实施。本文从土地发展权视角出发,探究了南海区“三券”政策的三个典型案例,分析了“三券”政策的实施机制,指出“三券”政策实质上是通过土地发展权的补偿和转移来保护村集体利益、助力实施全域土地综合整治的有效工具和重要路径。建立和完善土地发展权转移和补偿机制,有利于推进实施全域土地综合整治、解决因土地性质变化而产生的土地收益“暴损”问题,有利于以全域土地综合整治为牵引深化农村土地制度改革,促进乡村振兴和城乡融合发展。

农村集体产权制度改革如何影响农民幸福感?——基于中国乡村振兴调查数据的实证分析

运用中国乡村振兴调查(CRRS)数据库2019年数据,实证检验了农村集体产权制度改革对农村居民幸福感的影响及作用机制,并利用Oaxaca-Blinder分解法探究了未完成改革和完成改革两类村民之间幸福感差异的影响因素及各因素的影响程度。结果显示农村集体产权制度改革显著提高了农村居民幸福感。机制分析表明,农村集体产权制度改革通过壮大村庄集体经济发展水平、减少家庭成员外出就业来增进农村居民幸福感。进一步的异质性分析显示,改革对中低收入和曾经建档立卡贫困户幸福感的促进作用更明显。而结合Oaxaca-Blinder分解结果与农村集体产权制度改革过程中的政策可干预性,增强农民对村干部的信任程度与提升农村治安类公共品供给,是降低改革与未改革两类村民幸福感差异的重要原因。

农村产权制度改革培育“积极成员”的路径探索

农村集体产权制度改革是实现乡村振兴目标的重要手段。在这一过程中,培育“积极成员”至关重要,直接关系乡村振兴和深化集体产权制度改革这两大目标的实现。从改革实践看,集体产权的权能拓展极大地促进了成员财产性权利的拓展。但改革过程中由于政府主导、象征型参与等原因,导致了集体成员的消极参与,严重影响乡村振兴战略的实现。为解决上述问题,应贯彻辅助性原则以实现各层级的良性循环。即:遵循下层的优位主导,而非自上而下的强制性干涉;通过横向的分域治理为不同主体的意思自治留足空间,以实现不同主体间的互推与互促;需构建统合的责任承担机制,以促进成员积极性的提升;立法上进一步建立和完善成员知情权的保障机制,使成员个体掌握更多的信息以提升自身的可行能力与自主选择力。

农村集体产权制度改革对新型农业经营主体创立的影响

利用2010—2019年中国1898个县域面板数据,基于农村集体经营性资产产权制度改革试点政策,采用多时点双重差分法分析农村集体产权制度改革对新型农业经营主体创立的影响。研究发现:农村集体产权制度改革显著促进了新型农业经营主体的创立,改革试点县新注册农业企业的数量平均增加了4.1%;机制检验表明,基于要素流动视角,推动资本下乡、吸引劳动力回流和促进农业机械化作为关键途径,在农村集体产权制度改革促进新型农业经营主体创立过程中发挥了重要作用;上述效应因农业生产条件、人口结构特征以及非正式制度环境的不同而存在明显差异,在粮食主产区、老龄化程度和文盲率较高以及宗族和儒家文化盛行的地区,农村集体产权制度改革更能有效促进新型农业经营主体的创立和发展。上述结论的政策启示为:政府应继续深化农村集体产权制度改革,促进农业生产效率和农村经济的整体提升;考虑到农村集体产权制度改革的异质性影响,政策制定者应采取差异化策略,根据地方实际情况制定更有针对性的政策。

农村集体经济发展的制度演进、现实阻滞与路径选择

发展农村集体经济是加快推进农村农民共同富裕的重要抓手。农村集体经济发展有其深厚的制度、组织和产权基础,基于历史、现实和未来角度,分析研究我国农村集体经济发展的制度演进、现实阻滞与路径选择。研究发现:农村集体经济发展存在土地、组织以及产权等多重制度演进逻辑;小农经济和集体经济组织有待创新、土地制度亟待进一步改革、不同历史时期生产力与生产关系矛盾适应延迟等是当前我国农村集体经济发展的现实阻滞;面向未来,我国农村集体经济发展需从尊重历史制度和现实难点出发,进一步推动农村集体产权改革、推进农地制度重点领域改革创新和注重农村集体经济体制机制创新等。

乡村地域工业用地空间重构研究——以苏南地区为例

国土空间重构能够有效提升自然资源节约集约利用水平,推动经济社会高质量发展。文章在分析苏南地区乡村工业用地的演变特征和乡村工业用地空间重构的必要性与紧迫性基础上,明晰苏南乡村工业用地空间重构存在的困境,理顺其空间重构基本框架与产权融合机制,诠释了产权融合视阈下乡村工业用地空间重构的实施路径。总体看,苏南地区乡村工业发展已进入转型优化期,但产业规模小而散、土地权属杂而混乱、土地产出低而有限。政府投入收益倒挂、土地权属协调困难和破碎土地整合路径不畅等问题仍然存在,严重阻碍了乡村存量工业用地空间重构与价值提升。未来应当引入产权融合治理机制,理顺不同产权结构和主体之间利益博弈,通过归宗整合、用地置换和连片自改等路径实现空间重构,以提升乡村工业空间价值。

“三权分置”视野下农民宅基地使用权问题探讨

在“三权分置”的政策背景下,文章阐述了对农村宅基地使用权本质属性的基本理解。在此基础上,对城镇子女继承农民宅基地上的房屋不动产的操作程序提出优化建议和成效预期,对农村宅基地不动产房屋所有权继承问题的相关研究具有参考价值。