Chinese social and economic history is both influenced by and,to a certain extent,married with Chinese political regimes.Various political dynasties from the past have each exercised significant control of Chinese soc...Chinese social and economic history is both influenced by and,to a certain extent,married with Chinese political regimes.Various political dynasties from the past have each exercised significant control of Chinese social and economic environments,and continue to exert influence even to the present day.Three of these influential periods include the Kang Qian Flourishing Age(1723-1796),the Qing Dynasty Decline(1800s-1912),and the People’s Republic of China Communist Control(1949-present).A review and in-depth examination of each regime helps to both understand where China is today and also how it is likely to evolve in the future.展开更多
1.This study is one of The Applied Economic Institutes Linkages Project(AERIL)which is funded by theCanadian International Development Agency(CIDA)and jiontly managed by The Conference Board of Canada(CBOC)and the Int...1.This study is one of The Applied Economic Institutes Linkages Project(AERIL)which is funded by theCanadian International Development Agency(CIDA)and jiontly managed by The Conference Board of Canada(CBOC)and the International Trade Research Institute in China.It is jointly implemented by the Institute ofEconomic Research of the Chinese State Planning Commission and the North—South Institute of Canada。展开更多
The fourth industrial revolution of human society is also known as the“world’s new technological revolution,”which has brought human society into the information age and has had an extremely important impact on eco...The fourth industrial revolution of human society is also known as the“world’s new technological revolution,”which has brought human society into the information age and has had an extremely important impact on economic development and educational reform.In the information age,economic development and wealth creation are dominated by the acquisition,mastery,distribution,and utilization of information instead of capital.Therefore,the cultivation of talents is very important,and educational reform is imperative with the rise of the world’s new technological revolution.展开更多
Since the eruption of the recent global financial crisis, major countries have been pushing forward structural reforms with science and technology （S＆T） innovation at the heart. Since taking office, US President Do...Since the eruption of the recent global financial crisis, major countries have been pushing forward structural reforms with science and technology （S＆T） innovation at the heart. Since taking office, US President Donald Trump has adopted an ＂America First＂ strategy but has yet to specify a clear S＆T innovation policy. However, Trump＇s current policies have already affected S＆T innovation and his planned budget cuts will impact US growth potentials. Compared with the US, China is steadily implementing its innovation-driven development strategy with significant improvement in S＆ T innovation that increasingly supports economic growth. To spur future economic growth, China should steadfastly follow its S＆T innovation strategy, promote the utilization of S＆T innovation results, boost its economic growth potentials and make the most of global innovation resources.展开更多
Having gone through colonial exploitation for centuries,most of the colonies after independence from the West were confronted with two models.Contrary to the free market capitalist system based on power-sharing,some o...Having gone through colonial exploitation for centuries,most of the colonies after independence from the West were confronted with two models.Contrary to the free market capitalist system based on power-sharing,some of the newly independent countries opted for an authoritarian model and ended up with unjust/distorted development based on exclusivist institutions.Despite having rich-resource endowments with less pressure of population,these countries essentially failed to promote inclusive economic institutions to ensure private property and an unbiased system of law which,in turn,would unleash the immense potentials based on incentives,talent and skills highly required for enhancing productivity and prosperity.The authoritarian but good governance(GG)under state-led development of East Asian miracle economies,in general,and China,in particular,pursuing the goal of economic modernisation before political reform made spectacular achievements in less than quarter of a century.But some of the resource-rich African countries,being unable to remain immune from the vested interest/political lobby groups,failed to make economic reform being promoted by agricultureled development to facilitate political reform subsequently.Based on the main research question of this paper,it will be argued that the massive economic reform as that of China in terms of agriculture-led development can gradually set the stage for subsequent political reform.Based on the historical evidence of successful authoritarian development model,this paper argues in favour of Chinese style of gradualist development using incentives through empowering the households as well as individuals in materialising their potentials.However,only the effective inclusive institutions as experienced by way of ensuring all sorts of public and private goods can help the resource-rich African Muslim countries to pursue economic prosperity with fair distribution of economic,political and socio-cultural power resources.This,in turn,can help restore a‘feeling of togetherness’or what one of the greatest scholars of Islam-Ibn Khaldun-terms as‘Asabiya’for achieving a comprehensive,inclusive and sustainable development made possible by GG as opposed to liberal democracy.展开更多
In the autumn of 1987,the State Commission for Restructuring the Economic System organized eight units including the Research Group of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences(CASS)to submit reports providing an outline...In the autumn of 1987,the State Commission for Restructuring the Economic System organized eight units including the Research Group of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences(CASS)to submit reports providing an outline economic reform plan for China for 1988-1995.The CASS Research Group recommended that enterprise reform and pricing and ownership reforms and their operational mechanisms should be carried out alongside each other in a two main lines approach.China’s deepening economic reforms have adhered to these two main lines throughout the last forty years.The first main line includes the revival and development of the individual economy,followed by the private economy,the introduction and utilization of foreign capital,and the reform of public ownership,including the state-owned system.In 1997,the 15th National Congress of the Party proposed the establishment of a socialist basic economic system with public ownership as the main body and simultaneous development of multiple forms of ownership.“Public ownership as the main body”is reflected in the dominance of public assets among total social assets and the fact that the state-owned economy controls the lifeline of the national economy and plays a leading role in economic development.The dominant role of public ownership has not changed in the forty years of reform and opening up.The second main line covers price reform,building a modern market system,reforming macro-control mechanisms and perfecting the macro-control and regulation system.From 1979 to 2017,our GDP grew at an average annual rate of 9.5 percent,while the CPI grew at an average annual rate of less than 5 percent:a perfect match.The two main line approach is in line with the provisions of economic reform in the new era proposed in the report at the 19th National Party Congress,which focuses on improving the property rights system and market-oriented factor allocation.There is no distinction of primary or secondary in the role of the two main lines;both are equally important.They are united in the establishment and improvement of the socialist market economic system.展开更多
In 2010,the Hungarian government established so-called“illiberal democracy.”Western courtiers have looked on with bewilderment over the past eight years at this political trajectory of Hungary.Some post-Communist co...In 2010,the Hungarian government established so-called“illiberal democracy.”Western courtiers have looked on with bewilderment over the past eight years at this political trajectory of Hungary.Some post-Communist countries that were committed to common European values,have already been implementing this illiberal democracy model.The perceived interests of the“nation”are taking centre stage and governments are subject to far fewer checks and balances.They are turning instead towards an alternative social,political,and economic model,in which the cultivation of traditional values and distinct national identities are of paramount ideological importance.This new model is frequently characterised by widespread,systematic state corruption,and an increasingly authoritarian political culture.The paper tries to shed light on the reasons of development of illiberal democracy in the European Union by examining the case in Hungary.Furthermore,the paper defines the price of partially giving up certain principles of liberal democracy,such as checks and balances,political pluralism,economic equality of market constituents,or the rule of law,in return of hoped greater economic and state efficiency.展开更多
Ideas from the theory of incentives and organization are deployed to examine how some aspects of economic governance--primarily protection of property rights, enforcement of contracts, and oversight regulation--can be...Ideas from the theory of incentives and organization are deployed to examine how some aspects of economic governance--primarily protection of property rights, enforcement of contracts, and oversight regulation--can be improved for achieving better economic growth and development. Some suggestions for reform of governance institutions in developing countries are offered.展开更多
In the context of globalization,although governments maintain the leading role in shaping the image of states,the increasing bilateral economic and trade exchanges are gradually becoming an equally important,if not mo...In the context of globalization,although governments maintain the leading role in shaping the image of states,the increasing bilateral economic and trade exchanges are gradually becoming an equally important,if not more important,element.The recent years have witnessed a continuous growth of trade between China and Arab countries—a newly established crucial trading partner and platform for practicing the“going-out”strategy.Thanks to both sides complimenting each other,a positive win-win situation has been achieved.However,as more and more Chinese merchandises and enterprises have entered the Arab world,certain problems have emerged,such as poor quality of merchandises,illegal operation of enterprises,and difficulties of certain Chinese employees integrating into local life.These economic and trade elements have become key factors in shaping China’s image in the Arab countries,and hence should not be left unattended.展开更多
The year 2018 coincides with the 40 th anniversary of China's reform and opening-up. Over the past 40 years, China's economic development has made great achievements, which may be regarded as a "miracle&q...The year 2018 coincides with the 40 th anniversary of China's reform and opening-up. Over the past 40 years, China's economic development has made great achievements, which may be regarded as a "miracle" of economic development. This economic miracle is reflected in the scale and quality of China's economic development. China's 4-decade economic development has not only brought great changes to Chinese society, but also has a profound impact on the growth and development of the world economy. However, this does not mean that China has found a complete new road to economic development. China needs to correctly view its achievements in the 40-year reform and opening-up, and accelerate the transformation and upgrading of economic development in a new era, so as to make a greater contribution to the sustainable development of the world economy.展开更多
文摘Chinese social and economic history is both influenced by and,to a certain extent,married with Chinese political regimes.Various political dynasties from the past have each exercised significant control of Chinese social and economic environments,and continue to exert influence even to the present day.Three of these influential periods include the Kang Qian Flourishing Age(1723-1796),the Qing Dynasty Decline(1800s-1912),and the People’s Republic of China Communist Control(1949-present).A review and in-depth examination of each regime helps to both understand where China is today and also how it is likely to evolve in the future.
文摘1.This study is one of The Applied Economic Institutes Linkages Project(AERIL)which is funded by theCanadian International Development Agency(CIDA)and jiontly managed by The Conference Board of Canada(CBOC)and the International Trade Research Institute in China.It is jointly implemented by the Institute ofEconomic Research of the Chinese State Planning Commission and the North—South Institute of Canada。
文摘The fourth industrial revolution of human society is also known as the“world’s new technological revolution,”which has brought human society into the information age and has had an extremely important impact on economic development and educational reform.In the information age,economic development and wealth creation are dominated by the acquisition,mastery,distribution,and utilization of information instead of capital.Therefore,the cultivation of talents is very important,and educational reform is imperative with the rise of the world’s new technological revolution.
文摘Since the eruption of the recent global financial crisis, major countries have been pushing forward structural reforms with science and technology （S＆T） innovation at the heart. Since taking office, US President Donald Trump has adopted an ＂America First＂ strategy but has yet to specify a clear S＆T innovation policy. However, Trump＇s current policies have already affected S＆T innovation and his planned budget cuts will impact US growth potentials. Compared with the US, China is steadily implementing its innovation-driven development strategy with significant improvement in S＆ T innovation that increasingly supports economic growth. To spur future economic growth, China should steadfastly follow its S＆T innovation strategy, promote the utilization of S＆T innovation results, boost its economic growth potentials and make the most of global innovation resources.
文摘Having gone through colonial exploitation for centuries,most of the colonies after independence from the West were confronted with two models.Contrary to the free market capitalist system based on power-sharing,some of the newly independent countries opted for an authoritarian model and ended up with unjust/distorted development based on exclusivist institutions.Despite having rich-resource endowments with less pressure of population,these countries essentially failed to promote inclusive economic institutions to ensure private property and an unbiased system of law which,in turn,would unleash the immense potentials based on incentives,talent and skills highly required for enhancing productivity and prosperity.The authoritarian but good governance(GG)under state-led development of East Asian miracle economies,in general,and China,in particular,pursuing the goal of economic modernisation before political reform made spectacular achievements in less than quarter of a century.But some of the resource-rich African countries,being unable to remain immune from the vested interest/political lobby groups,failed to make economic reform being promoted by agricultureled development to facilitate political reform subsequently.Based on the main research question of this paper,it will be argued that the massive economic reform as that of China in terms of agriculture-led development can gradually set the stage for subsequent political reform.Based on the historical evidence of successful authoritarian development model,this paper argues in favour of Chinese style of gradualist development using incentives through empowering the households as well as individuals in materialising their potentials.However,only the effective inclusive institutions as experienced by way of ensuring all sorts of public and private goods can help the resource-rich African Muslim countries to pursue economic prosperity with fair distribution of economic,political and socio-cultural power resources.This,in turn,can help restore a‘feeling of togetherness’or what one of the greatest scholars of Islam-Ibn Khaldun-terms as‘Asabiya’for achieving a comprehensive,inclusive and sustainable development made possible by GG as opposed to liberal democracy.
文摘In the autumn of 1987,the State Commission for Restructuring the Economic System organized eight units including the Research Group of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences(CASS)to submit reports providing an outline economic reform plan for China for 1988-1995.The CASS Research Group recommended that enterprise reform and pricing and ownership reforms and their operational mechanisms should be carried out alongside each other in a two main lines approach.China’s deepening economic reforms have adhered to these two main lines throughout the last forty years.The first main line includes the revival and development of the individual economy,followed by the private economy,the introduction and utilization of foreign capital,and the reform of public ownership,including the state-owned system.In 1997,the 15th National Congress of the Party proposed the establishment of a socialist basic economic system with public ownership as the main body and simultaneous development of multiple forms of ownership.“Public ownership as the main body”is reflected in the dominance of public assets among total social assets and the fact that the state-owned economy controls the lifeline of the national economy and plays a leading role in economic development.The dominant role of public ownership has not changed in the forty years of reform and opening up.The second main line covers price reform,building a modern market system,reforming macro-control mechanisms and perfecting the macro-control and regulation system.From 1979 to 2017,our GDP grew at an average annual rate of 9.5 percent,while the CPI grew at an average annual rate of less than 5 percent:a perfect match.The two main line approach is in line with the provisions of economic reform in the new era proposed in the report at the 19th National Party Congress,which focuses on improving the property rights system and market-oriented factor allocation.There is no distinction of primary or secondary in the role of the two main lines;both are equally important.They are united in the establishment and improvement of the socialist market economic system.
文摘In 2010,the Hungarian government established so-called“illiberal democracy.”Western courtiers have looked on with bewilderment over the past eight years at this political trajectory of Hungary.Some post-Communist countries that were committed to common European values,have already been implementing this illiberal democracy model.The perceived interests of the“nation”are taking centre stage and governments are subject to far fewer checks and balances.They are turning instead towards an alternative social,political,and economic model,in which the cultivation of traditional values and distinct national identities are of paramount ideological importance.This new model is frequently characterised by widespread,systematic state corruption,and an increasingly authoritarian political culture.The paper tries to shed light on the reasons of development of illiberal democracy in the European Union by examining the case in Hungary.Furthermore,the paper defines the price of partially giving up certain principles of liberal democracy,such as checks and balances,political pluralism,economic equality of market constituents,or the rule of law,in return of hoped greater economic and state efficiency.
文摘Ideas from the theory of incentives and organization are deployed to examine how some aspects of economic governance--primarily protection of property rights, enforcement of contracts, and oversight regulation--can be improved for achieving better economic growth and development. Some suggestions for reform of governance institutions in developing countries are offered.
文摘In the context of globalization,although governments maintain the leading role in shaping the image of states,the increasing bilateral economic and trade exchanges are gradually becoming an equally important,if not more important,element.The recent years have witnessed a continuous growth of trade between China and Arab countries—a newly established crucial trading partner and platform for practicing the“going-out”strategy.Thanks to both sides complimenting each other,a positive win-win situation has been achieved.However,as more and more Chinese merchandises and enterprises have entered the Arab world,certain problems have emerged,such as poor quality of merchandises,illegal operation of enterprises,and difficulties of certain Chinese employees integrating into local life.These economic and trade elements have become key factors in shaping China’s image in the Arab countries,and hence should not be left unattended.
文摘The year 2018 coincides with the 40 th anniversary of China's reform and opening-up. Over the past 40 years, China's economic development has made great achievements, which may be regarded as a "miracle" of economic development. This economic miracle is reflected in the scale and quality of China's economic development. China's 4-decade economic development has not only brought great changes to Chinese society, but also has a profound impact on the growth and development of the world economy. However, this does not mean that China has found a complete new road to economic development. China needs to correctly view its achievements in the 40-year reform and opening-up, and accelerate the transformation and upgrading of economic development in a new era, so as to make a greater contribution to the sustainable development of the world economy.
