Corresponding Relation between Warm Season Precipitation Extremes and Surface Air Temperature in South China

Hourly data of 42 rain gauges over South China during 1966–2005 were used to analyze the corresponding relation between precipitation extremes and surface air temperature in the warm season(May to October).The results show that below 25℃,both daily and hourly precipitation extremes in South China increase with rising temperature.More extreme events transit to the two-time Clausius-Clapeyron(CC)relationship at lower temperatures.Daily as well as hourly precipitation extremes have a decreasing tendency nearly above 25℃,among which the decrease of hourly extremes is much more significant.In order to investigate the efects of rainfall durations,hourly precipitation extremes are presented by short duration and long duration precipitation,respectively.Results show that the dramatic decrease of hourly rainfall intensities above 25℃ is mainly caused by short duration precipitation,and long duration precipitation extremes rarely occur in South China when surface air temperature surpasses 28℃.

Analysis on the Meso-scale System Activity and the Structure Characteristics of A Short-time Rainstorm

By using the rainfall data in the regional automatic station,FY-2E satellite data,NCEP reanalysis data,the evolution features and the structure characteristics of a meso-scale convective system(MCS) which happened on May 6 in 2010 in Loudi City of Hunan Province were analyzed.The results showed that MCS was the important influence system for the generation and development of strong precipitation.The equivalent blackbody brightness temperature(TBB) field of satellite inversion could directly reflect the convective activity of cumulus,the precipitation distribution and the intensity characteristics in the rainstorm process.TBB low value belt had the good corresponding relationship with the rainstorm falling zone.The disturbance flow field and the height field which passed Barnes band-pass wave filtering represented that there existed the obvious high-layer anticyclonic circulation and the low-layer cyclonic circulation near the rainstorm zone.The divergence in the high layer and the convergence in the low layer enhanced the occurrence and development of MCS.In addition,the disturbance temperature field revealed the main source of energy which the occurrence and development of strong convective weather needed.

Operational Evaluation of the Quantitative Precipitation Estimation by a CINRAD-SA Dual Polarization Radar System

In this paper,a quantitative precipitation estimation based on the hydrometeor classification(HCA-QPE)algorithm was proposed for the first operational S band dual-polarization radar upgraded from the CINRAD/SA radar of China.The HCA-QPE algorithm,localized Colorado State University-Hydrometeor Identification of Rainfall(CSUHIDRO)algorithm,the Joint Polarization Experiment(JPOLE)algorithm,and the dynamic Z-R relationships based on variational correction QPE(DRVC-QPE)algorithm were evaluated with the rainfall events from March 1 to October 30,2017 in Guangdong Province.The results indicated that even though the HCA-QPE algorithm did not use the observed rainfall data for correction,its estimation accuracy was better than that of the DRVC-QPE algorithm when the rainfall rate was greater than 5 mm h-1;and the stronger the rainfall intensity,the greater the QPE improvement.Besides,the HCA-QPE algorithm worked better than the localized CSU-HIDRO and JPOLE algorithms.This study preliminarily evaluated the improved accuracy of QPE by a dual-polarization radar system modified from CINRAD-SA radar.

Analysis of a Large-Scale Heavy Precipitation Weather Process in Northern China from September 17 to 20, 2021

In the autumn of 2021, China’s precipitation appears the distribution characteristics of “more in the South and less in the north”. Compared with the same period in history, the precipitation is more. The analysis is based on a large-scale heavy precipitation weather process in the middle and late September. The atmospheric circulation situation and weather situation of this precipitation process are mainly discussed. The results show that the low-pressure trough between the Balkesh Lake and Baikal Lake area made the cold air move eastward, and the warm and humid air flow extending westward was conducive to the enhancement of precipitation. The anticyclone circulation in the Sea of Japan transported the cold and humid air to the northeast of China. The southeast air flow around the subtropical high in the Western Pacific, the southwest air flow in the bay of the Bengal Bay and the South China Sea met in the southwest to produce precipitation and continued to move northward. They merged with the cold and humid air flow in the Northeast in the north of the Yangtze River, resulting in large-scale precipitation in northern China.

Main Energy Paths and Energy Cascade Processes of the Two Types of Persistent Heavy Rainfall Events over the Yangtze River–Huaihe River Basin

Two types of persistent heavy rainfall events （PHREs） over the Yangtze River-Huaihe River Basin were determined in a recent statistical study： type A, whose precipitation is mainly located to the south of the Yangtze River; and type B, whose precipitation is mainly located to the north of the river. The present study investigated these two PHRE types using a newly derived set of energy equations to show the scale interaction and main energy paths contributing to the persistence of the precipitation. The main results were as follows. The available potential energy （APE） and kinetic energy （KE） associated with both PHRE types generally increased upward in the troposphere, with the energy of the type-A PHREs stronger than that of the type-B PHREs （except for in the middle troposphere）. There were two main common and universal energy paths of the two PHRE types： （1） the baroclinic energy conversion from APE to KE was the dominant energy source for the evolution of large-scale background circulations; and （2） the downscaled energy cascade processes of KE and APE were vital for sustaining the eddy flow, which directly caused the PHREs. The significant differences between the two PHRE types mainly appeared in the lower troposphere, where the baroclinic energy conversion associated with the eddy flow in type-A PHREs was from KE to APE, which reduced the intensity of the precipitation-related eddy flow; whereas, the conversion in type-B PHREs was from APE to KE, which enhanced the eddy flow.

Spatio-Temporal Assessment of the Performance of March to May 2020 Long Rains and Its Socio-Economic Implications in Northern Coast of Tanzania

The spatio-temporal analysis of the performance of the March to May (MAM) 2020 rainfall and its societal implications to Northern Coastal Tanzania (NCT) including Zanzibar was investigated. The uniqueness of the October to December, 2019 (OND) rainfall and the extension of the January to February, 2020 rainfall in Zanzibar which coincided with MAM 2020 rainfall was among the issues which prolonged MAM 2020 rainfall in NCT and Zanzibar. The National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) in collaboration with National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). Reanalysis 1 datasets of u (zonal) and v (meridional) winds, sea surface temperatures anomalies, relative humidity, amount of precipitable water and ocean net flux were analyzed. Other datasets include the Tanzania Meteorological Authority (TMA) observed rainfall records, maximum and minimum temperatures. Moreover, TMA and Intergovernmental Climate Prediction and Analysis Center (ICPAC). MAM 2020 rainfall and temperature forecast reports were interpreted. Gridded and observed datasets were calculated into monthly and seasonal averages. As for observed data, long-term monthly and MAM percentage changes were calculated. Besides, the correlation between rainfall anomalies with an area-averaged SSTA for defined regions and stations in Zanzibar was performed. Lastly, the calculated monthly and seasonal rainfall was compared to MAM periods of 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019. Results revealed that consecutive five MAM seasonal rainfall was among the highest ones in records with that of 2020 being exceptional. These MAM seasons had percentage contribution ranged from 68% - 212%, 150% - 304%, 22% - 163% and 57% - 170% for stations in Zanzibar and 130% - 230%, 57% - 168% and 230% - 706% for NCT station, respectively. Compared to previous MAM seasons of 2016-2019, MAM 2020 rainfall season was spatially well distributed in our study area with rainfall ranging from 1200 to 2100 mm and up to 900 in most Zanzibar and NCT stations. Indeed, the study revealed that the observed highest rainfall and flooding was enhanced by wet seasons of MAM 2019, OND 2019 and DFJ (2019-2020). Other dynamics which accelerated MAM 2020 rainfall were the higher SSTA ranged from 0.5°C - 1.5°C and 1.5°C - 2.5°C over Southwestern Indian Ocean (SWIO) and coastal Tanzania and the increased trend of area-averaged SSTA on various SWIO blocks. Besides, parameters including Rhum, PWR and wind regimes were supporting the MAM 2020 rainfall. The socio-economic implications of these rains were strong and spatially well distributed in Zanzibar. For instance, a death toll of about 10 people, a great number of road culverts were washed away, and about 3600 houses were fallen or damaged, leading to a significant number of homeless people. As for NCT, the catastrophes include loss of lives, increased water levels over Lake Victoria leading to flooded islands and re allocation of more than 1000 people. In Kenya, more than 116 people died and 40,000 people were displaced. Conclusively, the study has shown the uniqueness (i.e., strength and societal implications) of MAM 2020 compared to other seasons;hence more studies on understanding the factors affecting extreme rainfall seasons in East Africa are required.

Vertical Distribution Characteristics of Precipitation Cloud in Tianjin Based on L-band Sounding Data

Based on L-band sounding data,threshold method of relative humidity was used to analyze vertical distribution characteristics of precipitation cloud system in Tianjin region.The results showed that main precipitation cloud system affecting Tianjin is cold and warm mixed cloud,followed by cold cloud,and precipitation of warm cloud is less.During May-November,precipitation of cold and warm mixed cloud is dominant,and it is dominant by precipitation of cold cloud from January to April.In four seasons,the precipitation frequency of double-layer cloud is the most,and precipitation of single-layer cloud mainly appears during March-November,and peak is in June.Peak of cloud system with three or more layers all appears in July and August.The cold cloud and warm cloud catalysts should be selected respectively for artificial precipitation enhancement in Tianjin.In winter,cold cloud catalyst operation is selected;in spring,summer and autumn,the cold cloud catalyst is spread in the cold cloud area,and the warm cloud catalyst is distributed in the warm cloud area according to the conditions of cloud layer.

Seasonal Effect on Weather Elements on Water Table Fluctuation in Potable Wells in Kono District, Eastern Sierra Leone

The study investigated the seasonal effects of weather elements on water table fluctuations in drinking wells in Nimikoro and Tankoro Chiefdoms in Kono District, Eastern Sierra Leone. The study specifically determined the trends in precipitation, air temperature and relative humidity relative to water table depth and water volume in both manually dug and mechanically drilled water wells in the chiefdoms. The key objective was to provide a clear guide on sustainable well development and operation in the study area and beyond. To do so, the depth of each well was taken and the water table measured. Also, data on key weather elements such as precipitation, air temperature and relative humidity were collected on the 15th of every month for a period of one year. The data were analyzed on Excel, SPSS and ArcGIS platforms for monthly and seasonal trends in the time-space fabric. The results showed that the depth to water table was high in the dries (small well water volume) and low in the rains (large well water volume) for both manually dug and mechanically drilled wells. Well water temperature increased as temperature increased during the dry season but decreased as temperature decreased during the rainy season. The study showed that weather elements such as precipitation and temperature had direct impact on groundwater availability. This is critical for groundwater development and management in the study area and in Sierra Leone at large.

2024年2月我国两次雨雪冰冻过程中闪电活动特征对比分析

2024年1月31日-2月5日和2月18-25日(以下分别简称为"0131"和0218"过程)我国南方遭遇两次雨雪冰冻天气,并伴随密集的闪电发生。利用三维闪电定位数据、CLDAS-V2.0降水产品和Himawari-9号卫星红外云图资料,对比分析两次雨雪冰冻天气背景下的地闪时空分布、地闪回击数和雷电流累计概率分布特征,并研究了地闪与降水量及卫星黑体辐射亮温(TBB)间的关系。结果表明:(1)两次过程中共监测到地闪数13万余次,正、负地闪分别为2万和11万余次;两次过程的地闪均具有夜发性,正地闪较总地闪和负地闪峰值滞后约1~2h。两次过程中正地闪产生大电流的概率大于负地闪。(2)"0131"过程中地闪密度大值区出现在贵州南部及贵州、重庆、湖北三省交界处;"0218"过程中地闪密度大值区出现在湖北东部、江西北部、安徽、江苏和浙江大部。(3)"0131"过程中降水量和地闪的时空分布不一致,降水量峰值集中在白天,降水集中在湖南东南部、江西、安徽和江苏南部、浙江和福建大部;而"0218"过程中降水量和地闪的时空分布较一致,地闪出现的峰值较降水量峰值延迟2h。(4)两次过程中地闪的分布均很好地指示了对流区。地闪主要分布在对流云团发展方向的尾部且偏南处TBB变化梯度大的区域;对流合并会导致合并处地闪频数的跃增;对流发展最旺盛的冷云核心区几乎没有地闪发生。两次过程地闪密度随着TBB的增大呈现先增大后减小的变化特征。

云南雨季开始期与5月雨量的TBB特征

利用17年卫星TBB及云南雨量资料,研究了热带TBB演变与云南雨季开始期及5月雨量的关系。结果表明:当孟加拉湾至中南半岛上空TBB≤-10℃的主对流云云涌稳定通过20°N,TBB≤-20℃强对流区北移到18°N附近,而且TBB≤-5℃区稳定控制云南时,云南大部分地区雨季开始。云南5月少雨年,孟加拉湾至中南半岛上空TBB≤-10℃位置偏南且为正距平区控制,云南为TBB正距平区,对流活动偏弱;云南5月多雨年,上述地区的TBB场分布特征则反之。同时还提出了利用TBB资料跟踪预测云南雨季开始期的方法。

台风“黑格比”和“利奇马”造成温州机场强降水特征差异及其成因分析

利用常规气象观测资料、热带气旋数据集资料、NCEP的1°×1°逐6 h再分析资料及FY-2G黑体亮度温度(TBB)资料,对比“黑格比”和“利奇马”影响温州机场的降水特征,分析造成降水差异的环流形势及物理量场特征。结果表明:“黑格比”与“利奇马”对温州机场造成大暴雨的影响时段不同,“黑格比”降水集中在台风登陆前后,由台风本体降水导致,“利奇马”降水集中在台风登陆前,主要为台风外围螺旋雨带携带降水造成;低空急流及浅层水汽输送通道为台风提供水汽和能量,925 hPa水汽通量散度的变化与台风暴雨影响时段有较好的对应关系,长时间的强水汽通量辐合可导致暴雨的持续增强,“黑格比”登陆时浅层长时间的强水汽通量辐合是导致“黑格比”较“利奇马”维持长时间强降水的主要原因;高层辐散低层辐合的动力机制配合浅层垂直上升运动,有利于台风暴雨的增强,“黑格比”较“利奇马”更为强盛而稳定的动力机制,是造成两台风对温州机场降水强度差异的重要原因;“黑格比”影响期间,TBB云图结构上整体云团结构对称紧实,降水主要受其本体云系覆盖影响;而“利奇马”降水则主要受其外围螺旋云带影响。机场暴雨时段与TBB≤-70℃云团覆盖的时长有关,“黑格比”影响期间TBB≤-70℃云团的长时间覆盖是导致其降水较“利奇马”强的直接原因。

川西冕宁-德昌稀土成矿带壳源混染促进稀土成矿作用

川西冕宁-德昌稀土成矿带是我国重要的稀土成矿带之一,然而壳源混染与稀土成矿之间的关系尚缺乏有效制约。辉钼矿Re-Os同位素体系已发展成为示踪壳源混染作用的灵敏指示剂。为了揭示壳源混染在川西碳酸岩型稀土成矿中的作用,对牦牛坪和木落寨稀土矿床开展了辉钼矿Re-Os同位素研究。岩相学特征表明,辉钼矿在岩浆期产出于方解石间隙中,在伟晶岩期产出于石英间隙中,在热液期与热液矿物、硫化物共生。牦牛坪稀土矿床2件辉钼矿样品Re-Os模式年龄分别为25.93和26.05 Ma,Re含量(质量分数,下同)分别为44.933×10^(-6)和28.678×10^(-6);木落寨稀土矿床的辉钼矿样品Re-Os模式年龄为28.90 Ma,Re含量为38.765×10^(-6)。辉钼矿形成年龄与稀土矿床成岩成矿年龄一致,说明辉钼矿沉淀与稀土成矿同期,3件辉钼矿样品Re含量均为10-5数量级,表示其成矿物质具有壳幔混合特征。壳源混染中和了稀土成矿流体pH值,使稀土-氯化物和稀土-硫酸盐失稳,富CO 2含钼流体的混合促进了成矿流体中CO^(2-)_(3)与稀土元素结合,导致氟碳铈矿的沉淀。

福建沿海平原和山地地区的雨滴谱差异研究

为研究福建沿海平原和山地两个地区降水的微物理特征和差异,利用2018—2022年福建泉州晋江站(平原站)和九仙山站(山地站)的雨滴谱资料,从整体统计、不同降水强度和不同降水类型等角度研究了雨滴谱特征和差异,并对两个地区的雷达观测量与雨强的经验关系进行了研究和初步检验。结果表明:福建沿海山地站的小雨滴(直径(D)<1 mm)和大雨滴(D≥3 mm)数浓度明显高于平原站,但平原站的中雨滴(1 mm≤D<3 mm)数浓度则略高于山地站。两个站的小雨滴数浓度随着雨强增大均呈现“先升高,后降低,再升高”的趋势,而中、大雨滴的数浓度则随雨强的增大也持续升高。山地站降水整体具有更小的质量加权平均直径(D_(m))和更大的广义截断参数(lgN_(w))。因更高浓度中、大雨滴的贡献,平原站的雨滴谱在相同形状参数(μ)下,斜率参数(Λ)较山地站小,即雨滴数浓度随直径增大而下降的速率更慢。对两个站雨滴谱拟合得到的雷达定量降水估测公式进行初步检验,结果表明,实测雨滴谱拟合的反射率因子与降水强度(Z-R)关系和差分传播相移率与降水强度(K_(DP)-R)关系效果均好于现阶段业务常用的Z-R关系。

Effects of Climate Factors on the Occurrence of Scarab

Scarabaeid beetles include quite a few key pests. The effects of climate factors on the occurrence of scarab were studied. The results showed that the correlation degree between the occurrence amount of Holotnchia oblita and precipitation was greater than that with air temperature. Especially, accumulated precipitation in Apdl had greater correlation with the occurrence amount of scarab.

“1321”号台风在海南引发强降水时TBB特征分析

为了让TBB资料在台风降水短临预报上发挥更大的作用,利用国家卫星中心提供的FY-2E卫星云图逐时TBB资料,以及国家气象信息中心提供的逐小时降水资料,对海南岛受台风"1321"(蝴蝶)影响时的降水特征、TBB演变过程进行分析,得出一些TBB与降水的关系。通过分析得出:(1)台风减弱后引发的降水强度明显强于之前的引发降水强度。台风减弱后,西太平洋副热带高压边缘云系增强并且西进,云系稳定在海南岛上空,引发强降水。(2)当有降水发生时,强降水中心与TBB低值中心并不重合,而是位于TBB梯度较大处。通常冷云区面积增大,对应着较大范围的短时强降雨,并向着TBB梯度大的方向扩展。(3)强降水相对于TBB值在演变趋势上有一定的滞后性。降水主要发生在TBB由低值向高值增长的过程中。(4)定安站降水较大的原因是其能量聚集在一次过程中释放,所以降水很大。

Amodified numerical model for moisture-salt transport in unsaturated sandy soil under evaporation

Soil salinization,caused by salt migration and accumulation underneath the soil surface,will corrode structures.To analyze the moisture-salt migration and salt precipitation in soil under evaporation conditions,a mathematical model consisting of a series of theoretical equations is briefly presented.The filling effect of precipitated salts on tortuosity factor and evaporation rate are taken into account in relevant equations.Besides,a transition equation to link the solute transport equation before and after salt precipitation is proposed.Meanwhile,a new relative humidity equation deduced from Pitzer ions model is used to modify the vapor transport flux equation.The results show that the calculated values are in good agreement with the published experimental data,especially for the simulation of volume water content and evaporation rate of Toyoura sand,which confirm the reliability and applicability of the proposed model.

Study on Climate Change Characteristics in Western Qinling in the Past 41 Years

[Objective] The research aimed to examine climate change characteristics in western Qinling during 1967-2007. [Me^od] Based on the data of temperature, precipitation, sunshine duration, relative humidity and evaporation capacity derived from 17 weather stations, we analyzed the climatic change characteristics in western Qinling in the past 41 years, r Result] Increase magnitude of the annual mean temperature was 0.30 ℃/10 a in the past 41 years. Annual precipitation averaged 802 mm and varied non-significantly during the 41 years, while precipitation in spring significantly decreased by 13.68 mm/10 a. Besides, annual sunshine duration and annual mean relative humidity both decreased non-significantly, in contrast to annual evaporation capacity which showed an insignificantly increasing trend. Compared among southern, central and northern areas of the western Qinling, annual mean temperature, precipitation and relative humidity showed decreasing trends from south to north, while annual sunshine duration and annual evaporation capacity showed inversely increasing trends. [ Condusionl Thus, our research could provide reference basis for ecosystem stability and related research in western Qinling.

Damage Caused by Psyllids and Influence of Climatic Factors in Brazilian Accesses of Guava Trees Cultivated in Organic System

The psyllid (Triozoida sp.) is the primary pest of guava tree in the Central Northern region of S?o Paulo State, Brazil. The variation of climatic factors may influence directly or indirectly the behavior of agricultural pests. The present work had objectives to evaluate the damages caused by psyllid in accesses of guava trees in order to identify materials with potential resistance to pest and the possible correlations of the damage with the meteorological factors, in an orchard of guava conducted in an organic system. Eighty-five guava accesses were evaluated. Each one was analyzed at random 10 leaves containing the symptom of the psyllid attack, through visual range of notes. The averages of the notes were compared by Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. The 25 accesses with the highest average damage of psyllid had the data submitted to correlation (Pearson), with the minimum and maximum temperature (°C), precipitation (mm) and relative humidity (%). Guava accesses used commercially were the most susceptible to the attack of psyllid, compared to the selections, with an emphasis to access “L4P14”, “L7P28” and “L8P32B”, which were the least attacked. The study of correlation between psyllid damages and meteorological factors, must be used the medium temperature, relative humidity and rainfall accumulated in the period of 14 days before the evaluations. There is a positive correlation between minimum temperasture, precipitation and relative humidity with the damage of psyllids in leaves of guava.

安宁河谷雨季层状云和对流云降水的雨滴谱特征

利用2017年8—10月安宁河谷的激光雨滴谱仪观测数据,对层状云和对流云降水粒子谱的微物理参量、Gamma函数拟合、Z-I拟合关系、降水粒子对数浓度和降水强度贡献率进行了分析。结果表明:层状云雨滴谱较对流云窄,对流云降水粒子总数浓度、降水强度、液态水含量和雷达反射率因子等均显著高于层状云。Gamma函数可以较好地拟合雨滴谱的分布情况,层状云的函数曲线较对流云更加平滑。层状云、对流云降水的Z-I拟合关系均较好,分别为Z=181.90I1.54和Z=175.59I1.54。层状云降水强度贡献率的80%集中在直径不超过2 mm的粒子,而对流云的90%集中在直径超过1 mm的粒子,表明降水粒子尺度较浓度对降水强度的影响更大,大尺度降水粒子对降水强度贡献更大。

江淮地区山区和非山区夏季降水雨滴谱特征

雨滴谱特征分析是研究降水微物理特征的重要方法,使用2011—2012年夏季(6—8月)安徽4个站的雨滴谱资料,根据雨强及其随时间的变化将降水划分为对流降水和层云降水,对比分析山区和非山区对流降水和层云降水的雨滴谱特征。主要结论是:山区地形对对流降水的雨滴谱影响较大,对层云降水的雨滴谱影响较小。当雨强相同时,山区对流降水的雨滴数浓度比非山区高,雨滴尺寸比非山区小。随着雨强增大,山区和非山区对流降水的雨滴数浓度和雨滴尺寸均在增大。比较了标准化参数(Nw)与雨滴数浓度的关系,发现Nw与雨滴数浓度有关,但不能完全反映雨滴数浓度的变化,并且对雨强的变化不敏感。当雨强相同时,山区与非山区对流降水的雨滴数浓度差别较小,Nw则差别明显,说明Nw更能体现山区和非山区降水机制的差异。对于雨强小于30 mm/h的弱对流降水,山区与非山区小雨滴数浓度比较接近,大雨滴数浓度明显低于非山区,对应山区雨滴谱谱宽更窄,此时地形对雨滴谱的影响较为明显。对于雨强超过30 mm/h的强对流降水,山区和非山区雨滴谱比较接近,此时地形对雨滴谱的影响显著减弱。山区降水类型对Z(雷达反射率)-R(雨强)关系的影响较小。