Relationship between Inter Canine Width and Inter Alar Width, Inter Commissural Width, and Inter Canthal Distance: A Pilot Study

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between inter canine width (ICW) and inter alar width (IAW), inter commissural width (ICoW), and inter canthal distance (ICaD) in Bantu population. Materials and Methods: It was a pilot study included all participants who were aged at least 18 years, without a history of orthodontics treatment from Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Kinshasa. The Ethics committee of the National Center of Research for Dental Sciences in DR Congo approved the study protocol (CNRSB 1504.218). The participants medical records were obtained from the interview and dental examination. Nature of the study was explained with participant information sheet, and an informed consent of all participants was obtained. The inclusion criteria were no missing maxillary and mandibular teeth, no diastema, and no anterior restorations, 18 years old before enrollment in the study. The exclusion criteria were inability to meet the above requirements, pregnancy, and refusal to participate in the study. The inter-canine width (ICW), inter alar width (IAW), inter canthal distance (ICaD) and inter-commissural width (ICoW) of each participant were measured with a digital Vernier caliper (Mitutoyo, UK Ltd.,) (0.01 mm) three times and the average value was recorded. The inter canthal distance (ICaD) was measured without applying pressure by bringing the recording parts of the caliper just in contact with the medial angle. The inter alar width (IAW) was marked with a fine marked pencil on the widest outer surface of the alae of the nose on either side or width. Those two points were measured without applying pressure by bringing the recording parts of the caliper just in contact with the outer surface. The participant was told to stop breathing shortly to avoid any change in shape of the nose. The inter-commissural width (ICoW) was determined by measuring the maxillary lip vermilion from commissure to commissure without the application of pressure on the tissue in the relaxed state. The inter-canine width (ICW) was measured indirectly using a dental floss. A dental floss was marked on one end prior to placement in the mouth. Using that point as reference, the dental floss was circumference along the curvature of the anterior dentition such that it passed along the contact point of all the teeth. The distal end of the canine teeth on both sides was then marked on the floss while it was stretched in the patients mouth. Floss was marked on both sides with the marker pencil. The distance between the two proximal contact points was measured and recorded. Data, analysis and validation were performed by the SPSS software (version 22.0, IBM SPSS Statistics, Chicago, IL, USA). Unpaired t-test was used, of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to test for comparability between socio-demographic characteristics dental measurements. Pearsons correlation coefficients test was calculated to determine the relationship between facial and dental parameters. Significance was set at P 0.01. Results: Of 314 participants enrolled, 202 were included. The age ranged from 18 to 68 years, with a mean age of 40.62 12.99 years. Although the Pearsons correlation coefficients were negative. Ninety-three participants (46%) were men and one hundred and nine (54%) were women. The overall mean age was 40.62 12.99 years. Facial and dental measurements were greater in women than men with significant differences for ICW (p = 0.04). However, no significant difference was seen between men and women for IAW, ICaD and ICoW (p = 0.44, p = 0.23, p = 0.31 respectively). The correlation including Pearsons correlation coefficient and P-values for all participants is not demonstrated. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, the results suggest that IAW, ICaD and ICoW cannot be used as a preliminary method for determining the width of the maxillary for anterior teeth for edentulous patients.

Research of the Unity Theory Between Three-level Space Vector and Carrier-based PWM Modulation Strategy

两电平空间矢量脉宽调制（space vector pulse widthmodulation,SVPWM）与正弦脉宽调制（sinusoidal pulse widthmodulation,SPWM）存有一定的本质关系,对于三电平,在常见的8段式SVPWM序列中可以证明,SVPWM与SPWM本质上也存在某种统一。实际的SVPWM调制中,由于要考虑中点电压平衡、减少谐波等其它性能问题,一般会利用开关冗余状态得到8段以上的开关调制序列。目前的文献中还未曾有对这些情况进行统一性地验证,因此三电平SVPWM与SPWM的统一理论存在一定的不足。研究发现,可通过严格地理论推导将传统意义上的调制波分解为2个子调制波,再进行SPWM调制,可以得到与SVPWM完全吻合的序列。该文在此方法基础上深入研究了8段以上（10、12、14段）的SVPWM调制序列与SPWM的统一。经过严格地理论推导,成功实现了含任意段数的SVPWM序列与SPWM的统一。仿真结果证明了该理论的正确性。

Study of Yield Combining Ability and Genetic Relationship Among Exotic Tropical,Subtropical Maize(Zea mays L.) Inbreds and Temperate Maize Inbreds in China

Information on the genetic relationship between tropical maize (Zea mays L), germplasm and temperate maize germplasm is of great value to maize breeding. The objective of this study was to determine the combining ability and genetic relationship of 25 inbreds extracted from five tropical maize populations and a land race, with four temperate maize inbreds (Huangzaosi, Mol7, B73 and Dan 340). The 25 tropical inbreds were crossed with the four temperate inbreds and evaluated. Lines from Suwanl and POP28 had high general combining ability (GCA) for grain yield. The lines from POP32 (ETO) had the highest special combining ability (SCA) with B73; the average SCA value of the 5 lines was 879 kg/ha. The lines from Suwanl had the second-highest SCA (584 kg/ha) with Huangzaosi. The lines from Suwanl had the greatest relative heterosis (20%) with B73, followed by the lines from POP32 (ETO) with B73 (19%). Five heterotic patterns have been identified from this study: Suwanl × Reid, ETO × Reid, POP28× Reid, POP28× Ludahong-gu, and Suwan1× Lancaster.

Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim width and visual field loss in glaucoma:a broken stick analysis

AIM：To determine the Bruch＇s membrane opening-minimum rim width（BMO-MRW） tipping point where corresponding visual field（VF） damages become detectable.METHODS：A total of 85 normal subjects and 83 glaucoma patients（one eye per participant） were recruited for the study.All of the patients had VF examinations and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography to measure the BMO-MRW.Total deviation values for 52 VF points were allocated to the corresponding sector according to the Garway-Heath distribution map.To evaluate the relationship between VF loss and BMOMRW measurements,a ＂broken-stick＂ statistical model was used.The tipping point where the VF values started to sharply decrease as a function of BMO-MRW measurements was estimated and the slopes above and below this tipping point were compared.RESULTS：A 25.9% global BMO-MRW loss from normative value was required for the VF loss to be detectable.Sectorally,substantial BMO-MRW thinning in inferotemporal sector（33.1%） and relatively less BMO-MRW thinning in the superotemporal sector（8.9%） were necessary for the detection of the VF loss.Beyond the tipping point,the slopes were close to zero throughout all of the sectors and the VF loss was unrelated to the BMO-MRW loss.The VF loss was related to the BMO-MRW loss below the tipping point.The difference between the two slopes was statistically significant（P≤0.002）.CONCLUSION：Substantial BMO-MRW loss appears to be necessary for VF loss to be detectable in patients with open angle glaucoma with standard achromatic perimetry.

自然地理学与人文地理学整合之我见

在当代地理学中,自然地理学与人文地理学两个分支学科分裂严重,从论题到发表乃至对话对象。因此两者的关系值得讨论。维持地理学的综合性有助于发挥地理学的优势,应对综合性问题、全球性问题。人地关系和区域地理学是避免地理学分裂的具体途径,GIS可以成为弥合两者的工具。大众对地理学的科普需求是区域地理,这是地理学满足社会需求需要的重要方式。着眼于科学普及的区域地理学著作有助于提高学科的社会认同度。

恋爱期间财产给与的定性及处理

恋爱期间财产给与至少可分为四种类型:彩礼、普通赠与、为履行道德义务之给付以及基于亲密关系之特殊赠与。对于第四种,附解除条件说存在条件过于拟制、条件不适格、恶意促成规则难以适用以及法律效果过于刚性等弊病。在解释论上可通过弹性化其返还后果对其加以改造。在立法论上可借鉴德国无名给与理论,构建我国家事法上基于亲密关系之特殊赠与制度。《婚姻家庭编解释二(征求意见稿)》正式引入“基于婚姻赠与房产”之规则,宜进一步引入“基于亲密关系赠与房产”乃至“基于亲密关系之大额财产特殊赠与”规则。恋爱期间所赠大额财产的返还,应秉持比例原则,返还与否以及返还比例主要取决于恋情时长,并考虑分手原因、双方过错等因素。

基于极值外推的特种车辆疲劳耐久性多轴载荷谱编制

非道路特种车辆服役载荷谱是整车结构耐久性的关键,为此提出基于极值外推的特种车辆疲劳耐久性多轴服役载荷编制方法。考虑到多轴载荷谱外推时的载荷通道之间具有相位关系,开展以临界平面损伤参量为基础的多轴载荷等效合成研究;构建极值超出量服从广义Pareto分布的多轴外推模型。利用等效合成载荷谱进行载荷外推,将基于等效合成系数获取的外推量分配到每个载荷通道上,实现考虑相位关系的多轴载荷外推。以典型工况下特种车辆的轮端六向力信号为研究对象进行多轴外推,并对比外推前后的载荷谱与采集载荷谱通道之间的相位关系、穿级计数、雨流计数和功率谱密度。研究结果表明:基于极值外推的特种车辆整车疲劳耐久性多轴载荷编制,可以实现在相同典型工况下多轴载荷谱的有效预测。

马岛战争视角下英美“特殊关系”的特质及启示

通过对1982年英阿马岛战争进行案例分析,发掘美国在这场危机中的立场转变与英美两国的深度合作,对英美“特殊关系”的特质有更深刻的理解。在英阿马岛战争中,美国的公开立场虽表现为由中立逐渐转向偏袒英国,然偏袒英国的态度可能发生在更早的时期。两国对于马岛战争的处理显示了在战争中形成并不断发展的“特殊关系”的稳固性。独特的血缘联系与文化渊源、共同的利益追求、多向度的精英层级合作,可以解释马岛战争中美国“弃阿亲英”的选择,亦显示了英美“特殊关系”的特质所在。而英美两国在马岛战争及其他国际事务上的同气连枝,亦给中国在面对类似问题之时提供了启示。

大幅变宽连续箱梁桥受弯性能研究

为研究大幅变宽度连续箱梁桥的宽跨比对其力学特性的影响,以湖南省长益高速公路互通匝道变宽预应力混凝土连续梁桥为工程背景,分别建立梁格模型与单梁模型,对其弯矩、挠度及应力进行分析。研究结果表明:在仅考虑自重与二期荷载作用下,随着宽跨比的增加,各纵梁沿横截面承担的弯矩逐渐趋于均匀,各纵梁承担的应力相对平均偏差增大,空间效应明显;与增加箱室宽度而变宽的主梁相比,通过增加箱室数量而变宽的主梁的挠度与弯矩分布更加均匀。

家族企业代际传承对供应链管理的影响——基于客户集中度的研究

供应链管理是企业竞争战略中的重要领域,其中客户是确保企业生存发展、适时了解市场动态、优化供应链管理的关键要素。当前,众多家族企业面临代际传承的过渡期,故家族企业代际传承如何影响客户集中度是值得研究的重要议题。本文利用2007~2023年中国A股上市家族企业样本数据,实证探究家族企业代际传承对供应链管理的影响,并进一步识别其作用机制。研究发现,家族企业代际传承显著降低了企业客户集中度,且在一系列稳健性检验和内生性分析后结论依然成立。异质性分析发现,金字塔式、劳动密集型、行业竞争度较高以及非高技术行业的家族企业,代际传承对企业客户集中度的影响更为显著。机制检验显示,家族企业代际传承对客户集中度的负向影响,主要通过增加获客投入,降低专有化投资和减少关系维护成本等渠道来实现。本文揭示了家族企业代际传承对供应链管理影响的微观机制,为家族企业传承过程中企业战略调整和长期稳健发展提供了理论参考和实践启示。

城市轨道交通车辆回流装置与专用轨的匹配关系研究

[目的]采用钢轨回流的城市轨道交通车辆在运行过程中产生的杂散电流会对附近金属物造成电腐蚀,而专用轨回流方式可解决此类问题。有必要对城市轨道交通车辆回流装置与专用轨的匹配关系进行综合分析。[方法]通过分析城市轨道交通车辆回流装置与专用轨之间的结构匹配特点,基于城市轨道交通车辆转向架、回流装置、走行轨及专用轨等结构的参数,以及悬挂参数和限界,创新性地建立了垂向和横向的尺寸链分析方法,校核了某城市轨道交通在6种工况下车辆回流装置与专用轨的空间尺寸匹配关系。通过SIMPACK仿真软件建立带回流装置车辆整车动力学仿真模型,分析在4种工况下车辆回流装置与专用轨的垂向接触压力在列车运行过程中是否处于合理范围内。[结果及结论]车辆回流装置与专用轨的空间尺寸匹配关系校核表明:回流装置的部分结构需要调整。仿真分析表明:车辆回流装置与专用轨的垂向接触压力均在合理范围内。

二战遗产与战后日本对缅甸的外交

二战后的日本外交建立在二战遗产的基础之上。二战遗产既有日本因为侵略伤害与后遗症对受害国所负的责任,还有日本在战时与各国建立的人际关系。在以日本旧军人铃木敬司、奥田重元和缅甸“三十志士”成员奈温为代表的两国“故交”协助下,战后日缅关系不但没有受困于日本侵略历史的束缚,反而经由战争赔偿与经济援助形成了友好关系。同时,日军在战时扶植“三十志士”的历史也愈发受到日本的注意,并成为日本政府处理对缅关系的重要参照。在此基础上,日本选择性记忆战时历史,构建了日本“帮助”缅甸独立的历史叙事,并据此提出日缅两国间存在“特殊关系”。“特殊关系论”不仅促使日本以援助缅甸为己任,还彰显出日本以偏概全、篡改侵略事实的企图。

越老“特殊关系”与老挝的现代化进程

越老“特殊关系”的演变不仅是双方不断深化合作的过程,也是老挝持续走向现代化的过程。在初始阶段,共同的历史源流和紧密的斗争联系促成了越老“特殊关系”的萌芽,相似的抗法抗美经历则使越南通过支持抗战势力的形式为老挝现代化起步奠定了前置条件。随着老挝民主共和国的成立,越老“特殊关系”正式确立,越南的援助从政治军事扩及经济文化,极大地塑造了老挝现代化的基本路径。在建设阶段,尤其是21世纪后,老挝一方面通过宣扬“特殊关系”的时代意义塑造越老协作的新语境,一方面极力发展自主创新能力以推动越老合作的提质转型。在深化阶段,老挝立足“特殊关系”积极推动与东盟、中国和泰国之间的互动,在多元行动中逐渐使自身现代化建设从倚重外部支持向谋求自主发展转变。越老协作既塑造了老挝发展现代化的独特路径,又表明现代化建设是多重因素相互作用的结果。

“特留份”制度视角下再识“泸州遗赠案”

“泸州遗赠案”的实质在于其所表现出来的多层面的冲突关系,该冲突关系在制度层面、价值层面和利益层面均有体现。正是存在这种由制度引发的冲突关系才使得这一案件复杂化,制度冲突的背后则是价值冲突,而制度冲突和价值冲突则以利益冲突的形式表现出来的。解决三种冲突关系的突破口在于制度冲突,从理论及法律两个层面分析该案中的冲突关系,可看出“特留份”可在这三种冲突关系中起到衔接与缓冲作用。日后修订《民法典》时可增加“特留份”制度,以优化该类案件纠纷的解决方式。

日语因果复句中的不定形分析

该研究目的在于探讨不定形概念在解释日语因果复句中特殊时间关系时的有效性,即是否可以应用到特殊时间关系的分析之中。“不定形(non-finites)”是印欧语中的一个概念,指的是不带有时态等曲折变化的动词形态,仅把动词所表达的动作作为一个概念提出,是一个超越了动词时体体系的概念。日语中虽不存在严格意义上不定形的概念,但是复句中从句的特殊ル形如果用不定形来解释,将可获得有效解释。该研究通过对不定形概念用于解释复合句中时体特殊现象的有效性进行探讨,考察英语动词概念是否适用于日语,如果适用,具有哪些特征和条件,最后确认在从句中不定形形式和功能的实际情况。经过分析得知,在解释因果复句中特殊时间关系时不定法的概念比不定形的概念更加合理和有效。

法律关系视角下算法规制的困境与因应

法律关系视角下的算法应用责任主体明确,核心客体数据可重复使用,具备规制可能。算法规制对于处理算法应用所引发的社会不平等问题和市场垄断问题等具有现实必要。数字时代下规制环境变迁凸显当前规制的不足。立法作为法律关系的调整方式,存在规制理念落后,立法模式单一,法律规范难以直接作用于算法治理的困境。在法律关系的具体面向上,算法研发与应用机构存在算法责任认定困难,算法专利化理论妨碍市场优势的发挥的问题。公权力机关“被规制者”定位的缺失与不当规制的情形同样不利于规制目标实现。算法规制应当予以规范:第一,应当转变传统的规制理念,加强对算法的权力规制,推进专门式立法,并在部分规制环节尝试法律代码化。第二,算法研发与应用机构应当在制度层面明确算法作为商业秘密的性质,结合算法透明的抽象原则与具体操作机制,实现平台行为的责任认定。第三,面向公权力机关的具体规制应注重治理与技术发展的平衡,同时规制公权力机关的算法应用行为。

City Networks of Online Commodity Services in China:Empirical Analysis of Tmall Clothing and Electronic Retailers

City networks have been a critical topic in the fields of urban geography and regional economics. Numerous studies have explored city networks, focusing mainly on infrastructure and industrial networks. Unlike traditional urban network of which the major measuring indexes are population sizes and entity industries, online commodity service networks could reflect well the influencing of emerging economies, especially the Internet economy, on city networks. This study analyzes and reveals structural features of China's city networks through online commodity services, providing the internet economic approach on city networks. Results indicate that the core cities of online commodity service networks are mainly concentrated in eastern coastal areas. In addition, spatial polarization and layer structure of network connections are obvious, descending from the centers in eastern China to peripheral cities in central and western China. Online commodity services of different cities show apparent differences and uncertainties in terms of specialization rates of international connection, which presents a tendency toward diversification. Online commodity service networks are not only associated with goods production, supply, and consumption in physical space but also reflect virtual information, capital, and technology flows, thus providing a new empirical approach for understanding city networks in information and internet economic age.

Climate forcing of tree growth in dry Afromontane forest fragments of Northern Ethiopia:evidence from multi-species responses

Background: Climate-induced challenge remains a growing concern in the dry tropics, threatening carbon sink potential of tropical dry forests. Hence, understanding their responses to the changing climate is of high priority to facilitate sustainable management of the remnant dry forests. In this study, we examined the long-term climate-growth relations of main tree species in the remnant dry Afromontane forests in northern Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to assess the dendrochronological potential of selected dry Afromontane tree species and to study the influence of climatic variables (temperature and rainfall) on radial growth. It was hypothesized that there are potential tree species with discernible annual growth rings owing to the uni-modality of rainfall in the region. Ring width measurements were based on increment core samples and stem discs collected from a total of 106 trees belonging to three tree species (Juniperus procera, Olea europaea p. cuspidate and Podocarpus falcatus). Thesubsp. collected samples were prepared, crossdated, and analyzed using standard dendrochronological methods. The formation of annual growth rings of the study species was verified based on successful crossdatability and by correlating tree-ring widths with rainfall. Results: The results showed that all the sampled tree species form distinct growth boundaries though differences in the distinctiveness were observed among the species. Positive and significant correlations were found between the tree-ring widths and rainfall, implying that rainfall plays a vital role in determining tree growth in the region. The study confirmed the formation of annual growth rings through successful crossdating, thus highlighted the potential applicability of dendroclimatic studies in the region. Conclusions: Overall, the results proved the strong linkage between tree-ring chronologies and climate variability in the study region, which further strengthens the potential of dendrochronological studies developing in Ethiopia, and also has great implications for further paleo-climatic reconstructions and in the restoration of degraded lands. Further knowledge on the growth characteristics of tree species from the region is required to improve the network of tree-ring data and quality of the chronology so as to successfully reconstruct historic environmental changes.

Divergent growth trends and climatic response of Picea obovata along elevational gradient in Western Sayan mountains, Siberia

In mountain ecosystems,plants are sensitive to climate changes,and an entire range of species distribution can be observed in a small area.Therefore,mountains are of great interest for climate–growth relationship analysis.In this study,the Siberian spruce’s(Picea obovata Ledeb.)radial growth and its climatic response were investigated in the Western Sayan Mountains,near the SayanoShushenskoe Reservoir.Sampling was performed at three sites along an elevational gradient:at the lower border of the species range,in the middle,and at the treeline.Divergence of growth trends between individual trees was observed at each site,with microsite landscape-soil conditions as the most probable driver of this phenomenon.Cluster analysis of individual tree-ring width series based on inter-serial correlation was carried out,resulting in two sub-set chronologies being developed for each site.These chronologies appear to have substantial differences in their climatic responses,mainly during the cold season.This response was not constant due to regional climatic change and the local influence of the nearby Sayano-Shushenskoe Reservoir.The main response of spruce to growing season conditions has a typical elevational pattern expected in mountains:impact of temperature shifts with elevation from positive to negative,and impact of precipitation shifts in the opposite direction.Chronologies of trees,growing under more severe micro-conditions,are very sensitive to temperature during September–April and to precipitation during October–December,and they record both inter-annual and long-term climatic variation.Consequently,it would be interesting to test if they indicate the Siberian High anticyclone,which is the main driver of these climatic factors.

过去百年吕梁山南端油松生长特征及其与气候变化的关系

理解树木生长对气候变化和人类活动干扰的响应有助于未来森林管理和双碳政策的落实。本文基于采自吕梁山南端的油松(Pinus tabuliformis Carr.)树轮样本建立了标准树轮宽度年表。通过Pearson相关分析发现树轮年表对研究区3—7月土壤湿度(r=0.60,P<0.01,n=37)、5—6月平均最低温度(r=-0.37,P<0.01,n=63)和5月降水量(r=0.31,P<0.05,n=64)响应敏感,说明水分条件(降水和土壤湿度)是影响研究区油松径向生长的主要限制因子,温度则是通过调控土壤湿度进而影响树木径向生长过程。近百年来(1926—2011年),研究区油松发生了三次生长释放事件(1932年,1977—1980年,2001—2011年)和一次生长抑制事件(1991—1994年)。生长释放事件在次数、持续时间和发生强度上都高于生长抑制事件。适宜(不适宜)的水热组合能够促进生长释放(抑制),人类活动干扰也能够诱发生长事件。空间相关分析揭示树轮年表与研究区及周边较大范围的气候环境变化密切相关。本研究对深入了解该地区油松树种生长特征及其对气候与人类活动干扰的响应具有重要意义。