A Note on the Relationship Between Temperature and Water Vapor over Oceans, Including Sea Surface Temperature Effects

An ideal and simple formulation is successfully derived that well represents a quasi-linear relationship found between the domain-averaged water vapor, Q （ram）, and temperature, T （K）, fields for the three tropical oceans （i.e., the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans） based on eleven GEOS-3 [Goddard Earth Observing System （EOS） Version-3] global re-analysis monthly products. A Q - T distribution analysis is also performed for the tropical and extra-tropical regions based on in-situ sounding data and numerical simulations [GEOS-3 and the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble （GCE） model]. A similar positively correlated Q - T distribution is found over the entire oceanic and tropical regions; however, Q increases faster with T for the former region. It is suspected that the tropical oceans may possess a moister boundary layer than the Tropics. The oceanic regime falls within the lower bound of the tropical regime embedded in a global, curvilinear Q - T relationship. A positive correlation is also found between T and sea surface temperature （SST）; however, for one degree of increase in T, SST is found to increase 1.1 degrees for a warmer ocean, which is slightly less than an increase of 1.25 degrees for a colder ocean. This seemingly indicates that more （less） heat is needed for an open ocean to maintain an air mass above it with a same degree of temperature rise during a colder （warmer） season [or in a colder （warmer） region]. Q and SST are also found to be positively correlated. Relative humidity （RH） exhibits similar behaviors for oceanic and tropical regions. RH increases with increasing SST and T over oceans, while it increases with increasing T in the Tropics. RH, however, decreases with increasing temperature in the extratropics. It is suspected that the tropical and oceanic regions may possess a moister local boundary layer than the extratropics so that a faster moisture increase than a saturated moisture increase is favored for the former regions. T, Q, saturated water vapor, RH, and SST are also examined with regard to the warm and cold ＂seasons＂ over individual oceans. The Indian Ocean warm season dominates in each of the five quantities, while the Atlantic Ocean cold season has the lowest values in most categories. The higher values for the Indian Ocean may be due to its relatively high percentage of tropical coverage compared to the other two oceans. However, Q is found to increase faster for colder months from individual oceans, which differs from the general finding in the global Q - T relationship that Q increases slower for a colder climate. The modified relationship may be attributed to a possible seasonal （warm and cold） variability in boundary layer depth over oceans, or to the small sample size used in each individual oceanic group.

THE RELATION BETWEEN CHRONIC HBsAg CARRIER STATE AND GENETIC FACTOR

HBsAg positive families including 375 indiduals were investigated in genetic epidemiology.The results showed the HBsAg carrier rate of the blood relatives was significantly higherthan that of the non-blood relatives(P<0.01).The HBsAg carrier rate decreased with the degreeof relatives,that is,the HBsAg carrier rate of the lst degree relatives was higher than that of the 2nddegree relatives and the HBsAg carrier rate or the 2nd degree relatives wus higher than that of the3rd degree relatives(P<0.01).The HBsAg carrier rate of the individuals living together with theprobands was higher than that of those living apart (P<0.01).But the other two marker of HBVinfectivity,anti-HBs and anti-HBc didn't show significant difference mentioned above.The resultsanalysed by means of Logistic Regression model showed blood relationship played an important rolein HBsAg carrier state.In addition,the history of common environment was associated with HBsAgcarrier state.The average of heritability in the 1st,2nd,3rd degree relatives was 88.80%.Analysis.of genetic model showed HBsAg carrier saute corresponded to the ckaracteristic of multifactorial genetic disease,excluding the possibility of single gene genetic disease.

An Analysis of Relationship between Psychological Capital of New Generation of Migrant Workers and Their Education Background

This paper selects works of new generation migrant workers in partial enterprises in Guangzhou as the research samples, collects data by questionnaire surveys and makes the statistic analysis on date. As average values suggested, the psychological capital of new generation migrant workers is located in higher medium level. It exists positive relationship between education background and psychological capital. Finally, propose related suggestions from vertical and horizontal aspects such as from government to school and education funds to education form.

Maternal Mortality Rates among Im/Migrant Populations in the United States

Introduction: Maternal mortality rates have more than doubled in the U.S over the last two decades, making it one of the few places in the world where maternal mortality is increasing. Differences in maternal mortality among certain races and ethnicities are known but few studies examine maternal mortality among immigrants. Since immigrants represent 13.7% of the U.S. population, it is essential to examine immigrant subsets to understand maternal mortality among this vulnerable population. Methods: A literature search identified 318 articles on maternal mortality and immigrants, with 12 articles from the U.S. The keywords included maternal mortality, United States, migrants, asylum seekers, immigrants, and disparities. Maternal mortality statistics were obtained from the World Health Organization and Center for Disease Control. Results: Studies analyzed in this review found an overall lower maternal mortality rate among immigrant women compared to U.S.-born women, except for Hispanic immigrant women. Black women had the highest maternal mortality rate, regardless of immigration status. Conclusion: Although the literature points to lower maternal mortality among immigrants, the data is still somewhat mixed, making it challenging to draw comprehensive conclusions. Additional research examining maternal mortality among Im/migrants in the U.S. is needed to guide future training among healthcare professionals and policymakers.

QSAR Study of the Action Strength of DOM of Phenyl-isopropyl-amine Dopes Using MLR and BP-ANN

Based on Hall et al. electrotopological state indices（EK） of atom types, two quantitative structure-activity relationship（QSAR） models were developed to estimate and predict the action strength（W） of D（OM）（dimethoxy-methyl-amphetamine） for 18 phenyl-isopropyl-amine dopes（PPAD） through linear method（multiple linear regression, MLR） and non-linear method（Back propagation artificial neural network, BP-ANN）. On the basis of EK, the optimal three-parameter（E14, E9, E7） QSAR model of W for 18 PPAD was constructed. The traditional correlation coefficient（R^2） and cross-validation correlation coefficient（Rcv^2） are 0.878 and 0.815, respectively. The result demonstrates that the model is highly reliable（from the point of view of statistics） and has good predictive ability by using R^2, Rcv^2, VIF, FIT, AIC and F tests. Form the three parameters of the model, it is known that the dominant influence factors of inhibited activity are the molecular structure fragments： =CH–（secondary carbon）, =C〈（tertiary carbon atom） in aromatic ring and –O–（phenol ether bond）. The results showed that the structure parameters E14, E9 and E7 have good rationality and efficiency for the W of phenyl-isopropyl-amine dope（PPAD） analogues. A BP-ANN with 3-3-1 architecture was generated by using three electrotopological state index descriptors（E14, E9, E7） appearing in the MLR model, the above descriptors were inputs and its output was action strength（W）. The nonlinear BP-ANN model has better predictive ability compared to the linear MLR model with R^2 and Rcv^2 of leave-one-out（LOO） to be 0.995 and 0.994, respectively. The regression method gave support to the neural network with physical explanation, which offers a more accurate model for QSAR. Those models can be used in the rational design of higher stimulating extent PPAD, which provide meaningful reference information to improve the detection methods of PPAD.

Physico-Chemical Soil Properties and Their Correlations with Maize and Cassava Production in Ebonyi, Nigeria

This study analyzed relationships between soil properties and food crop production in Ebonyi State of southeast Nigeria. Free survey was conducted after three zones (Agbaja, Akaeze and Ikwo) in the state were purposely selected for representation of the soil sampling. Two types of sampling were conducted;Auger sampling at 0 - 20 and 20 - 40 cm depths and soil profile sampling. Annual crop yield data on maize and cassava for the state from 1988 to 2017 were collected from Agriculture Development Program. Variations in properties among soil horizons were obtained using coefficient of variations while soil parameters were regressed against crop yields to establish their relationships. Results showed that fine sand, total sand, bulk density, total porosity, soil pH, and available phosphorus significantly (p = 0.05) differ from 0 - 20 cm and 20 - 40 cm depths. Also, cassava yield correlated negatively with base saturation, and organic matter at 0.05 probability level;with exchangeable Ca and Na at 0.01 probabilities level but correlated positively with bulk density and available water capacity at 0.01 and 0.05 probability levels, respectively. Similarly, maize yield correlated negatively with available phosphorus and total nitrogen at 0.05 probability level;and with total porosity and exchangeable Ca at 0.01 probability level;and then correlated positively with available water capacity, and bulk density, at 0.01 probability level;with coarse sand at 0.05 probability level. However, soils of Ebonyi State are fertile but some of the chemical properties are still low, therefore, it is paramount to improve the quality of the soil to achieve improved food security in the state.

Stress perceptions and leadership orientation of Malaysians： Exploring their similarities and differences with Americans

To explore the management orientation of employees in Malaysia and the United States, this paper focuses on comparing the leadership and stress perception of respondents in these two different countries. It appears that Malaysians and Americans have a significantly higher score on the relationship-orientation than task-orientation. Similarly, the female respondents in Malaysia had a significantly higher score on the relationship orientation. Finally, the responses of these 216 Malaysian respondents were compared with the 87 Americans, demonstrating significantly higher scores for respondents from the U.S. on both orientations. For management and practical application, suggestions and implications for future studies are presented.

The mechanism of hydrogen abstraction by high valence transition metal oxo compounds

We present here a systematic theoretical study to explore the underlying mechanisms of the H abstraction reaction from methane. Various abstracting agents have been modeled, using oxygen radicals and a set of high valence metal oxo compounds. Our calculations demonstrate that although H abstraction from CH3-H by metal oxoes can be satisfactorily fitted into the Polanyi correlation on the basis of oxygen radicals, the mechanisms behind are significantly different. The frontier orbital analyses show that there are three electrons and three active orbitals (3e, 3o) involved in H abstraction by oxygen radicals; whereas an additional orbital of pi(M-O)* is involved in H abstraction by M = O, resulting in a (4e, 4o) interaction. In terms of valence bond state correlation diagram, we find that H abstraction by a metal oxo may benefit from the contribution of ionic resonance structures, which could compensate the penalty of opening the M-O pbond. We believe that these findings can help to design more effective catalysts for the activation of light alkanes. (C) 2016 Science Press and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B. V. and Science Press. All rights reserved.

FINE STRUCTURES OF BOTH INTERFACES AND INTERFACIAL REACTION PRODUCTS

The characteristic of interface depending on the atomic structure exerts an inportant,and sometime controlling,influence on performance of the interacial materials. The present paper reviews the main studies on fine structure of both the materials inter- faces and interfacial reaction products in semiconductor uperlattice,metal multilayer ceram- ics and composite materials by mean of selected area electron doffraction patterns and high resolution electron microscopy. The following features of interfaces are reviewed:the orientation relationships;the char- acteristic of steps,facets and ronghness of interfaces;atomic bonding across the interface;the degree of coherency,the structure of misfit dislocations and elastic relaxations at the inter- faces:the presence of defects at the onterfaces:the structure of the interfacial reaction prod- ucts as well as the reaction kinetics and reaetion mechanism.

Educating the children of migrants in China and the United States:a common challenge?

The education of the children of migrants is a policy issue of great importance in both China and the United States.While first generation migrants have generally completed their education in the place of origin,and some may return,their children will generally remain in the receiving place.Both pragmatic and moral considerations therefore require that schools equip them to participate fully in society as workers and citizens.This paper considers what we know about the education of children of low-skilled international labor migrants in the United States and the children of rural-urban migrants in China.It finds that although one migration flow is international and the other internal,the similar background characteristics of migrants create common challenges in both contexts;and the structure of both education systems serves to exacerbate underlying socio-economic inequalities.Residential segregation,unequal funding and formal and informal tracking processes concentrate migrant children in poor quality schools,resulting in low average levels of attainment and high drop-out rates.There are some obvious steps that could be taken in China to expand opportunities for migrant children,especially with regard to the transition to post-compulsory education,which is still constrained by their parents’household registration status(hukou).However,the experience of the United States shows that expanding access,while necessary,is not sufficient to level the playing field.To do this,targeted investments must be made to meet the specific educational needs of migrant children.

History and Evolution of Nigeria-US Military, Security, and Political Relations

This paper examines the dynamics, the politics, and the significance of the security relationship between Nigeria and the United States. Both countries, operating at different levels of military strengths, consider and regard themselves as partners who should establish some form of cooperation for defence purposes. Though the United States enjoys massive military capability advantage over Nigeria, the relationship between the two of them was meant to assist Nigeria, the weak partner, or better still, the client state, to overcome the challenge of its defence policies, and to reinforce its military infrastructure. This will be in the areas of training, technology, equipment, professional orientation, and political management. However, there seems to be lack of trust between the two of them with Nigeria becoming too sensitive and concerned about its defence infrastructural deficits, and the possibility of the United States exploiting this to its own advantage. Such worrisome suspicions are capable of tinkering with the objectives of the security arrangements between the two of them. In this kind of suspect friendship where one partner has transformed into a protector state, it became difficult for defence pacts and agreements to achieve the desired objectives. Hence, the regular collapse of such pacts and lack of definitive defence policy actions between the two countries. The findings showed that every attempt by the United States to help stabilize Nigeria’s political system and environment was seen by Nigeria as an unwarranted intervention and meddlesomeness capable of destroying the fragility of its polity as it almost did during the June 12 crisis of 1993.

移民安置区农地流转意愿影响因素及耦合协调关系研究——以贵州PQ水库为例

移民问题是水利水电项目中的关键问题,关系到社会稳定与乡村振兴。运用地理探测器,因子分析法和耦合协调度模型对水库移民农地转入意愿与安置区农户农地转出意愿影响因素及其耦合协调关系进行研究。研究结果表明:(1)安置点社区融入状况,转入农地的距离,种植业等技能培训,农地价值,家庭农业劳动力人数,非农就业机会对移民农地转入意愿起着主要影响作用;非农就业水平,对土地权益受损的担忧程度,是否有闲置土地,非农就业机会,对土地流转政策了解程度,土地流转收益预期对安置区农户农地转出意愿起着主要的影响作用。(2)各影响因子之间存在两两交互关系,其中任意两因子交互作用后因子解释力均明显增强。转入农地的距离与安置区融入情况的交互作用对移民农地转入意愿的影响力最大;农地细碎化程度,是否有闲置土地,非农就业机会这3个因子与对土地权益受损担忧程度的交互作用对安置区居民农地转出意愿的影响力最大,家庭人均耕地面积安置区居民农地转出意愿具有隐形作用。(3)移民农地转入意愿与安置区农户农地转出意愿存在强关联性,二者相互影响,相互促进,并处于农地转入意愿超前的基本协调阶段。

Pairs Trading Strategy for A and H Shares Based on Kalman-HMM Approach

Pairs trading is a statistical arbitrage strategy that takes advantage of unbalanced financial markets.A common difficulty for quantitative trading participants is the detection of market institutional changes in financial markets.In order to solve this issue,the hidden Markov model(HMM)is applied for status detection.The research objective is to use Kalman filter to predict and the hidden Markov model(HMM)to identify state transitions on the basis of screening transaction pairs with obvious co-integration relationship.This research would prove the profitability of the strategy and the ability to resist risk through the combination of these two methods with real data.The empirical results showed that compared with the traditional cointegration strategy,the holding yield increased from 1.6%to 16.2%and the maximum pullback reduced to 0.02%.Further research is required to improve trading rules.

流动老年人口家庭代际关系的类别分析及其与健康状况的关系

目的:探讨我国流动老年人口的家庭代际关系类别及其与健康的相关性。方法:以中国老年社会追踪调查2014~2018数据库中的流动老年人口(60岁及以上且人户分离)为研究对象,从躯体健康(ADL)与认知健康(MMSE)两个维度评估流动老年人口健康状况。采用潜在类别分析法探讨流动老年人口家庭代际关系类别,并以多元线性回归分析揭示不同类别与健康状况的关联。结果:流动老年人口家庭代际关系类别可分为“情感型关系组”(7.6%)、“疏离型关系组”(6.2%)、“紧密型关系组”(39.6%)、“近而有间型关系组”(8.3%)与“接受型关系组”(38.4%)。流动老年人口的躯体健康与认知健康在5种不同代际关系类别上的分布差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。家庭代际关系类别是流动老年人口健康的影响因素,情感型关系组与接受型关系组的流动老年人口躯体健康状况更好(P<0.05),而疏离型关系组的流动老年人口认知健康状况更差(P<0.05)。结论:良好的家庭代际关系能对流动老年人口的躯体健康与认知健康产生积极影响。建议应优化家庭资源分配,提高子代代际支持水平,加强代际情感交流,同时推动家庭责任合理分担,降低家庭对流动老年人口向下代际支持的依赖。

乡村振兴中国家与农民关系的社会化调适

乡村振兴战略实施中的政策实践,指向了社会学持续关注的国家与农民关系问题。公共资源下乡中国家与农民之间的互动不仅在器物和组织两个层面展开,还集中体现在价值层面。在乡村振兴的积极案例中,国家与农民关系的新形态表现为器物层面上国家资源与社会需求的有效对接,组织层面上社会动员能力的提升,价值层面上农民国家认同感的强化。国家输入的公共资源只有以高度社会化的方式与农民互动时,农民才可能按照特定的行动逻辑将“国家”内化于心,国家权力才算实现了社会合法性的确认和再生产。为了实现国家与农民关系的社会化调适,社会治理公共性的建设不应停留于权力运作的策略层面。国家应充分发掘、激活蕴藏于乡村社会中的本土资源,将自上而下输入的公共资源转化为推动乡村社会开展自主建设的内生要素。如此,公共资源的下乡才能在推动乡村振兴的过程中,促成国家濡化能力在基层的再造,实现现代国家在社会中的扎根和成长。

知识状态集合准确界定的意义

教育认知诊断基于被试的作答反应估计其知识状态从而进行分类.尽管给定属性及其层级关系,其知识状态集合是唯一的,但对此并未形成共识.如有的软件包认为同一属性层级关系可对应2种不同的知识状态集合;有的研究仅仅给出属性及其层级关系的知识状态集合的真子集.针对这些情况,该文从理论上和应用上进行了分析,并给出修正的建议.

国有企业推进关键核心技术突破对协同创新网络竞合关系的治理机制——基于“华龙一号”核电技术案例研究

国有企业是科技创新的主力军,在“卡脖子”关键核心技术突破中如何对创新网络多主体竞合关系进行有效治理是推进科技创新的关键。选取中核工程作为案例研究对象,基于竞合关系与利益相关者视角探究国有企业作为核心企业对创新网络竞合关系的治理机制。研究发现:①国有企业对协同创新网络主体存在行政要素驱动、技术要素驱动和利益要素驱动3类竞合关系;②针对不同类型竞合关系,分别采取行政协调、柔性治理与规范合作3种细分机制,促进创新网络主体良性合作,同时对价值创造与分配中存在的竞合关系进行有效治理。研究结论有助于丰富国有企业情境下的关键核心技术突破研究,为国有企业管理协同创新网络主体提供参考。

美国流动儿童家庭教育指导服务体系构建:历程、特征与挑战

流动儿童家庭教育指导服务体系的构建是提升家庭教育质量、实现社会公平的必然要求。美国流动儿童家庭教育指导服务体系的构建历经起步阶段政府介入服务到发展阶段形成流动儿童家庭教育指导服务框架,再到全面完善阶段构建流动儿童家庭教育指导服务体系的三个历史阶段,呈现出服务理念从机会公平走向结果公平、服务对象从单一主体转为家庭整体训练、服务主体从各司其职趋向多方协同共治、服务手段从信息共享转为精准技术治理的显著特征。美国流动儿童家庭教育指导服务体系的发展已趋于成熟,但仍存在贫困与就业困难阻碍流动儿童家庭教育指导服务效果、移民增多与地方竞争增加财政压力以及信息和政策壁垒制约流动儿童家庭教育指导服务获得等挑战。

如何防治城市小学流动儿童的校园欺凌?——基于流动儿童和本地儿童遭受校园欺凌的影响因素差异分析

校园欺凌事件频发且呈现低龄化倾向,精准防治城市小学流动儿童的校园欺凌具有重要现实意义。基于大规模省级监测数据,采用普通最小二乘法回归和泛精确匹配模型等讨论了城市小学流动儿童和本地儿童遭受校园欺凌的影响因素及其异质性,结果显示:相较于本地儿童,城市小学流动儿童更容易遭受言语欺凌和关系欺凌;良好的师生关系和亲子关系对城市小学生遭受各类校园欺凌均具有显著的负向影响。相较于本地儿童,师生关系对城市小学流动儿童遭受言语欺凌和关系欺凌的负向影响更大,亲子关系对城市小学流动儿童遭受关系欺凌的负向影响更大。由此,建议城市小学教师尤其班主任要更加关注流动儿童,与其建立亲密和谐的师生关系;流动儿童家长也要努力营造和谐的家庭氛围,构建亲密的亲子关系,减少流动儿童遭受各类校园欺凌尤其言语和关系欺凌的风险。