Relationship between the -455G/A and -148C/T polymorphisms in the beta-fibrinogen gene and cerebral infarction in the Xinjiang Uygur and Han Chinese populations

We sought to investigate the correlation between the -455G/A and -148C/T polymorphisms of the β-fibrinogen gene and plasma fibrinogen levels in patients with cerebral infarction and in healthy subjects among the Xinjiang Uygur and Han Chinese populations, by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction enzyme digestion analysis. Results showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the distributions of the -455G/A genotype and allele frequency between the Uygurs and the Han. Plasma fibrinogen levels in cerebral infarction patients among the Uygurs and the Han were higher than those among healthy subjects. In particular, the frequencies of the -455G/A AA and -148C/T TT genotypes were significantly higher than in healthy subjects. Individuals carrying the A or T allele had a higher incidence of cerebral infarction compared with those carrying the G or C allele. Our experimental findings indicate that the -148C/T and -455G/A polymorphisms are associated with cerebral infarction in Xinjiang Uygur and Han Chinese subjects. The susceptibility- conferring alleles are -148T and -455A, and the susceptibility-conferring genotype is -455G/A ＋ AA.

Analysis of the constitution and health of medical students from different nationalities in Korla, Xinjiang, China

Objective: To better understand nutritional and health status of students from different nationalities, we analyzed the nutritional status and athletic ability of Uygur, Hui, Mongolian and Han nationality among medical students in Bazhou Health School in Korla, Xinjiang, China. Methods: Using stratified cluster sampling, 1644 students from 47 classes in the 2014 and 2015 grades were selected as the study objects from Bazhou Health School, and 1644 students were measured for anthropometry and exercise capacity. Anthropometric measurements were carried out by qualified surveyors in accordance with GB/T 5703-1999 standard. The exercise capacity is based on the test requirements of the 'Student Physical Fitness Health Standard' (revised in 2014) issued by the Ministry of Education and the State General Administration of Sport. All the data were established by Excel 2010 to a database, and the test data were re-entered into SPSS 18.0 software for statistical analysis with double check. Result: Body morphogenetic development level: There were significant differences in height, weight, waist circumference, and upper arm skinfold thickness among different nationalities. The height and weight of Uygur students were significantly higher than those of Han and Hui students;but Waist circumference of Mongolian students was significantly greater than that of Han, Hui, and Uyghur Students. Detection rate for low weight and obesity: Four national student's BMI individual scores have significant differences, but their BMI in scored an average of more than 90 points, student's body mass index is more ideal. Exercise ability: Th ere are significant differences in standing jump and seat flexion, the standing jump of Hui stud ents is higher than that of Han nationality, and the seat flexion of Mongolian nationality is high er than those of Han and Uygur students, while the standing jump and seat flexion of Han natio nality is lower than those of Hui and Mongolian students. Conclusion: There are differences in the nutrition and development status of all nationalities and they have their own characteristics. Uygur students have higher heights and weights than those of Han students;Mongolian students have thicker waistlines;while Han students have higher measurements of upper arm skinfold thickness. There are different characteristic in sports ability in all nationalities.

清代满汉关系研究综述

清朝统治268年,满汉关系始终是影响社会发展进程的一条重要线索。这一线索的演变,不仅在很大程度上决定了清朝的兴衰,而且对近代中国的走向产生了深远影响。本着详近略远的原则,本文将海内外研究分为四个部分加以综述。第一部分是基础研究,梳理研究史发展的基本脉络;第二部分至第四部分包括三个主题:清入关前的满汉关系研究、以八旗制度为中心的满汉关系研究、鸦片战争至辛亥时期的满汉关系研究,附带介绍民国时期满汉关系研究。为推进这项研究,结语从研究时段、研究内容、研究方法、研究视野、史料挖掘、概念澄清等六个方面略陈己见。

清前期鲁魁山地区的治策与“汉夷”关系

滇南鲁魁山地区由于其位于滇南交通扼要且环境复杂,明清之际成为各方政治力量角逐的战略要地。清朝底定中原后为稳定全国局面、恢复发展对当地土司采取相对宽松的扶绥政策,同时也不断通过垦荒、开矿等措施鼓励中原人口向云南转移,然而鲁魁山地区土司的不断做大,劫掠客商、压榨土民,为祸一方,并最终成为阻碍清初滇南地区发展的主要力量。随后清廷经过对政策与当地实际情况的不断思考与总结,抓住当地“汉夷”、官民之间的矛盾施策,将该地区改土归流进而彻底纳入王朝掌控之中,但“汉夷”双方又在围绕盐、茶等生计而不断爆发出新的冲突,在王朝与地方的力量互动中,清廷通过镇压叛乱、遍施礼教等方式,完成当地“汉夷”格局的再平衡。

论秦汉时期廪君蛮与板楯蛮的关系

史料记载廪君蛮和板楯蛮与巴是有密切关联互动的族群,其中对活动在川东地区的板楯蛮与活动于汉水流域以及鄂西清江流域的廪君蛮关系探讨仍有一定的空间。对板楯蛮与廪君蛮的关系的追溯,可窥见我国历史上各民族多方面的交往交流交融,是构建中华民族多元一体的格局进程的历史见证。

《默记》中狄青与韩琦关系考辨

韩琦与狄青分别是仁宗朝文臣武将的杰出代表,提及狄青的发迹与黯然陨落,韩琦都牵涉其中。两人交际情况在《宋史》《续资治通鉴长编》等正史中有零散记载,宋人笔记《默记》有专门文字叙述“韩琦狄青事”,后人常以此记载认为狄青与韩琦不睦,韩琦有意打压、猜忌武将出身的狄青。但阅读其他文献,对比考证后,会发现韩琦与狄青亦师亦友、惺惺相惜,并非是简单的文士与武夫相轻相争的关系。

王甫洲电厂水文站水位流量关系单值化分析研究

王甫洲电厂水文站位于王甫洲电厂尾水渠内,研究分析汉江新集水利枢纽蓄水后对王甫洲水利枢纽电厂尾水渠的顶托影响。经过一年多的水文测验验证王甫洲电厂提供的实时水位流量数据可靠、精度较高,可作为水文站定线推流的主要依据。在排除其他外部影响因素后,在电厂发电期内,可利用其水位流量均稳定时的数据建立水位流量的单一线关系。经验证,关系线可以用于推算水文站的旬平均流量、月平均流量以及时段径流。

从制度到范式:论汉代文学与图像的经典化

汉代大一统国家的建立和礼乐文明体系的重构,表现出迥异于前代的文化特征,进而铺就了中国两千年传统社会的浓重底色。作为当时最重要的文化形式,汉赋与汉画,彰显着时代主流文化心理、礼仪规范和审美意识的需求,形成了中国文学特定的文图关系。“制度名物,容有差殊”,名物是其表象,制度为其核心,以礼仪为纲领的名物制度对其创作起到了刚性约束,使之从题材内容到表达方式都遵从一定的规范与模式。汉赋与汉画成就为后世所承认,并在不断的创作实践中核心内容愈发突显,从而形成经典范式,并最终实现“文质彬彬”理想之达成。这种经典化的范式,对后世文学、艺术创作及文图关系转变影响深远。正确解读汉赋“合綦组以成文,列锦绣而为质”之本义,深入分析汉画“图画天地,品类群生”之内涵,是研究汉代文学、图像的前提与关键。

兴隆水利枢纽运行后汉江下游枯水位变化及长江顶托关系调整

兴隆水利枢纽蓄水运行后,对坝下游枯水位、水位顶托关系等影响已初步显现。系统分析1970—2022年汉江下游水文站、水位站的流量与水位特征等变化。结果表明,汉江兴隆水利枢纽运行后,坝下游各站同流量的枯水位均表现为累积性下降态势,越向下游减幅越小。当汉川—汉口段和仙桃—汉口段水面比降分别低于0.020‰和0.025‰时,长江水位顶托作用显著影响汉川站及仙桃水文站的水位;当水面比降高于0.060‰和0.065‰时,长江水位顶托作用未影响汉川站水位和仙桃水文站。2013—2022年与2003—2012年相比,汉川—汉口段和仙桃—汉口段比降高于0.060‰和0.065‰的时间为增大态势,即2013—2022期间汉江和长江水情组合有利于汉江下游航道水深条件的稳定与发展。

清至民国时期粤北瑶汉山场纠纷与政府调控

从清道光五年(1825)到民国元年(1912),连南茅田村的瑶族和连山上吉村虞氏家族围绕相邻山场所有权进行了87年的司法诉讼,期间政府进行了四次调解和判决。从这一系列案件中可以看出瑶族在买卖、继承中形成的契约合同,是官府认定山场划界和确权的主要依据;争诉过程中官方主导划定新的界址,并予以书面化,人们在这个过程中对山场的认知细化程度也就越高;政府在裁决中,逐渐采取利益平衡策略,刺激瑶汉民众加大对山林经济的开发力度,以便获取更多的税收。

許叔重之重當讀平聲考

許慎之字“叔重”之“重”的讀音,向來讀作去聲。通過對先秦兩漢語料的綜合分析,文章認爲“重”字當讀平聲。語音上,東漢人名謡諺四七韻腳字均同調相押,則“五經無雙許叔重”之雙、重當皆讀平聲;故訓中,漢以前未見“重”訓“慎”,而“慎”訓“重”之孤例在相關意義的語詞中,陸德明、顔師古均注爲平聲,其語義來源可能是因東漢時常用複合詞“重慎”而沾染的“慎”義,該詞中“重”也讀平聲。“慎重”一詞不見於中古漢語之前的文獻。

Prevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in Uygur and Han populations from the Urumqi and Kashgar regions of Xinjiang, China

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV) is the infectious etiologic agent associated with Kaposi's sarcoma(KS), primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman disease. It has been shown that high KSHV prevalence and high incidence of both classic KS and AIDSassociated KS are found mostly among people of Uygur ethnicity in Xinjiang, while people of Han ethnicity in Xinjiang have a higher KSHV seroprevalence than those of other Han populations in China's Mainland. However, it is still unclear why there is such geographical and population variation in KSHV distribution in China. In this work, we focused on the populations in the Kashgar region and Urumqi area, where a total of 1294 research subjects were randomly selected to investigate the potential correlation between KSHV prevalence and different ethnicities in endemic areas of Xinjiang, and to determine risk factors that may affect KSHV infection rates or KS incidence. We identified a high seroprevalence of KSHV and high peripheral blood DNA infection in the general Uygur and Han populations in both Urumqi and Kashgar regions of Xinjiang, and determined that advancing age, low education level, and stationary population status affect KSHV infection rates. Further, KSHV-positive Uygur participants were shown to have higher prevalence of neutralizing antibodies and neutralizing antibody titers than KSHV-positive Han participants.

Incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Uygur and Han Chinese adults in Urumqi

AIM:To investigate the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD) and its related risk factors in Uygur and Han Chinese adult in Urumqi,China.METHODS:A population-based cross-sectional survey was undertaken in a total of 972 Uygur(684 male and 288 female) aged from 24 to 61 and 1023 Han Chinese(752 male and 271 female) aged from 23 to 63 years.All participants were recruited from the residents who visited hospital for health examination from November 2011 to May 2012.Each participant signed an informed consent and completed a GERD questionnaire(GerdQ) and a lifestyle-food frequency questionnaire survey.Participants whose Gerd Q score was ≥ 8 and met one of the following requirements would be enrolled into this research:(1) being diagnosed with erosive esophagitis(EE) or Barrett's esophagus(BE) by endoscopy;(2) negative manifestation under endoscopy(non-erosive reflux disease,NERD) with abnormal acid reflux revealed by 24-h esophageal pH monitoring;and(3) suffering from typical heartburn and regurgitation with positive result of proton pump inhibitor test.RESULTS:According to Gerd Q scoring criteria,340 cases of Uygur and 286 cases of Han Chinese were defined as GERD.GERD incidence in Uygur was significantly higher than in Han Chinese(35% vs 28%,χ2 = 11.09,P < 0.005),Gerd Q score in Uygur was higher than in Han Chinese(7.85 ± 3.1 vs 7.15 ± 2.9,P < 0.005),and Gerd Q total score in Uygur male was higher than in female(8.15 ± 2.8 vs 6.85 ± 2.5,P < 0.005).According to normalized methods,304(31%) cases of Uygur were diagnosed with GERD,including 89 cases of EE,185 cases of NERD and 30 cases of BE;256(25%) cases of Han Chinese were diagnosed with GERD,including 90 cases of EE,140 cases of NERD and 26 cases of BE.GERD incidence in Uygur was significantly higher than in Han Chinese(31% vs 25%,χ2 = 9.34,P < 0.005) while the incidences were higher in males of both groups than in females(26% vs 5% in Uygur,χ2 = 35.95,P < 0.005,and 19.8% vs 5.2% in Han,χ2 = 5.48,P < 0.025).GERD incidence in Uygur male was higher than in Han Chinese male(26% vs 19.8%,χ2 = 16.51,P < 0.005),and incidence of NERD in Uygur was higher than in Han Chinese(χ2 = 10.06,P < 0.005).Occupation(r = 0.623),gender(r = 0.839),smoking(r = 0.322),strong tea(r = 0.658),alcohol drinking(r = 0.696),meat-based diet(mainly meat)(r = 0.676) and body mass index(BMI)(r = 0.567) were linearly correlated with GERD in Uygur(r = 0.833,P = 0.000);while gender(r = 0.957),age(r = 0.016),occupation(r = 0.482),strong tea(r = 1.124),alcohol drinking(r = 0.558),meat diet(r = 0.591) and BMI(r = 0.246) were linearly correlated with GERD in Han Chinese(r = 0.786,P = 0.01).There was no significant difference between Gerd Q scoring and three normalized methods for the diagnosis of GERD.CONCLUSION:GERD is highly prevalent in adult in Urumqi,especially in Uygur.Male,civil servant,smoking,strong tea,alcohol drinking,meat diet and BMI are risk factors correlated to GERD.

Uygur and Han Students Unite against Mobs

When Han rioters came crashing through the gates of the Xinjiang Medical University （XMU） in the region＇s capital, students and teachers from the same ethnic group formed a wall to protect their Uygur fellows from the mob.

男女无别:巴蜀汉画像石的浪漫表达

巴蜀地区汉画像石中的两性关系,无论图像场景表现的是公共场合还是私人空间,都展现出“男女无别”的浪漫特点。汉代巴蜀边区的地理文化属性、经济多样性的优势以及原始民俗信仰等因素使得本地区并未完全接受汉代官方的男女礼法教化。至魏晋时期,随着官方礼教的推广,巴蜀地区浪漫的两性表达逐渐消失。

出土汉画所见汉代的人鬼关系

反映人鬼关系的汉画,是汉画中的一个重要类别,内容丰富,出土数量很大,积淀着厚重的文化内涵,真实地展现了汉代的人鬼关系。在涉及人鬼关系的成因时,这些汉画所透露的,不仅仅是宗教因素的影响,更多也更重要的,还有人们从文化意涵、人生情怀、时代精神三重视界所进行的的认知、思考、解读与探索。通过这些汉画,不仅能够发现汉代鬼神观念形成过程中许多新原因,得出新论断,而且还能帮助我们修正以前对一些问题的认知,发现传世纸质文献中一些以往被忽略的问题。

中国5个人群的牙齿形态特征对比研究

牙齿形态特征具有高度遗传性,在不同地理人群中差异显著。本研究对汉族、回族、蒙古族、苗族和维吾尔族的26项牙齿形态特征进行调查分析,探讨5个人群在牙齿形态特征上的差异并据此构建群体关系。研究发现铲形门齿(SUI1)、双铲形门齿(DSUI1)、远中副嵴(DARUC)、次尖(C4UM2)、第5尖(C5UM1)、舌侧齿尖变异(PVLP1)、四尖型(C4LM2)、下次小尖(C5LM2)、转向皱纹(DWLM1)、十型沟纹(GP十LM1、GP十LM2)等特征在5个人群中差异最大,汉族的铲形门齿、双铲形门齿、远中副嵴和转向皱纹出现率较高;回族和蒙古族的舌侧齿尖变异相对偏高;苗族的十型沟纹和第5尖的出现率最高;维吾尔族的下颌四尖型高频是区别于其他4个人群的主要牙齿特征。多重对应分析揭示汉族和维吾尔族之间的关系最密切,蒙古族与回族、苗族之间的关系最近。本研究结果不仅为探讨中国各人群的起源与演化及人群间关系等问题提供理论依据,还将为今后探索人群的牙齿复杂遗传结构提供重要的牙齿人类学参考数据。

10—14世纪丝绸之路上的佛教思想与汉文化认同——以高昌回鹘佛教文献为中心的考察

10—14世纪高昌回鹘国的佛教思想以中原大乘佛教思想文化为主体,体现在对心性论思想的重视、对净土信仰的推崇、“三教合一”和佛教世俗化、简易化思潮的流行等方面。高昌回鹘的佛教文化在整体上是宋元中国佛教文化及汉文化的重要组成部分,高昌回鹘对中原佛教文化的认同极大推进了其与中原地区的民族和文化认同,以及多元一体中华文化的进一步发展。同时,高昌回鹘佛教思想及其文化认同也是10—14世纪丝绸之路佛教文化的重要特征。

汉代君臣的楚辞接受与屈原评论——以君臣关系为视角的考察

汉代君臣是楚辞由楚地向全国传播的主要推动力量,帝王的喜好是楚辞兴盛于文坛的重要动因。汉代的王公贵胄和文臣群体都参与了楚辞的传播、结集和经典化过程。对屈原忠君思想的评价以及进退出处问题的讨论,是汉代君臣楚辞接受的重要内容。基于各自不同的身份立场和政治境遇,汉代君臣对楚辞做出了不同的评价与解读,体现了汉人在国家走向大一统中央集权过程中对君臣关系的思考。汉人对楚辞的接受与批评,成就了楚辞在中国文学史上的经典地位。

中国西北地区汉、回、维、藏民族HLA-DRB基因多态性的研究

按照第11届国际组织相容性抗原研讨会（11IHW）I作会议HLAⅡ类PCR-SSO分型标准和美国国立骨髓供者计划组织（NMD）对HLADRB位点等位基因分型要求，设计合成1对引物，扩增HLADRBDNA片段，长度为256bp，设计合成不同片段大小探针27种，可检出DRB座位上DRB1的39种等位基因，DRB3的3种等位基因，DRB4的1种等位基因和DRB5的3种等位基因。对西安地区汉（183份）、宁夏回（169份）、新疆维（2O0份）及西藏藏（188份）民族DRB的46种等位基因进行多态性分析，建立了4个民族正常群体DRB基因的遗传学参数，分析了他们在等位基因分布上的差异，结果表明：回族与北方汉族HLA遗传分布上没有较大差异，DRB1·02（16.9％）、·07（13．1％）和·09（12．0％）为高频基因：藏族检出等位基因数较前两者多，但没有显著的高频基因；维族等位基因分布整体接近高加索人种，但DRB1·07（23．8％）基因频率异常显著，暗示民族有遗传选择。