An Analytical Study of the Differences in Language Use between Men and Women

In language use,the differences between men and women vary in many ways.Men and women use language differently in pronunciation,intonation,vocabulary,grammar,topics etc.because of psychological,social or cultural reasons;Furthermore,the article probes the reasons leading to the differences.

Structural Gender Inequality and Mental Health among Chinese Men and Women

Little is known about the association between structural gender inequality and health in patriarchal China.This study employed a sample from the Chinese Women’s Social Status,consisting of 26,139 participants aged 18 and 70 years(13,494 women and 12,645 men).Structural gender inequality was assessed at the macro-,meso-,and micro-levels.Mental health was measured by the summed scores of eight questions on depressive symptoms.Multilevel linear regression was applied for analysis.Results showed that total sex ratio at birth was associated with poorer mental health among women and men but sex ratio at birth of the second-born child predicted better mental health.Gender inequality at meso-level resulted in poorer mental health and gender inequality at micro-level was associated with poorer mental health both for men and women.Eliminating structural gender inequality promotes populations’mental health in China.

Relationship of serum GDF11 levels with bone mineral density and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal Chinese women

Growth differentiation factor 11 （GDF11） is an important circulating factor that regulates aging. However, the role of GDF11 in bone metabolism remains unclear. The present study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between serum GDF11 level, bone mass, and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal Chinese women. Serum GDF11 level, bone turnover biochemical markers, and bone mineral density （BMD） were determined in 169 postmenopausal Chinese women （47-78 years old）. GDF11 serum levels increased with aging. There were negative correlations between GDF11 and BMD at the various skeletal sites. After adjusting for age and body mass index （BMI）, the correlations remained statistically significant. In the multiple linear stepwise regression analysis, age or years since menopause, BMI, GDF11, and estradiol were independent predictors of BMD. A significant negative correlation between GDF11 and bone alkaline phosphatase （BAP） was identified and remained significant after adjusting for age and BMI. No significant correlation was noted between cross-linked N-telopeptides of type I collagen （NTX） and GDF11. In conclusion, GDF11 is an independent negative predictor of BMD and correlates with a biomarker of bone formation, BAP, in postmenopausal Chinese women. GDF11 potentially exerts a negative effect on bone mass by regulating bone formation.

Wages and Salaries of Czech Men and Women at the Beginning of the Third Millennium and the Impact of the Economical Recession on Their Development

This paper deals with the development of the wage distribution in the Czech Republic since 2003, according to gender. It is a development of descriptive characteristics of location, differentiation and shape of wage distribution, but also the development of concentration characteristic of wage distribution. Gross monthly wage of Czech employees represents the variable under research. Emphasis is placed on changes in the development of wage distribution since 2009 in connection with the onset of economic recession. The economic crisis has greatly influenced the development of the wage distribution in the Czech Republic, wage growth virtually stopped at this time. Differences in the development of wage distribution between men and women in the Czech Republic are also under this research. Development of wage distribution has been studied by modelling the distribution. Three-parametric lognormal curves are served as a theoretical probability distribution whose parameters were estimated using the L-moment method of point estimate of parameters. Dependence of gross monthly wage on gender has been the subject of research as well. This dependence was researched using one-way analysis of variance. Forecast of wage distribution of men and women in the Czech Republic for the years 2012 and 2013 is included in this research.

An Analysis on Women's Relationship in The House of Mirth

In The House of Mirth,written by Edith Wharton,most of feminist critics emphasize the awakening process of Lily’s selfconsciousness and women’s suffering in that patriarchal society.Different from them,the paper attempts to equally focus on the other female characters in the novel and regard the relations between them as a whole in order to reveal that most of women,especially those from the upper-class,still fail to recognize the necessity of unity,and it’s still a long way for them to go until reach the final success.

Association of Bisphenol A Exposure with Circulating Sex Hormone Concentrations in Men and Postmenopausal Women

A total of 1 116 middle-aged and elderly men and 1 442 postmenopausal women were recruited in this study. Whether bisphenol A exposure was associated with circulating sex hormone concentrations was studied. Univariate analysis revealed that the urinary bisphenol A concentration was negatively correlated with the serum levels of luteinizing hormone （B=-0.061, P〈0.0001） and follicle-stimulating hormone （B=-0.086, P〈0.0001） in men, and with the serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone （B=-0.037, P=0.018） and sex hormone-binding globulin （B=-0.043, P=0.006） in women. However, no significant association was observed between the serum levels of urinary bisphenol A and circulating sex hormone after adjustment for the potential confounders.

The Characteristics of the Violence against Women in Mozambique

The purpose of this study is to identify the main characteristics of violence against women in the context of a) intimate partner relationships and b) non-partner relationships in Mozambique, using the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2);measure the occurrence during lifetime or the past 12 months, and examine the association between intimate partner violence (IPV)/non-partner violence (NPV) types and predictor variables (demographic, socio-economic and lifestyle factors). A total of 1200 women (aged 15 - 45?years) were recruited to participate in this study. Results show that in Mozambique, generally, the rates of IPV and NPV are higher compared to those of other Sub-Saharan Africa countries (except when it comes to sexual assault). It seems that there is more violence against women within intimate partner relationship than in non-partner relationship. Adolescent, single young adults and women who experience the financial strain or use frequently alcohol are more vulnerable to be abused.

Old and New Problems: A Probe into Deteriorating Relations between Japan and the ROK

In recent years,relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea(hereafter referred to as South Korea)have become tense,giving rise to economic and trade frictions between them,and plunging their bilateral relationship to an all-time low.The disputes between Japan and South Korea have exhibited the features of endurance,expansion in disputing areas,and a frequent switch from defense to offense or vice versa on both sides.The fast deteriorating relationship between Japan and South Korea has resulted from multiple factors that interact in an entangled way,including mutually enhancing old and new grievances and discontent over historical issues,the adjustment of foreign policies by Japan and South Korea,the rise of nationalist emotions in both countries,US adjustment of its alliance policy towards the Asia-Pacific,and structural competition in forming the regional order.As the structural contradictions between Japan and South Korea appear hard to overcome,the potential for the tense relationship between the two countries to persist is mounting,and this will lead to new repercussions on the regional order.

On Language Variety and the Causes of Formation Between Males and Females

本文通过大量实例列举了男女两性在语音、语调、词汇、语法及称谓等诸方面所存在的语言变异和多样性 ,分别从社会。

The Challenges for Women in the Academic Organization

For needed changes to occur, we need to do gender in higher education and tenure differently. The way that tenure is established and reviews for tenure are conducted need to be based more on a system that allows for the development of the whole individual. The future health of academia rests on the development and refinement of a system that creates a healthy environment for all members of that system. All faculty members cannot and should not be held to standards that were created in another time, which constructed the academic role as a gendered role. Individuals need to consider how we do gender, and how that creates an impact on our organization, academia. A process for equitable review of all participants in the system requires that all individuals be involved in the process of defining the standards for a tenurable professor. Then all voices should and must be represented when we construct how we do tenure so that even minority voices still have their chance to speak. There is a better way to perform the roles we take in academia, there is a better way to perform our gender in this setting, and from recognizing this we can then move to a better way to do all this that is academia.

Serum testosterone levels and excessive erythrocytosis during the process of adaptation to high altitudes

Populations living at high altitudes （HAs）, particularly in the Peruvian Andes, are characterized by a mixture of subjects with erythrocytosis （16 g dl-1〈haemoglobin （Hb）≤21 gdl-1） and others with excessive erythrocytosis （EE） （Hb〉21 g dl-1）. Elevated haemoglobin values （EE） are associated with chronic mountain sickness, a condition reflecting the lack of adaptation to HA. According to current data, native men from regions of HA are not adequately adapted to live at such altitudes if they have elevated serum testosterone levels. This seems to be due to an increased conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate （DH EAS） to testosterone. Men with erythrocytosis at HAs show higher serum androstenedione levels and a lower testosterone/androstenedione ratio than men with EE, suggesting reduced 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase （17beta-HSD） activity. Lower 17beta-HSD activity via A4-steroid production in men with erythrocytosis at HA may protect against elevated serum testosterone levels, thus preventing EE. The higher conversion of DHEAS to testosterone in subjects with EE indicates increased 17beta-HSD activity via the A5-pathway. Currently, there are various situations in which people live （human biodiversity） with low or high haemoglobin levels at HA. Antiquity could be an important adaptation component for life at HA, and testosterone seems to participate in this process.

Does Antenatal Fear of Childbirth Predict Postnatal Fear of Childbirth? A Study of Japanese Women

The study aimed to determine whether antenatal fear of childbirth (expectation) could predict postnatal fear of childbirth (experience) by taking account of other antenatal psychological variables (anxiety and depression) as well as birth outcomes in Japanese women. A longitudinal observational study was conducted at a clinic in Tokyo, Japan, in 2011. Self-report questionnaires were distributed to 240 Japanese women at 37 gestational weeks (Time 1) and on the second day after delivery (Time 2). Regression analyses by means of structural equation modelling were conducted in both the primiparous and the multiparous group. The models exhibited good fit (chisquare value/degree of freedom = 1.10 - 1.62, comparative fit index = 0.92 - 0.99 and root mean square error of approximation = 0.03 - 0.07). Antenatal fear of childbirth was the most predictive variable of postnatal fear of childbirth in both the primiparous (β = 0.58, p = 0.002) and the multiparous group (β = 0.62, p < 0.001). In conclusion, antenatal fear of childbirth was a significant predictor of postnatal fear of childbirth when other antenatal psychological variables and birth outcomes were taken into account. Pregnant women who are strongly afraid of childbirth need special attention before and after delivery.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in context with the paradigm―month of birth and longevity

Time and environmental physical activity are involved in timing of many medical events. In a recent study published by the National Academy of Science, USA it was shown that month of birth is related to longevity. The aim of this study was to check the month of birth distribution in a great group of AMI patients of both gender, one of the great killers in the developed countries, to check the mentioned paradigm of month of birth and longevity. Methods & Patients: Patients admitted to Cardiology Departments of a tertiary University Hospital in Kaunas, Lithuania with AMI at years 1990-2010 (n-22047) were studied. Month of birth of these patients, total and both gender were checked. Monthly, quarterly and trimester comparison were done. Statistical differences established using t-Student test and distribution by percents of the yearly months of birth. Results: It was a significant difference in the month of birth of the studied AMI population. January and first quarter and trimester born patients were more often in the studied AMI patients group. The higher morbidity by Cardiovascular diseases can be a significant ingredient in the structure of population longevity. Possible mechanisms explaining our findings are discussed. Conclusion: In the AMI population people born in January, first quarter or trimester of the year are dominating in both gender groups. The results of this study can be an additional confirmation of the paradigm about links between month of birth and longevity.

Are women more susceptible to ischemic heart disease compared to men? A literature overview

Ischemic heart disease(IHD) is known as the leading cause of death in both genders. Moreover, significant sex differences were found in cardiac structure, function, pathophysiology, presentation, treatment, and outcome of IHD. The presence of unique risk factors such as exposure to menarche and pregnancy, more anemia, hypertension, and autoimmune disorders in women have recently received attention. Ischemic symptoms are more indefinite and vague in women compared to men as well as a delay in diagnosis, treatment, and worse outcomes compared to men. Women usually receive less evidence-based treatment and intervention, with less concern on preventive health care. Clinical trials primarily recruit male patients and women are underrepresented. Without any correct diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, these problems are accumulated and continue up to older age. Accordingly, with the belief of longer life in women and the increased prevalence of IHD with aging, it will become an important public health problem and concern in the future. This narrative review aimed to provide an overview of some of the differences between the two genders in terms of IHD with paying more attention to practical points.

Women's Language or Powerless Language:A Study of Couples' Talk

The purpose of this essay is to study whether the linguistic behaviour of adult women using hedging and tags as indicative of an intrinsically tentative gender identity or of the effects of male dominant position through analyzing daily conversations of the heterosexual couples.The small scale study employs the methodology,namely,recording spontaneous and natural spoken conversation from authentic interaction with the permission of the ten male-female couples.Digital record pen with an omnidirectional microphone are placed in the central living area of each couple's home.Then discourse analysis provides data making it possible to support Fishman's claim that women use tag questions and 'you know' not because women are not being really sure of themselves,or are looking to the addressee for confirmation,but because men in a dominant position often refuse to take responsibility for the smooth conduct of interpersonal relations,women use tag questions and 'you know' to elicit and maintain conversations.

An ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants used in the traditional treatment of human infertility in eastern Algeria

Objective:To summarize medicinal plants used in the treatment of couple fertility disorders.Methods:An ethnopharmacological survey was conducted with 30 traditional healers from some localities of Skikda region in eastern Algeria.A standard questionnaire was used in the interview which focused mainly:the treated fertility disorders,the used medicinal plants species,parts used,and preparation methods.The relative frequency of citation and percentages of infertility troubles were calculated and analyzed.Results:The most important treated disorders in men were dysfunction of libido(44.22%),low sperm concentration and motility(25.33%),low semen volume(17.67%)and prostate disorders(5.66%).Women were treated mainly for menstruation disorders(35.32%),breast problems(29.53%)and sexual asthenia(25.82%).The survey identified 28 plant species belonging to 15 families,used by different ethnic groups,particularly women(58.00%),to address different fertility disorders.Three plant families were largely used viz Lamiaceae,Asteraceae,and Apiaceae.In term of relative frequency citation,ten dominated plant species were:Zingiber officinalis L.(0.96),Nigella sativa L.(0.83),Lepidium sativum L.(0.80),Capsicum annuum L.(0.60),Cuminum cyminum L.(0.56),Origanum vulgare L.(0.55),Allium sativum L.(0.50),Petroselinum sativum L.(0.43),Salvia officinalis L.(0.42),and Foeniculum vulgare L.(0.40).A number of investigated plants were scientifically confirmed by phytochemical and pharmacological studies to have one or more significant effects on couple fertility.However,much controversy was found in literature concerning the efficacy of some cited plants.Conclusions:The study highlights the important use of medicinal plants in management of couple infertility in eastern Algeria.More experimental studies are recommended to confirm or to refute these traditional uses and to ascertain the safety of these medicinal plants to consumers.

The men’s health center:Disparities in gender specific health services among the top 50“best hospitals”in America

Objective:Gender-specific integrated health services have long existed in the arena of women’s health care,but men’s health centers(MHCs)have only recently emerged as a novel practice model.Here,we seek to evaluate the prevalence and format of MHCs found in the leading academic medical centers in the United States.Methods:The US News&World Report’s Top 50 Ranked Hospitals for Urology was used as our cohort.Data were gathered on the presence of MHCs and types of providers and conditions treated.An equivalent search was performed for women’s health centers(WHCs).Results:Sixteen of 50(32%)promoted some type of MHC,compared to 49 of 50(98%)offering a WHC.Eight of the top 15 ranked institutions(53%)had an MHC compared to eight of 35(23%)remaining programs.Six of 16 MHCs incorporated providers from a variety of medical disciplines,including urologists,internists,endocrinologists,cardiologists,and psychologists,while another six of 16 MHCs were staffed solely by urologists.Eight of 16 provided services for exclusively urologic issues,four of 16 offered additional services in treatment of other medical conditions,and four of 16 did not specify.

Regarding Men as Superior to Women：Impacts of Confucianism on Family Norms in China

Confucianism is one of the important components of Chinese traditional culture, which was considered as an orthodox thought for thousands of years. In this analysis, the impact of Confucianism on family norms,specifically, on labour division, decision making, reproductive behaviours and patterns of support for the elderly within the family sphere are elaborated based on the information from field investigations. It is anticipated that with the far-reaching family planning programme and modernization drive, the traditional ideas will undergo a fundamental change.

Structure of Macro- and Trace Elements Status Observed in Residents of Magadan Town

The authors aimed the study at examining macro- and trace elements content in elderly people of the 1 period of middle age （21-35） residing in Magadan town to assess the content of 25 trace elements in hair samples on individual and population levels by atom-emission spectrometry with inductively-bonded argon plasma. It turned out that the majority of surveyed subjects were characterized by deformation of element status demonstrated by excess and deficit of the basic essential elements of different degrees of manifestation. Deficit of Co （68% of surveyed people）, Mg （67%）, Ca （64%）, Cu （47%）, K （46%）, Zn （44%）, I （41%）, Na （33%）, P （27%） and Se （24%） was typical for female subjects as well as excess of Si （28%）, Zn （22%） and P （20%）. Male residents were characterized by deficit of Co （81%）, Ca （66%）, Mg （65%）, I （50%）, Cu （37%）, K and Na （27%） and excess of Zn （41%）. In individual cases it was noted excess concentration of nominally essential and toxic elements in both examined groups. They were： A1, As, Cd, Li, Ni, Pb, Sn, V and B. While analyzing of medians of chemical concentration it was stated reliable sex-related differences （P 〈 0.05）： content of Ca, Mg and Mn was higher in hair samples of women, and content of As, B, Cd, Cr, K, Li, Na, P, Pb and V, on the contrary, was higher in male samples.